Skip to main content

Full text of "The Entomologist's record and journal of variation"

See other formats 


metals 
Po tes 


1c life Sa doensated 


y 
a Poatnat Rhine A 
ate atone Pt ang eNOS 
. ee 
Fab aeons ia 
eng ae Meee haat 
Ayia me nerte en hemi 7 


ee me ‘ : “ 
hence ae 
Past re 


PMs Ram 
ear Bgh et te 


sgh eh a 9 el 
wae 


reer 

rapt : 
peanan Ph yhse Bie 
ae ae, 


perso” st a see evar: 
POR CH pe Pantheon im de 
ot ey ee a 3 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY. | 


LIBRARY 


OF THE 


MUSEUM OF Pee Cah ae ee ZOOLOGY 
! 


. 
; ie 


baa a 
mai 
Fae 


it Ks if 
Ay 
Lee 


Ny 
i 
¥ 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION . 


EpItrEp BY 


R. S. BAGNaLt, D.SC., F.R.S.E. T. Barnsriceze FLErcurr, 

Matcotm BURR, D.8C.,F.R.E.8. R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 

Rev. C.R.N. Burrows, F.R.£.S. H. HE. PAaGs, F.R.2.s. 

H. A. CockayNnkE, A.M., D.M., ALYRED SICH, F.R.E.S. r 
F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., 

J. E. Connin, J.P., F.R.E.S. oI Soy WloMAaSe 


H. DonIstHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 


G. T. Beruunn-BakeEr, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus. 
and 


Henry J. TURNER, v.R.£.s., F.R.H.S., 


Editorial Secretary 


VOL. XLVI. (new series). 
JANUARY to DECEMBER, 1984. 


* 


PRICE 12s. 6d. 


Special Index (with every reference) 1s. 6d. 


We wish our Readers the Compliments of the Season. This 
Season has not been a bad one and the energetic workers have done 
well on the whole. The workers are few we suppose for our magazines 
get only a limited number of records. In the early days of this 
magazine so great was the quantity of notes on Collecting that many 
got almost out of date before publication. 

We have been fortunate as regards plates this year and we have 
two or three already in view for 1935. Will subscribers note that not 
only is a subseription to our coffers needed but entomological obser- 
vations too are badly needed, especially Current Notes and Information. 

Our sub-title ‘ Journal of Variation” has been well kept in view. 
The first volume of the Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae and 
their Variation is completed all but the Appendix and Index, and 
Dr. Verity has continued to deal with the Butterfly races of the Rhone 
Valley, each month. 

Owing to the generous help of one of our valued contributors we 
were able to give our readers eight plates to his paper. 

We have felt obliged to take up some amount of space, much 
against our desire, on the question of Nomenclature, as the List of 
names for our British Butterflies recently issued by the Royal Ent. 
Soc. was thought by many to be founded on incorrect premises and 
thus only of temporary use.—Hy.J.T. 


eer for at Bat are now due. 


Vol. XLVI. 


\3GA D 


JANUARY, 1934 § 
ul 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 
AND Le 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EpitEep R. S. BaGnauu, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonisvHoren, F.Z.S., ¥.R-E.S. 
p Matcoum Bore, D.SC., V.R.E.S. JT. Barinpriccr FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
with the 
Rev. C. KR. N. Burrows, ¥.R.u.8. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
assistance of | H- A. Cockaynn, a.m., D.u., F.R.E.S., | H. DE. Pan, v.r.u.s. 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, V.R.U.S. 
J. BK. Contin, J.P., F.R.E.8. Rev. G. \WHrithmr, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Breraune-BakeEr, V.Z.8., F.R.E.8. 
By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.=.8., ¥.R.u.8., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS 
Entomological Notes of the Season 1933 in N. Ireland, Thos. Greer sO 1 
Collecting Butterflies in Orissa, India, W. MW. Crawford, F.R.E.S. ws 4 
Screntiric Notrs.—T. pene in ee J.C. F. Fryer, FREES. 
C. pronubana, Id. .. ae u 


Notes oN CoLuEcrine. _ iin sL cal Notes a G0. Dublin, L. 
Bonaparte-Wyse: C. hyale, etc., in W. Sussex, Id.: H. convolvuli 
and M. atropos, G. L. Thynne: C. pronubana in die I. of Wight, 
H. G. Jeffreys: P. livornica in Wilts., J. B. Fragley: Collecting on 
the Dorset Coast, Capt. C. Q. Parsons: A. sioulans) in Berkshire, 
G. S. Le M.D.: Melanic var. of C. ee Id. Cans of 


Insects. . 50 a st a5 8 
CURRENT NEE we we a a Pe os a ve Se 10 
REVIEW es be we Bs aS Ae Ae A 12 
Information ted Hy. 7. DS ooears a oe ag ei Sab eeee 12 
Sprcrat INDEX ahs ats ee i.-x. 


SUPPLEMENT.—British Notas. m y. J. Dae F. Ra; E. 1S, F. 7. H.S. —(309)-(312) 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free 
TEN SHILLINGS. 
to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. 


This number, Price TWO SHILLINGS (net). 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 


CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 


by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


H ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET 

a IS li i Dp L & SO N, MANUFACTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Imsect Gabinets; also Gheap Storage Gahbinets for 
Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WinnespEn 0309. 


THE: VASCULOT 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITED BY 
The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A WV. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam. WVilliam Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. 
The Vasculum is, now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 
and should be sent to 
WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


NOW READY 


BRITISH BEETLES 


Their Homes and Habits 
BY 
NORMAN JOY, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. 
(Author of ‘‘ A Practical Handbook of British Beetles.’’) 


Illustrated with 4 full-page photographic plates, 27 plates of repre- 
sentative Species and numerous text diagrams. Size 8 in. by 5# in. 


Cloth Gilt, 5/- net. 
FREDERICK WARNE & CO, LTD., 1-4, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. 


“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennero J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. Is. 3d. 
Hiubner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) 56 -. 935. Od. 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

Anprews, F.R.H.S. 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37-45 of nt. Record, new series ; including ‘Special 

Index . Bre : Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be obtained post sobs i om. a, W. fea 5. 6, reste Road, Eltham, 8.E.%. 


gin vlogists , 
t 


wy 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION. 


Er Ong 


AND 


Warne SSENAG IN@e. ale January 1l5rx, 1934. 


Entomological Notes of the Season 1933 in the North of Ireland. 
By THOMAS GREER. 


The past season here has been remarkable for the long spell of fine 
dry weather that has prevailed from early May until well into October. 
In many districts there is at the present time a water famine, and 
many local farmers are now carting water from the nearest stream or 
river for their flocks. As is usual in a dry season sugar was of little 
use, but by working various flowers; snowberry in June; marsh 
grasses and ragweed in July and August; |] managed to gather a use-- 
ful collection of Noctuae. 

On 20th March Melitaea aurinia larvae had left their winter nests, 
in the meadow here, and were basking in the fitful sunshine; Alsophila 
(Anisopteryx) aescularia came to light on 22nd March. An outing toa 
neighbouring bog on 2nd April for Amphysa prodromana was unsuccess- 
ful owing to the high wind, but larvae of M. aurinia were found in 
a new locality. 

On 6th April on another bog several A. rrodromana were netted 
flying in the afternoon sun over a mixed growth of heather and 
Potentilla reptans. Xylocampa areola appeared at sallows on 4th April 
together with Taentocampa munda, T. gracilis, T. uothica and T’, stabilis. 

Pieris napi was first observed on 19th April and in both broods 
several completely banded (from apex of fore-wing to inner marginal 
spot) forms occurred. Euchloé cardamines was abundant, several nice 
forms were captured, including a 3 without discal spot on forewing ; 
g with the orange blotch edged internally with black scales, these 
black scales extending from the discal spot to inner margin of forewing ; 
form wnbresa, Culot; another g with the orange blotch extensively 
clouded with black seales. During the month of May the following 
Geometers were more or less common at dusk ; Coenotephria derivata, 
Xanthorhoé spadicearia, X. ferrugata, Ochyria designata, and Lamprop- 
teryx suffumata; X. ferrugata being in this district much less common 
than X. spadicearia. Bapta temerata was beaten out of black-thorn 
hedges in the day-time, and Chiasmia clathrata was abundant and 
variable, flying in the sunshine in damp meadows. In these same 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOCORD. 15.1.1934 


meadows, towards the ond of the month M. aurinia was about in small 
numbers, but was much more abundant during June, when several 
dark forms were captured. 

About this time, an expedition to Slieve Gallion, a mountain some 
miles from here, especially for Hadena glauca, had poor results as far 
as glauca was concerned, only a few worn and faded examples. being ° 
seen at a sallow bush which was still in bloom. On the way home, in 
a little ravine, on the mountain side a number of Dysstroma truncata, 
Calostigia salicata and Hydriomena ruberata, were netted flying to the 
lamp. lEHarly in June Perizoma affinitata and P. flavofasciata were 
abundant on a high sandy bank at Killymoon where Lychnis divrna 
grows in great masses ; the latter species flew freely in the sun in the 
afternoon, but P. affinitata did not appear on the wing until dusk. A 
fresh looking example of Pyrameis atalanta was sunning itself on the 
bracken fronds ; and several Mesoleuca albicillata were observed at rest 
on tree trunks. 

About the middle of the month Adscita statices was flying in scores 
in damp meadows; several of the steel-bluish- -green type form were 
netted ; at dusk in the same meadows Miana arcuosa was common, and 
Dianthoecia conspersa, D. cucubali, and one Hecatera serena were captured 
at Lychnis ffos-cucult. 

On the bogs, and marshy meadows nearby in North Armagh on 
18th June, M. awinia was flying in numbers and Hemaris tityus was 
common at the Lousewort (/’edicnlaris), but mostly in worn condition, 
several Aryyrolepia baumanniana were disturbed from the scabious and 
captured. At the edge of a small lake Hydrelia wneula occurred 
commonly among the sedges along with buactra furfurana; Penthina 
corticana, and Sericoris urticana in numbers were beaten out of birch 
scrub. But the best catch of the day was an example of Hipocrita 
(Huchelia) jacobaeae having the costal snipe on forewing joined to the 
apical spot. 

Large numbers of moths mostly common Noctuae were attracted 
to the snowberry flowers at dusk; the following being observed: 
Xylophasia rurea various forms, Apamea gemina, with f. remissa, 
A. basilinea, Miana fasciuncula, Grammesia trigrammica, Rusina 
tenebrosa, Ayrotis seyetis, A. eaclamattonis, Noctua plecta, N. festiva, N. 
yubi, Dianthoecia cucubali, Hadena dentina, H. thalassina, Abrostola 
triplasia, Plusia festucae, and P. pulchrina. 

Sugar was tried on several nights but produced only a few Apamea 
unanimis, and Miana fasciuncula. Humorpha (Chaerocampa) elpenor 
and D. conspersa visited the flowers of Hesperis matronalis in the 
garden, and a nice series of Boarmia lichenarvia was captured at dusk. 
In a meadow here (Milton) at the end of.this month, Hupithecia 
palustraria, and Heterognomon icterana, were observed, the latter in 
some numbers was disturbed from the coarse grass and rushes, and in 

the evening Campaea margaritata, Boarmia repandata, Ptychopoda 
- biselata, P. aversata, and Zanthognatha grisealis were taken. 

On 6th July at Lough Fea Orambus margaritellus was out in 
numbers, and sugar was fairly successful, the following being observed 
or taken, Noctua festiva, some nice red forms, N. brunnea, Hadena pisi, 
Xylophasia monoglypha, dark forms, and Hadena adusta. Semasia 
woebertana was common on 8th July on some apple-trees in the garden 
and several Zanthognatha tarsipennis were netted flying along an ivy 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES IN NORTH OF IRELAND. 3 


covered wall. At grasses in wet places and ditches the following 
species were observed or taken, Noctua wmbrosa, N. augur, Thyatira 
derasa and 7. batis, Leucania comma, L. impura, L. pallens, Apamea 
secalis, in endless variety, A. ophiogramma, Miana literosa, and Mania 
typica; the Geometers were represented by Lygris testata, Dysstroma 
citrata, Calostigia pectinitaria, Perizoma alchemillata, and Hydriomena 
furcata ; Xanthorhoé munitata, which occurred in similar localities (quite 
lowland) near Stewartstown does not seem to be present here. On 
2nd August a sandy area on the shore of Lough Neagh near Newport 
Trench was visited ;, Agrotis vestigialis turned up in some numbers at 
ragweed, a dark brown form ; the following also occurred Ayrotis tritict, 
abundant; Miana bicoloria, and M. literosa, were also common ; other 
species present were Apamea secalis, Noctua wanthoyrapha, Triphaena 
comes, Hydraecia crinanensis, Cerigo matura, and Amphipyra tragopogonis. 
A few days later A vestigialis was noted again on the sands at the 
mouth of the Ballinderry river. Although Kane in his ‘‘ Catalogue of 
the Lepidoptera of Ireland ”’ does not mention a single inland locality, 
this species is found all along the western shore of Lough Neagh 
wherever there are sandy areas, from Washing Bay in Co. Tyrone in 
the south, to Toome in Co. Antrim in the north. On 4th August at 
Killyeolpy Wood, Lough Neagh, /’enthina marginana and Semasia 
populana were netted in a rough meadow. 

Beating mixed hedges at Milton on 8th August produced 
Dictyopterya ({Acalla) holmiana, Rhacodia emaryana (caudana), with 
forms griseana and fuscana; Peronea schalleriana, P. sparsana, P. 
variegana, with form argentana, P. latifasciana, in the forms comparana 
and perplewana, and Teras (Aleimona) contaminana. On 11th August 
at the Magilligan sands, Co Derry: Satyrus semele, Npinephelejurtina, 
ssp. termes, a small form, Polyommatus icarus, were all more or less 
abundant ; ‘and from Rosa spinosissima numerous examples of Spilonota 
incarnatana were beaten out; larvae of Homaeosoma cretacella were 
found in their webs on Ragweed. 

Pyrameis atalanta and Vanessa io first appeared at Buddleia in the 
garden on 14th August and 1’. cardui on the 15th at Seabious. During 
the month all three species were more abundant in this district than 
they have been for many years. P.atalanta was the most numerous, out- 
numbering V. io and P. cardui by about six toone. Curiously enough 
P. cardui did not visit the Buddleia, although it was common enough 
on the scabious in rough meadows close by. By the end of the month 
cardwi had almost vanished, but atalanta was to be seen about until the 
end of October at flowers in the garden, andivy bloom. At Killymoon 
at various times heather bloom was examined at dusk with a lamp, 
Ayrotis agathina and Noctua glareosa turning up in small numbers, but 
nothing else of note. 

On 29th August a single Deuteronomos alniaria was taken at rest on 
the frame of a street lamp at 2.80 a.m. s.t. in Cookstown; and a % 
Colias croceus was observed flying rapidly down the main street at 
11.30 a.m. ; another ¢ was seen in a bog on the Dungannon road. 

About this time lst September, there was an invasion of Herse 
(Sphinx) convolvuli in the district; a number mostly taken at rest 
were brought here for identification and several were also observed 
flying around Nicotiana in the garden at dusk, 


ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19384 


_ Pararge megera made a welcome appearance after an apparent 
absence of many years. 

Numbers of Nomophila noctuella, and Scopula ferrugalis in less 
abundance, frequented the rough meadows in which P. cardui had 
been so common during the preceding month. 

Ennomos quercinaria, a local and uncommon moth in this district 
was found at rest on an ivy leaf on 16th September. 

During October Calocampa vetusta, in the form brunnea was 
common at ivy bloom. 

Second broods of Plusia festucae in August, and P. chrysitis in 
September have occurred, and larvae of Pieris brassicae are (28th 
November) feeding in the open. 


Collecting Butterflies in Orissa (Bihar and Orissa), India. 
By W. M. CRAWFORD, F.R.E.S. 


Sambalpur, which was my headquarters from February, 1911, to 
March, 1915, is the chief town of the district of the same name. The 
district is the only one of the five British districts forming the Orissa 
division, which lies far inland. The others are either on the coast or 
close to it. Most of my collecting was done at Sambalpur or in the 
district, but in 1918 I took a long tour down the river Mahanaddi to 
Cuttack, visiting a number of Native States on the way. In June of 
that year I had visited the mountainous region of Meghasini in the 
Mourbhanj State, the highest point of which reaches 3823 feet above 
sea level. 

The main crop of the district is rice, which implies a damp climate. 
A large part of the valley of the Mahanaddi, on the banks of which the 
town of Sambalpur is situated, is within the 500 foot contour, but 
there are many small hill ranges, chiefly on the outskirts of the district, 
which rise to 1000 ft. or 1500 ft. 

The spot where some of the best and most uncommon butterflies 
were caught, was at the highest point of a small wooded hill within 
the limits of the civil station of Sambalpur. My butterfly-boy 
discovered the place, and there, standing on the top of a rock beside a 
tree on the very summit of the hill, and with a long handle fastened 
to his net, he caught the insects which settled on the tree or flew about 
it. Many of these I had never seen in my garden down by the river 
bank, nor anywhere else in the district. 

Orissa is a very interesting collecting ground, as it is the meeting 
place of both northern and southern forms. I have tried to indicate 
this division in the following list. Those butterflies which belong to 
a species or race chiefly found in places to the north of Sambalpur 
have been marked with the letter N. On the other hand those whose 
principal range is in South India have been given the letter S. Those 
without either of these letters are butterflies which extend over the 
whole of India, or at any rate both north and south of Orissa. 

In the short visit I was able to pay to Meghasini, the high mountain 
in Mourbhanj, I caught no less than six species which had not 
previously been found south of the Himalayas. 

These are 7roides helena, Li. ssp. cerberus, Fldr., Papilio paris, L. 
paris, P. chaon, Wstwd. chaon, Zetides doson, Fldr. ssp. axion, Fldr. 


COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES IN ORISSA, INDIA. 5 


Apatura parisatis, Wstwd. parisatis and Diagora persimilis, Wstwd.. 
persimilis. It seems likely that a longer opportunity of exploring its 
possibilities would have resulted in still more Himalayan forms being 
found, 

When we consider that the Meghasini mountains are some 400 
miles from the nearest point of the Himalaya range with the wide 
Gangetic plain lying between, it seems likely that their Himalayan 
butterfly fauna goes back to a far distant time and is not the result of 
the later migrations. I have unfortunately not enough material to 
show any local races. 

The names in the following list are as given in Brigadier W. H. 
Fivans’ ‘“ Identification of Indian Butterflies, ”” Second Edition. 


PaPILIONIDAE, 

1. Trotdes helena, L. ssp. cerberus, Fldr.—lI only secured one male 
of this species on the top of Meghasini mountain, and later a friend 
sent me a female, unfortunately very damaged, from the same place. 
The male has a complete series of black spots on the yellow area of 
the hindwing and was described by Captain (now Brigadier) W. H. 
HKyans as an aberration (v. Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, 
Wolk XO:GUL, jo W7O)ja. IN 

2. T'ros hector, L.—Found more commonly at Puri on the coast, 
but also in Sambalpur. 

3. T. aristolochiae, F. aristolochiae—Common, especially in gardens. 

4. Chilasa clytia, lL. clytia.—Fairly common in both the typical 
brown form and the dimorphic form dissimilis, L. I bred a number 
from larvae found on a small bush in my garden. 

5. Papilio polymnestor, Cr, polymnestor..—Common both in the 
plains and on Meghasini mountain. N. 

6. P. paris, L. parts.—I got this also on Meghasini most of these 
are marked rather like the southern tamana, but in size are true paris. 
N. 

7. P.crino, F.—Common in Sambalpur. 5S. 

8. P.chaon, Wstwd. chaon.—Another of the Meghasini captures. 
N. 

9. P. polytes, Li. ssp. romulus, Cr.—Common with three forms of 
females. 

10. P. demoleus, Li. demoleus.—Very common. 

11. Pathysa nomius, Hsp. nomius.—Kairly common. Found larvae 
on a big Polyalthia longifolia tree in my compound and bred out 
several. 

12. P. antiphates, Cr. ssp. pompilius, F.—F ound it very plentiful on 
Meghasini, swarms of them settling on a muddy swamp that probably 
partook of the nature of a ‘“ salt-lick,” as the butterflies seemed half 
intoxicated, N. 

13. Zetides sarpedon, Li. sarpedon.—Also very numerous on 
Meghasini along with the previous butterfly. N. 

14. Z. doson, Fldr. ssp. avion, Fldr.—Found both on Meghasini 
and Sambalpur. N. 


PIERIDAE. 


15. Leptosia nina, F. (wiphia, F.).—Not common. 
16. Detias eucharis, Drury.—Very common. 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. : 15.11.1984 


17. . Belenois mesentina, Cr. mesentina. {Sonn itin common. I got 
several very small specimens, both male and female. 

18. Cepora (Huphina) nerissa, F. ssp. evagete, Cr.—Common. 
Unlike most butterflies, the females of this species, especially in the 
dry season form, are frequently smaller than the males. 8. 

19. Appias indra, Mr. indra.—Two from Meghasini. N. 

20. A. libythea, F. libythea.—I only obtained a single female—of 
wet season form—in Sambalpur. S. 

21. Catopsilia crocale, Cr.—Very common. 

22. C. pomona, F. —Also very common, likewise its female variety 
vcatilla, Gr. 

. 23. - C. pyranthe, L. minna, Herbst. HOG mom 

24. C. florella, F. ssp. gnoma, F.*—Common. 

25. HKurema (Terias) libythea, ¥—Common. 

26. EH, laeta, Bdv. laeta.—Fairly common, both in W.S.F. venata, 
Mr. and D.S.F. laeta, Bdy. S. 

27. EH. blanda, Bdvy. ssp. silhetana, Wall.—I got three on Meghasini. 

28. HH. hecabe, Li. ssp. stmulata, Mr.—Very common everywhere. 
8. . 

29. Ixtas marianne, Cr.—I only got 5 gs and1 @? in the Ranpur 
and Nayagarh Feudatory States. 

30. 1. pyrene, L. ssp. frequens, Btlr.—Also got.in the Nayagarh 
State. S. 

Bl. Hebomora glaucippe, L. ylaucippe.—Only one specimen caught, 
on January 27th, at Lijepur in the Sambalpur district, in the open 
plain west of the river. N. 

32. Pareronia valeria, Cr. ssp. hippia, F.—Common. This pale 
blue butterfly (male) is very pretty in the sunlight, and the females 
are wonderful mimics of Danaid butterflies of the black and white 
kinds. 


DaANaIDAB. 


83. Danais aglea, Cr. aglea.—Caught two on Meghasini and one at 
Tikrapara in the Angul district. 8. 

34. D. limniace, Or. ssp. mutina, Fruh.—Very common. 

aii» JD), plexippus, L.—Also very common. 

36. D. chrysippus, L.—Probably the commonest butterfly. I did 
not come across any specimen of the alcippoides or dorippus forms. 

37. Huploea muleiber, Or. ssp. kalinga, Doh.—One male obtained in 
Narsinghpur State in September, but unfortunately in poor condition. 
WD. ‘ 

38. H. core, Cr. core.—Very common. S. 


SATYRIDAR. 


39. Mycalesis anawias, Hew. ssp. aemate, Fruh.—I caught three 
specimens on Meghasini. N. 

40. M. perseus, Fb. ssp. typhius, Fruh.—Common in both dry and 
wet season forms. I got one female (dry season) with the ocelli 
marked on the underside by prominent white spots instead of the usual 
black spots. N. 

41. M. mineus, L. ssp. polydecta, Cr.—Also common. N. 


* Seitz gives gnoma as the dry season form of pyranthe,—Hy.J.T. 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES. Tt 


42. Lethe enropa, Fb. ssp. ragalva, Fruh.—Not uncommon. 6. . 

43, L.. rohria, Fb. rohria.—Three males cane on Meghasini, 
one in April and two in May. N. 

44. Ypthima asterope, Klug. ssp. mahratta, Mr.—Common. 

45. Y. ceylonica, Hew.—These were only found in Nayagarh and 
Ranpur States, which | visited im September. 5S. 

46. Y. hubnerti, Kirby, hubnert.—Very common. 

47. Y.avanta, Mr. ssp. sinygala, Fldr.—A single male taken in 
Sambaipur. §. 

48. Y. baldus, F. ssp. madrasa, Hvans.—Very common. S%. 

49. Opncdricene medus, Kb. medus.—Very common, especially in 
dry season form. N. 

50. Melanitis leda, L. ssp. ismene, Cr.—Also very common, and 
again especially in the dry season form, which shows an immense 
variety in the markings of the underside. 

51. Mlymnias hypermnestra, Hb. ssp. undularis, Drury.—Fairly 
common. N. 


Ke he 


NyYMPHALIDAE. 


52. Charaxes polyxena, Cr. ssp. imna, Btlr.—A large series of males 
- was obtained in Sambalpur, but only a single female. The wet season 
males have a noticeably broader black marginal band on the upper 
forewing and also show a definitely longer and more pointed tail to 
the hindwing than do the dry season specimens. I have not found in 
these latter the tawny markings on the border of the upper forewing, 
which Evans, in his “ Identification of Indian Butterflies” gives as a 
feature of the dry season form. My only specimen showing such 
markings is a very small one (span only 68mm.) caught in July, when 
one would naturally expect a wet season form. S. 

53. OU. fabius, Fb. fabius.—Found very commonly, though females 
were scarce. 

(To be continued.) 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Tortrrx postvitrana, WatLker, In EXnauanp.—In view of Mr. 
Bainbrigge Fletcher's note on this species (antea p. 165) it may be of 
interest to recall that a previous specimen was reared in 1927 by Mr. 
Hodson of Reading University from a larva he had obtained in a box ° 
of New Zealand apples. This occurrence was recorded in a report on 
insect pests in 1925-1927 (Ministry of Agriculture, Miscellaneous 
Publication No. 62). The species is evidently one that would not prove 
a desirable addition to the British fauna but, it would seem difficult 
to take any steps to guard against this contingency, since larvae might 
be imported with almost any form of merchandise from Australia and 
New Zealand.—J. C. F. Fryer, F.R.E.S., Harpenden. 


Cacorcia pronuBana, Hs.—With reference to Mr. Bainbrigge 
Fletcher’s note on the distribution of this species (atea p. 164), 
it 1s perhaps worth pointing out that the insect is a serious glasshouse 
pest and that its spread is likely to have been assisted by the distribu- 
tion of greenhouse plants. It is, moreover, possible that its establish- 
ment under elass has allowed the species to persist in areas in which 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1934 


otherwise it could have effected but temporary settlements. Of 
the plants attacked, carnations suffer most seriously and in consequence 
the inseet is known in Germany as the ‘‘ Nelkenwickler”’; species of 
Cytisus are also very liable to injury, but the pest is so polyphagous 
that any list of its foodplants would be a long one. In spite of the 
ease with which the insect may be conveyed from place to place on 
plants, it seems doubtful whether the first invasion of the more northern 
countries of Kurope was due to this means. Rather, there would seem 
to have been a migration northwards at the beginning of the present 
century, somewhat of the same character as took place with Plusia 
moneta.—Ip. 


J)OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Entomotoeica Notes From Co. Dusiin.—I spent a fortnight at 
Kingstown during the latter half of last August. Unfortunately I had 
little time for collecting. In a disused quarry at the back of Dalkey 
town I found a few butterflies flying such as, Pyrameis cardut, Pararge 
megera, P. aegeria, Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, Polyommatus icarus, 
ete. A bed of Pulicaria growing in damp ground proved a great 
attraction to these species as well as to Pieris brassicae and P. napt. 
At Glenageary station, while waiting for a train, I saw a couple of 
Macroglossum stellatarum, one or two Pyrameis cardut, Vanessa io and 
several Aglais wrticae, also a few R. phlaeas and P. icarus at flowers of 
valerian, M. stellatarwm was also seen at Blackrock in a garden. 

On 29th August I went out to Howth Head which dominates 
Dublin Bay. It was a lovely summer’s day and there were plenty of 
butterflies about. 1 never remember seeing Pyrameis atalanta in such 
abundance anywhere and all in the pink of condition. A few Colias 
croceus were flying and | secured one, a female. Mr. Stelfox of the 
Dublin Museum told me that ‘‘ Clouded Yellows”? had been seen 
frequently this summer on the Dublin coast.—L. H. Bonaparte Wyss, 
Shoreham-by-Sea. 


Conias HyaLr, ETc., In West Sussex.—I captured a fine male 
specimen of Colias hyale on the Downs behind Shoreham on 4th 
August. Shortly after on the same ground I took a female C. croceus. 
From then onwards C. croceus occurred there but rather sparingly, 
until October 5th, but I did not see any more C. hyale. In 1928 C. 
croceus Was very abundant here and some nice specimens of var. ? 
helice were secured. 

On 21st July I collected around Lancing Clump and netted a 
specimen of Polygonia c-album, which was the first time I had seen 
it in these parts. However, on 1Jth September I met with a second 
near Old Shoreham on the flowers of Pulicaria, unfortunately torn 
though otherwise quite fresh. A third was seen on Buddleia in 
Shoreham town. Pyrameis atalanta and Aglais wrticae were both very 
common here this summer and P. cardui less so, while a large colony 
of the larvae of Vanessa io was located at Lancing and. one or two 
imagines reared. 

The Blues were much in evidence on the Downs, Ayriades coridon 
outnumbering all other species. A. bellaryus however, has become 
scarce in the last few years in a certain locality where it was once 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 9 


plentiful. Macroglossum stellatarum was observed hovering over the 
flowers of valerian in gardens in Bungalow Town throughout the 
summer and autumn until 7th November.—In. 


Hers convotvunr anp Manpuca atropos.—I found a larva of the 
convolvulus hawkmoth near Hove. It went down directly it was given 
a pot of earth. This was at the end of August. It emerged on the 
28th September, having been kept in a warm garage. In the same 
district at the foot of the Downs at Hove seven “death’s heads” (1. 
atropos) larvae were found on potatoes. They were nearly full fed and 
early in September two emerged quite naturally, but one was a cripple 
and the other worse than that as it died half way through, and one 
only half pupated and also died. The remaining four I left while I 
went away for a fortnight and on my return forced them with damp 
heat with the result that three perfect specimens and one cripple 
emerged. This was between 28rd and 28th of October. | had a very 
battered specimen brought me at the end of October quite useless and 
was told that it flew into a cottage. It was thought to be a bat and 
was laid out with a piece of wood: needless to say, it was not the sort 
of thing to set up. A friend of mine at Basset near Southampton 
told me that he had seen quite a dozen “convolvulus hawks” in his 
garden at the tobacco plants and other flowers just before dusk, but 
did not take any.—G. L. Tuynnx, 34, Carlisle Rd., Hove, Sussex. 


_ CacokcIA PRONUBANA IN THE Isie or WieHr.—As a record of the 
spreading range of this Tortricid it may be interesting to note that I 
boxed a specimen off a shop window in Newport, Isle of Wight on 
30th of September, 19383.—H. G. Jurrrays, Newport. 


Paryxus Livornica in WruirsHrre.—A ‘striped hawk” moth 
was caught in the kitchen of St. Patrick’s, Littleton Panel, nr. Devises, 
Wilts. at 8 p.m. on 19th Noy. It is a perfect specimen. In 1909 at 
Voerspoed near Kronstad in the Orange Free State, S. Africa, the vine 
on the house was literally stripped by the larvae of this species; I 
could have obtained hundreds.—J. B. Fraciny, The Rookery, Cosham, 
Wilts. 


Coniectine on THE Dorset Coast in June, 1931.—In 1981 J spent 
a fortnight commencing 14th June at West Bexington a small hamlet 
on the coast about a mile west of Abbotsbury. The coast line is 
devoid of marram grass and sand, but consists of deep shingle. There 
is a very pretty stretch of thrift and a fair smattering of Silene. 
There is also a small stream bordering the shore, fringed with 
Phragmites and a long stretch of Umbelliferae, the blossoms of which 
latter proved most attractive to Noetuae, which were so keen that they 
remained quite undisturbed by the light of the lamp. ‘The country 
around consists of undulating grass land devoid of trees but with an 
abundance of hawthorn hedges. 

The following are the species taken; the letter C. denotes common. 

Phryawus livorniea, 2.—One flying over Silene and one at rest on 
hawthorn, during the day, the latter much the worse for heavy rain. 
Theretra porcellus.—One at valerian blossom in the garden of the house 
where westayed. Porthesia similis (auriflua), C.—Larvae on hawthorn. 


10: ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1:1984 


Lachneis lanestris.— Several colonies of larvae on hawthorn. Eutricha 
quercifolia.—A larva found by my wife on hawthorn at Sayre, a neigh- 
bouring village.  Diloba caeruleocephala, C.—Larvae on hawthorn. - 
Leucania straminea.—Larvae on Phragmites. Mamestra sordida and 
Apamea gemina.— Both at blossoms of Umbelliferae. Miana strigilis. 
Grammesia  trigramamieca. Caradrina  quadripunetata—One on 
Umbelliferae blossoms. Agrotis eaclamationis—Abundant on Umbels. 
Dianthoecia carpophaga.—F lying over Silene. Hupleaia lucipara.—On 
the Umbels. Hadena dentina. Pyrrhia wnbra (marginata).—One at 
flowerheads. Acontia luctuosa. C.—Along the shore to the eastward 
darting about in the sunshine amongst the thrift, I took some fine 
varieties, Hmaturga atomaria.—In company with A. luctuosa. 
Timandra amata.  Ortholitha cervinata. C.—The larvae.—C. Q. 
Parsons, (Capt.), ‘‘ Alma Marceau,” Seaway Lane, Torquay. 


AGRoTIS sIMULANS IN Berxsarry.—I find no mention of 
this species occurring in Berks. in South’s Moths of the British Isles, 
Series IJ. Dr. J. C. Rohan kindly gave mea single specimen which 
came to his electric light at Cholsey near Wallineford this summer.— 
G. S. Roperrson, M.D., Storrington, Sussex. 


Menanic var. or Carpocarsa JuLIANA,—A melanic specimen was bred 
from acorns gathered in Dulwich Wood, 8.1i. London, amonest several 
of the type, none of which were darker than normal.—Ip. 


Mieration oF Insrcts.—The Western Morning News of 27th 
November contains a long and very full record of the occurrence of 
rare butterflies and moths in the West of England in the year 1933 by 
Commander 8. T. Stidston of Ashburton. It includes details of 
spread of Polygonia c-album in the West, more than 80 were seen as 
late as 15th Sept.; the repeated noting of Pyramets cardui at the 
lighthouses ; records of P. atalanta on 21st of Feb. and an immigration 
from the sea on 11th of March; Colias croceus as very plentiful; CO. 
hyale ; Manduca atropos as plentiful in some places ; numerous examples 
of Herse convolvuli; a Phryxus livornica; while Plusia gamma and 
Macroglossum stellatarwum were in less numbers than usual. The most 
notable record perhaps, was the capture of dAnosia plevippus once more 
in this country. 

Our correspondent Mr. C. Nicholson of Tresillian contributes a 
report on Cornwall, which includes numerous records of the occurrence 
of A. plexippus (seen); the abnormal number of Pieris brassicae in ~ 
Cornwall ; records of most species mentioned in the previous report ; 
and the occurrence of Leucania vitellina, L. l-album, and Laphyma 
(Caradrina) exiqgua. 


GXYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT. NOTICKS. 
A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Junior 
Carlton Club, Pall Mall, London, on 31st October, 19838, Mr. H. 
Willoughby-Ellis in the Chair. Members present in addition to the 
Chairman :—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Prof. HK. B. 
Poulton, Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, Dr. H. Hltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye. 
Visitors present:—Mr. H. EH. Andrewes, Major EK. EH. Austen, Dr. 


CURRENT NOTES. 11 


K. G. Blair, Dr. Maleolm Burr, Prof. G. D. Hale Carpenter, Mr. 
H. M. Kdelsten, Brig. W. H. Evans, Mr. J..C. F. Fryer, Sir Guy 
A. K. Marshall, Dr. S. A. Neave, Capt. N. D. Riley, Dr. Hugh Scott, 
Mr. W. Rait Smith, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright. 
‘I'he members were received by the Chairman in the Card Room at 
6.30 p.m., and during the Conversazione Prof. Poulton exhibited 
specimens of two Acridians from the South of France—Oedipoda 
germanica, Charp., taken by Mr. J. A. Simes on a country of grey rock, 
and O. coerulescens, L. taken by him on red porphyry. The colour 
and pattern exposed at rest bore a remarkable resemblance to the 
environment of each species. Dinner was served at 8 o'clock on the 
historic round table in the Parliamentary Library, and an enjoyable 
evening was spent. The party broke up shortly after 11 o’clock.— 
H.W.-E. 

Lambillionea continues to issue the admirable photographs of 
aberrations and forms of European Lepidoptera Among the species 
illustrated during the first half of the current year are Diacrisia sannio 
2; Melitaea athalia 6 ; Colias electo-croceus-fieldit 18 ; Limenitis popult 
2; Brenthis dial; B.ino2; B: pales1; B. selene3; B.euphrosyne 1 ; 
Pyrameis atalanta 4; Melanargia galathea 8; Epinephele jurtina 1 ; 
Satyrus briseis 1; and Diloba caeruleocephala 1. The matter contained 
in this magazine is concerned with items so closely connected with this 
country that most of it personally appeals to British lepidopterists. 
The series of plates issued monthly during the past few years are an 
acquisition to students interested in variation. 

The Nominations for the Council of the Royal Entomological 
Society are as follow— President, Dr. S. A. Neave, M.A. Treasurer, 
A. F. Hemming. Secretary, *A. W. McKenny-Hughes. Council, | 
Prof. Balfour-Browne; Sir T. Hudson Beare, D.Sce.; *Prof. G. D. 
Hale Carpenter ; *L. Collenette; Brigadier W. H. Evans; Dr. Karl 
Jordan, F.R.S.; R. W. Lloyd; Miss C. Longfield; Sir Guy A. K. 
Marshalli sh sRiSs: rot. ke Be Poulton’ pMeAG. | RRS. 3) Ne Ds ileye 
HEA) Soe Wei. jthorpe, MEAS oN uBalWiceleswortn. ) Mi vAN 3) Dr: 
C. B. Williams! M.A. Those marked with an asterisk are new 
members of Council. 

The Trans. Carlisle. N.H.S. Vol. V. referred to a short time ago has 
reached us and is quite as interesting as we anticipated. In fact the 
Short History of the Society is an admirable record of the progress in 
usefulness, in a peculiar locality of particular interest in the comparison 
of its fauna with that of other areas. 

The Officers and Council of the South London Entomological 
Society nominated for the ensuing year are:—FPresident: T. R. Kagles ; 
Vice- Presidents: C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., F.C.S., F.R.E.S., ete., 
and H. H. Syms, F.R.E.S.; Hon. Treasurer: A. EK. Tonge, F.R.E.S. ; 
Hon. Labravian: KH. EK. Syms, F.R.E.S.; Hon. Curator: 8. R. Ashby, 
P.R.E.S.; Hon. Secretaries: S. N. A. Jacobs, and Hy. J. Turner, 
P.R.E.S.; Hon. Lanternist: J. AH. Adkin ; Hon. Editor of Proceedings : 
jal, dig Abaco, Ie! Sisr,  Wolelals, = Conmciie ale We Unless 
F.R.E.S., C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S., M. Niblett, S. Wakely, T. H. L. 
Grosvenor, F.R.E.S., R. W. Attwood, F. J. Coulson, H. G. Denvil, 
P. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, M.Sc., F.R.E.S., ete. and J. A. Downes. The 
Annual Meeting takes place on January 25th when the retiring 
President, Mr. C. G. M. de Worms will read the Annual Address after 
the Presentation of the Council’s Report of the year’s doings. 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1.19384 


The Syllabus of the London N.H.S. just to hand, for the ensuing 
six months, announces four indoor meetings and two field meetings of 
the Entomological Section and in addition two indoor meetings and 
five field meetings to be spent in the study of plant galls. The 
remaining fixtures deal with Botany, Archaeology, Rambles and 
Ornithology. 


FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


No 4. of Vol. I of the Jownal of the Entomological Society of the 8. 
of England recently came to hand. It consists of some 46 Notes of 
varying length by 22 writers in 386 pp. with one plate. 16 Notes are 
concerned with Diptera and 15 with Lepidoptera. The remainder deal 
with biological items and the records of occurrence of species in the 
less known and less worked Orders, Odonata, Plecoptera, Hphemerop- 
tera, Neuroptera, T'richoptera, etc. Many of the items would, if 
published in our magazines for which they are eminently suitable, 
certainly have a more distributed circulation, and be more useful and 
more readily referred to by working entomologists in all parts of the 
country. This leads us to another point. Among the splendid work 
being achieved by the trained and well experienced entomologists of 
the Society what is being done for the “tyros” as Stainton called the 
younger inexperienced followers of the net and pin? ‘There seems 
little educational work such as has been carried out for over 60 years 
by that wonderfully successful and popular body the South London 
Entomological and N. H. Society ; at any rate we have no record of the 
‘“‘tvro”’ nor do we hear of him. It is upon the enthusiasm of the 
younger men and their continued support of the Society that the future 
can be assured. 


Inrormation Wanrep.—The Notes on the Noctuae will shortly deal 
with the species which have been kept together under the genus name 
Caradrina. These species are so similarly obscure, that is the five which 
are found in Britain, that most entomologists find considerable 
difficulty in distinguishing one species from the other. Guenée said 
of this group ‘‘ It is composed almost entirely of Kuropean species, of 
which the greater part have been very long, I should say, too long, 
known, for there exists such a confusion that their synonymy is almost 
inextricable. The Kneglish authors have increased this difficulty by 
creating a crowd of species, so badly characterised that I have not been 
able to classify them even as constant varieties.” Noct. V. 285 (1852). 

Included in the Caradrinidae so called in Tutt’s time were Grammesia 
trigrammica, so long known as trilinea, the ‘‘ excessively rare” Hydrilla 
palustris ; the extremely local Acosmetia caliginosa and the very rare 
with us, cosmopolitan “ army worm’’ Laphyma exigua. The first has 
been almost drowned with varietal names, of the other four one would 
be pleased to know something of the variation. 

Caradrina superstes was included by Tutt in his British Noctuae on 
the strength of Sligo specimens he judged to be that species, but 
subsequent examination of their genitalia has nullified this,—- 
Hy. J. Turner. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications iDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS.’ 

Articles that require Innusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. hey should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘*‘ Latemar,’”’ West Drive, Cheam. 

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. ; 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D.caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Excuanars.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles. —C. Zacher’? Erjwit, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Iiittoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Urncrent.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange 
will be made in Huropean Lepidoptera. B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Eglise 
Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojffner, Trawtenau (Bezirksbehorde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. January 17th (Ann.), February 7th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
January 25th (Ann.), February 8th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ 
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


WM. GRAVY FORD, B-A., FF R/E:S. ZS) talon, seey: 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. 
Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, 
Rev. Canon Foster, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. HE. B. 
Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘¢ Tatemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


iMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus dAcronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of MWelitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Hetrospeet of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Mifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at lighi—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Menanism anD Metanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VaRiATIon (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphtdasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidaec—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 

To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. HE. PAGE, 9, Yanburgh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


Wo. 
rn 


FEBRUARY, 1934 
Yb 


ENTOMOLOGISTS. RECORD 
AnD 2! 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Epirep R. S. BAGNALL, D.SC., F-R.E.S. H. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.U.8. 
Fath the Matcoum Burr, D.S8C., F.R-E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, BR.N., F.1.S., 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, ¥.B..S. ¥.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 
assistance of -H- A. Cockaynn, A.M., D.M., F.R.E-S., H. E. Paan, ¥F.R.E.8. 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
J. EK. Con.in, J.P., ¥.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R-E.8., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BerHune-BakER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.£.8., F.B.H.8., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS 

Lepidoptera at Maurin, Basses-Alpes, France, W. Parkinson Curtis, 

F.R.E.S. (continued) Sc oc oc oe bin AG ac 13 
The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex, G. S. Robertson, MaDe ss 15 
Cornish Notes, 1923, Charles Nicholson Ae ae <o ae a 17 
Collecting Butterflies in Orissa, India, W. M. Crawford, F.R.E.S. (cont.) 20 
Notes on Connectine.—Phryxus livornica, G. H. Harris, M.D. .. ae 21 
Current Notes .. ae oo ef ae sc 55 Be s 42 
Nomenclature se He 28 ac oe ere se 56 ais 24 


SuppLeMENnts.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.  (313)-(316) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (1)-(4) 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free Be 
TEN SHILLINGS. - 
to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., = 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. 
SSS 
This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


e 
Watkins & Doncaster 
(ESTABLISHED 1879) 
CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.”’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET 
J. J. HILL & SON, aEtetstnets 
Have fas disposal Re=conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
insect Gabinets; also Gheap Storage Gabinets for 
Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WittEspren 0309. 


THE VASCULUM 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, ete., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
HDITED BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. VW. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R-S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. 
The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual! subscription is five shillings 
and should be sent to 
WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


AN IMPORTANT NEW WORK 


BEES, WASPS, ANTS, AND ALLIED INSEGTS 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. 


With 44 Plates in Colour showing 470 figures, and 67 half-tone Plates showing 
170 photographie reproductions. 


Prospectus available Price 10/6 net. 


FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. 
Chandos House, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. 


“ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. ss Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kunneru J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. 1s. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) ae so Ge Wil, 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

Anprews, F.R.E.S. 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37-45 of Ent. Record, new series ; including ‘Special 

Index . Ae oC Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be Suinieee post free Se H. W. pes 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 13 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE. 
(Addenda) 
By W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S. 


Colours are by reference to ‘“‘ Ridgway Color Standards,” 

Melitaea phoebe, Knoch. ab. deleta, Verity. 

A fine § captured by W. P. C. in a meadow on the banks of the 
River Ubaye immediately below Point de la Font Sancté. Hxpanse 
47 mm. 

I should incline to refer this specimen to ab. deleta, Verity, Hnt. 
Rec. XX XI. p. 184 (1919)*. It is true that Dr. Verity calls this a form, 
but it is fairly obvious from the context that it is a colour variation of 
a class that most of us call an aberration. It is also true that Dr. 
Verity named deleta from specimens of the race tusca, Verity. 

I have a list of 74 names conferred on this species and seeing that 
I hold the opinion that aberrations, if named at all, should only have 
a class name and that that class name should be applied to every 
variation of that class no matter from what species derived, I see no 
point in adding another name to the burden this unfortunate species 
carries. 

Whilst on the subject of names I observe with regret that caucasica, 
Stder. has been changed to caucasicola, Vrty. and alatanica, Wagner, to 
wagneri, Wnukowsky, the sole ground being that these highly signi- 
ficant and appropriate names have also been used for the parallel races 
of other species. } 

Why not a rule that every race of every species should bear the 
name of its headquarters so that the names should be informing: the 
present system of fancy names has no defensible logical basis. I am 
also unable to see the sense of a separate name for each brood: why 
not phoebe gen. I., phoebe gen. Il. and phoebe gen. ILI. or at most phoebe 
vernalis, phoebe aestivalis, phoebe autumnalis, although the numerical 
method is the better since some species have their second brood in the 
summer and some in the autumn? It is a little difficult to say what 
race my aberration belongs to; Captain A. F. Hemming, who examined 
my specimen and confirmed my determination, expressed the view that 
the phoebe of the Barcelonette region had a strong tendency to go light 
in the markings. 

The specimens that I got at Maurin are some quite typical, others 
are alternans, Seitz, others cinaiodes, Muschamp, some possibly might 
be referable to galliaemontium, Vrty. and Dr. Verity himself l.c p. 
182 admits that the races do not form groups corresponding to their 
distribution. 

Upper Surrace.—Forewing. Ground colour almost uniform of a 
tone halfway between Orange-rufous and Xanthine-orange. 

The white costal edge which is usually so slightly developed is very 
marked and continuous from ‘close to the base right round to the 
terminal cilia: the space between the subcostal and the costa but 
slightly marked with dark scales: the basal black marks normal as 


* sterlineata, Turati, XXIV. Nat. Sic. 1919, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 12. 


+ We quite agree with these remarks on these senseless lepidopterological 
gymnastics.—Hy.J.T., G.W. and H.A.C. 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1984 


are the two, one in the cell, and one above vein 1, that form the 
median band; discoidal, reniform, rather small, rather lightly 
outlined : postmedial series of spots almost absent, the usual large 
quadrate spot of the series above vein 1, represented by a small lunule, 
the next above by about four dark scales those above three and four 
just indicated. The next series distally is a little more in evidence 
being moderately well developed, costally and dorsally but evanescent 
between 3 and 6, even so it is but a shadow of its usual self: the sub- 
marginal series is obsolescent, the spot above 1 is absent, the next two 
are fairly well marked, the rest of the series is linear with the 
slightest thickening on the nervures: between the submarginal series 
and the submarginal arcuate marks the wing is Xanthine-orange the 
marginal lunules or arcuate marks are well developed and solid divided 
from the marginal line by a fairly well indicated line of white scales 
which are best marked between 3 and 4 and 6 and the apex; cilia 
very strongly marked black and white. Hindwing ground-colour as 
in forewing but with the Xanthine-orange better developed between 
the cell and the second row of spots and between the submarginal row 
and the marginal lunulate markings rendering the wing a little less 
level in colour than the forewing; the basal and cellular dark marks 
are nearly normal but the first row of spots distad the cell is drawn 
out distally in little pear-shaped excrescences, these little excrescences 
being in fact all there ig left of the second row of spots; the third row 
is about normal for width, but the dark scaling is reduced by about 
50% so that the row is rather nebulous, the submarginal row represents 
the same condition in an even more pronounced degree; marginal 
lunules well-developed and solid separated from the well-developed 
marginal line by a strong semation of xanthine scales; cilia very 
pure white and very shining. This whiteness is positive and not 
merely a matter of contrast, it is much more pronounced than in any 
other of my specimens either from Digne, Maurin, or Portugal. 

Unper Surrace.—Forewing. Xanthine-orange; costa strongly 
Citron-yellow (pl. XVI.) markings in and below cell and the discoidal 
normal ; ‘postmedial series absent save for black points above 4, 5, 6, 
and 10 those in cellules 4, 5, and 6 being placed on elongate Citron- 
yellow marks; the next series is indicated by a small spot above 1 and 
two lunules above 5 and 6. The space distad the position usually 
occupied by this row is almost wholly Citron-yellow ; the submarginal 
series is represented by a single small lunule above 2; marginal 
lunules finely marked; marginal line very discontinuous; cilia white 
chequered on the nervures which last are only very slightly marked 
with dark scales here and there. 

Hindwing ground Citron-yellow; usually the space between the 
first set of black marks and the base of the wing is Pyrine-yellow, but 
in this specimen it is uniform with the rest of the ground ; cellule one 
is entirely Pyrine-yellow and of the three black marks usually found 
therein only the centre one is present ; cellule 1a bas the basal third 
Xanthine-orange, there is a black spot at the base which is connected 
by a fine black line running below vein 1b with the indication of the 
usual double postmedial series; the extreme base of cellule 10 is 
Pyrine-yellow, then follows a strongly marked black spot, this is 
arcuate filling the angle where vein 2 rises and enclosing a conspicuous 
spot of the ground, this black mark continues outward till it joins the 


GEOMETERS OF STORRINGTON, W. SUSSEX. 15 


double post-medial series, in so doing enclosing a spot of Xanthine- 
orange, but being separated from vein 2 by the ground colour; the 
cell has a tiny spot of Pyrine-yellow at the base, this is followed by a 
solid black blotch then by a patch of Xanthine-orange and the cell is 
closed by a solid black blotch with no central pale mark as is usual; 
cellule 2 has a small patch of Xanthine-yellow at the base followed by 
a tiny black mark; cellules, 8, 4, 5, and 6 have small black marks at 
the base, that in 4 being separated from the cell by aspot of Xanthine- 
yellow ; cellule 7 has a basal black spot followed by an area of citron- 
yellow which encloses another black spot and is distally bounded by 
the normal first black spot the whole being connected by a fine black 
line running under vein 8, this is followed by a patch of Xanthine- 
orange and then by a black line; cellule 8 contains four black marks 
of which one, the outermost, has a tiny black mark in cellule 7 below 
it. It will,thus be seen that the usual post-medial double line has 
the proximal part but little developed and the distal member almost 
wholly obsolete. 

In normal phoebe the sub-marginal decoration consists of a series of 
fulvous marks which are placed on spots of Ochreous-yellow being 
bounded proximally by a double line of dark arches one set directed 
basad and the other distad, the crowns of the arches being in contact ; 
distally bounded by another line composed of a series of dark arches 
directed distad, the springing of the arches almost resting on the 
marginal lunules; of this design there is hardly a trace above vein 7; 
the internal arched line is reduced to a blur of dark scales along the 
proximal edge of the set directed distad which set is very narrowly 
developed. The Xanthine-orange spots are placed on a Light-cadmium 
eround which is a little restricted in area and the external set of arches 
is so reduced that it is only traceable in cellules 8, 4, and 6; the 
marginal lunules are well developed as are the inarginal spots at the 
ends of the nervures, but the black terminal line is very broken, the 
cilia are very brilliantly white. This gives the hindwing a general 
appearance of having a fulvous base with a slight internal dark edging 
followed by pale marginal band with small dark lunules; an entirely 
different impression to that produced on the eye by » normal underside ; 
in fact the appearance is reminiscent of a pale Biblia. Specimen No. 
23052 in mus. Curtis. 


(To be continued) 


The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex. 
By G. S. ROBERTSON, M.D. 

[The names in this paper have been corrected to the original prior names as 
published in this magazine in 1925-6 as a Supplement on the basis of L. B. Prout’s 
work in Seitz Palaearctic Geometers.—H.J.T.] 

The District includes about five miles in any direction from 
Storrington on the North side of the South Downs. 

As Mr. A. J. Wightman has furnished lists and notes on the 
Butterflies and Noctuae of the Pulborough District, which nearly 
coincides with this area, | propose commencing with the Gevmetrinae, 
and hope to include the others in later numbers, with a few of the 
‘“‘Micros.”” Most of my collecting has, of necessity, had to be done 
alone, very few collectors living in the area; hence many common 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1934 


species have to be omitted, which probably are here, and others, which 
I have found scarce, may be common if properly worked in suitable 
spots. 

Pseudoterpna pruinata: locally common on heaths. Hipparchus 
papilionaria: generally distributed ; some years locally very common. 
Hemistola chrysoprasaria (vernaria): on the downs. Comibaena 
pustulata: scarce, local. Jodis lactearia: common. Hemithea aestivaria 
(strigata): common. Ptychopoda sylvestraria (straminata): scarce on 
heaths. P. fuscovenosa (interjectaria): £. common. TL. subsericeata: 
local, scarce. P.aversata: abundant, banded form scarce. P. biselata: 
common. P, dimidiata: common. P. trigeminata: scarce. Acidalia 
virgulata: common. A. ornata: on downs. A. floslactata (remutata) : 
very common in woods. A. marginepunctata: ondowns. 4. inritaria: 
locally common. P. emarginata: very local, but fairly common. 
Calothysanis amata: generally common. Cosymbia porata: scarce. 
O. punetaria: scarce. C. linearia: not common. C. annilata: 
not common. C. pendularia: very common. Ortholitha clavaria 
(cervinata): generally distributed, common locally. O. chenopodiata 
(limitata): abundant. 0. bipunctaria: very common on downs. 
Odezia atrata: local. Anaitis plagiata and A. efformata: both occur. 
Chesias legatella (spartiata) : generally distributed, f. common. Nethop- 
terya polycommata: y. local, but common in one spot. N. carpinata : 
not common. Acasis viretata: not common. Lobophora halterata : 
locally common. Operophtera brumata: abundant everywhere. 0. 
fagata (boreata) ; locally abundant in birch woods, slight variation. 
Triphosa dubitata: fairly common, generally distributed. Philereme 
transversata (rhamnata): local.  Huphyia silaceata: well distributed, 
f. common.; ab. insulata is the usual form. Lygris testata : v. cominon. 
L. pyraliata: very common. Cidaria fulvata: local and scarce. C. 
corylata: fairly common, (. truncata: common, ab. comma-notata 
and dark forms occur. C. citrata (immanata): common. C. miata: 
not common, Thera obeliscata: c¢. in pie woods. Lampropterya 
suffumata : local, not common. C. unidentaria: c.ev. C. ferrugata: 
c.ev. C. designata: common. Calostigia pectinitaria (viridaria) ; 
usually abundant. C. multistrigaria : local. C. didymata : c. generally 
distributed. Oporinia dilutata: pale and dark forms are both common. 
Xanthorhoé montanata: abt. X. fluctuata: abt. Epirrhoé galiata: 
common on downs. LH. rivata: local. EH. alternata (sociata): abt. 
Euphyia unangulata : scarce, well distributed.  Cidaria bicolorata : 
fairly common. Melanthia procellata: fairly common on downs. 
Perizoma affinitata: very common. P. alchemillata : common locally. 
P. flavofasciata (decolorata) : Common, well distributed. P. bifasciata : 
common as larvae, a few imagines come to light. Huphyia bilineata : 
abt. Hydriomena furcata (sordidata): common, variable. H. 
coeruleata (impluviata) : not common, Harophila badiata: v. common. 
Coenotephria derivata (nigrofasciaria) ; f. common. Huchoeca nebulata 
(obliterata): not common. Asthena albulata (candidata): abt. 
Hydrelia flammeolaria (luteata) : scarce. 


(To be continued.) 


CORNISH NOTES, j 17 


Cornish Notes, 1933. 
By CHARLES NICHOLSON. 


Last year will long be remembered for its unusual spell of hot dry 
weather, the disastrous effects of which on the water supply of many 
parts of the country are still in evidence in dried up wells and springs 
and abnormal lowness of reservoirs and rivers. Even Cornwall has 
not escaped altogether and the recent rains have not been copious 
enough to go very far towards making up the deficiency of from 9 to 
12 inches in different parts of the county on an average total of about 
45 inches. The sunshine record is wel) up and is the highest on 
record, but here again there is some variation in locality. 

Popular belief regards hot sunny weather as favourable to insect 
life and, of course, it is, provided there are suitable cool rainy spells to 
break the monotony at frequent intervals. But in 1933 there was too 
much of the hot sun and not enough of the cool rain to bring about 
the best conditions for insects in general and other wild life, and 
hereabouts at any rate birds found the conditions very trying on 
account of the comparative scarcity of insects and other small 
creatures, such as worms, slugs, snails, etc. It will be very interesting 
if readers will send notes about other districts so that comparisons 
may be made between different parts of the country. 

The first item of interest in my diary for 1983 is the observation 
of a ‘queen’ of Bombus terrestris sucking nectar from flowers of a 
small arbutus bush in the garden at 3.80 p.m. on 6th January. The 
prevailing winds about that date were westerly and several of the days 
were sunny with temperatures in the late forties and early fifties at 
mid-day. The arbutus naturally flowers over a long period from 
autumn to spring and this same bush is well out now with a fair 
number of more or less ripe fruits showing, although it is only 4 feet in 
height. The bee must have been roused from hibernation by the 
mild spell and it is to be hoped that she got back into a snug retreat 
early in the evening, for there was a frost that night that might 
have been too much for her. When these winter sleepers are disturbed 
in this way it is very often fatal to them unless, as in this case, they 
can find nourishment to compensate for their untimely activity. 
‘‘Queen’’ wasps, for instance, usually succumb, and I believe 
hibernating butterflies also.* 

March saw Gonepterya rhamni on the wing, males being seen in 
the garden on several dates in that month, April and May ; and I was 
gratified to find one nearly fullfed larva and traces of others on 
young buckthorns (Kh. catharticus) in the garden in July but none on 
the two R. frangula. The former species does not occur in Cornwall, 
but the latter is sparingly distributed, and scarce about here. It 
follows, therefore, that all the rhawnt hereabouts have fed up 
entirely on frangula, (as catharticus is not cultivated as a rule and 
probably my nine seedlings are the only ones in the county), so 
the females were evidently attracted by the strange (to them) species 


_* Since writing the above paragraph I find that all the arbutus fruits have 
disappeared—probably eaten by birds or mice during the cold spell in mid-December. 
These fruits were, of course, the result of the 1931 flowers, the arbutus being one 
of those shrubs that bear this year’s flowers and last year’s fruits at the same 
time.—C.N. 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOORD. 15.11.1934 


rather than to the other with which they were familiar! I saw no 
females in the spring, but one was seen in the garden on the 24th 
and again on the 25th August, probably the same specimen. 

The three common ‘‘ Whites” were in about normal numbers in 
the spring, but brassicae and rapae were abundant in the second brood, 
whilst napi was scarce, and I saw nothing that I could consider a 
third brood of any of them. In the west of Cornwall brassicae larvae 
amounted to a plague, and whole fields of broccoli and other cabbages 
were eaten to rags in some places. 

There is no doubt whatever that 1933 was a “Clouded Yellow 
Year” in the S.W. of England. Colias croceus was everywhere, though 
not in phenomenal numbers anywhere, so far as I have been able to 
gather. Here we have seen an odd specimen or two nearly every 
year since we came in September 1928, but last year we saw one or 
two at least every other day on an average in the garden, and wherever 
I went I saw one or more in other localities including one in the 
middle of Truro city on 15th Sept. The greatest number seen in one 
day in the garden was 5, but as I did not catch them I cannot say, of 
course, how many of these and the others we saw were different 
individuals, The first | saw (2) were on Goonhilley Downs, Lizard, on 
lst August; on 28rd October, a male and a female were in the 
garden and I boxed this female and confined her in a glass cylinder 
over a pot of white clover for eggs, but the weather thereafter was 
very unpropitious, both in temperature and sunshine, and although I 
fed her with honey water and she lived for nearly a fortnight I saw no 
eges. The last specimen seen in the garden was on 16th Nov. which 
seems very late for this species. One var. helice on 23rd September 
passed within a yard of me in the garden. I may add that a few 
croceus were seen on Round Island, Scilly, by the lighthouse keeper 
on 23rd September and scores during the first fortnight of October, 
which suggests a late brood. Ihave not seen or heard of C. hyale 
having been seen in the county. 

Aglais urticae has been commoner than in recent years, but not 
quite so common as in 1932. I saw it first at Ladock on 27th March, 
near Tresillian village on 15th May and in the garden on 20th June. 
Others were seen on odd dates at different places in July and August, 
but in September it was seen on every suitable day in the garden on 
the flowers of Mupatorium weinmannianum, a South American evergreen 
shrubby relative of our hemp agrimony and equally attractive to 
insects. Neither Vanessa io, nor Pyramets atalanta, nor P. cardui, has 
been as common as in 1982, but all of them have been in evidence on 
the Hupatorium, or elsewhere in the garden, and I saw two cardui on 
sunflowers (‘ Miss Mellish ’’) in a neigbbour’s garden on 12th October. 
I have never seen atalanta on these small perennial sunflowers, but it 
used to be very fond of the big annual ones in our Hale End garden 
in S.W. Essex. The first 7o was seen on 27th March and not again 
until 24th July ; the first cardwi on the latter date and not again until 
5th Sept. Atalanta was first seen on 28th May in the garden and this 
was worn. On 4th June my wife called my attention to 6 specimens 
that were flying about around our Buddleia globosa and Olearia stellulata. 
These specimens were rather worn and chipped and were frisking about 
on and off the flowers, and frequently going around in pairs in the 
courting flight, then separating and settling again on the flowers. 


CORNISH NOTES, 1933. 19 


All were invisible next day and subsequently and I have no doubt that 
these 6 and probably the odd one on 28th May were part of an 
immigrant swarm that was passing through this district. I saw 
another very worn one at St. Ewe on 24th July and a fine and 
obviously freshly emerged one on Goonhilley Downs on 1st August after 
which date fresh ones were seen at Tresillian and elsewhere. A 
correspondent, Dr. Hankin, reported that in his garden at Newquay 
he saw about 20 on veronica on 19th Sept. ‘‘ arrived since yesterday ” 
and the Round Island lighthouse keeper reported that scores were 
seen there between 8th and 12th Sept. and hundreds during the first 
fortnight of October, all in fine condition and seemed to be going 
chiefly south. ‘‘ Since about 16th Oct. they all seem to have gone.” 

P. cardui. A few were seen on Round Island between 8th and 
12th Sept., and Dr. Hankin saw about a score on veronica (with the 
atalanta as above reported) on 19th Sept. “arrived during the last few 
days’’; but during the first fortnight of Oct. hundreds were seen on 
Round Island (with the atalanta as above) going chiefly south. 

If these atalanta and cardwi really left this country, then they 
must have gone on to the N.W. of Spain if they continued south, as 
there is no land between. 

Rumicia phlaeas, usually scarce here, has been fairly common 
especially in this garden, where it has shown great partiality for the 
Kupatoriun flowers, on which there were actually 4 specimens at once 
on 29th Sept. J put many out of the verandah also during that 
month. First seen near ‘l'resillian Village on 15th Mar.; last in 
garden 17th Oct. 

Pararye megera has been commoner than usually hereabouts and I 
have put specimens out of the verandah frequently and several times a 
day. 

Soy convolvuli. Not at all frequent this year, but a fine male 
was seen fluttering under the verandah roof on 6th Sept. and put to 
rest on one of the posts, where it remained until it flew off in the 
evening. 

Macroglossum  stellatarum. Dozens seen by the Round Island 
lightkeeper on 15th May and undoubtedly part of an immigration. 
One in the garden here on 22nd May and another on 13th June. I 
also saw one visiting rhododendron flowers on 4th June, but the most 
interesting observations were two specimens in perfectly fresh condition 
in our verandah on 9th Aug. (9.20 p.m.) and 10th Aug. (8.20 p.m.) 
respectively. This is surely unusually late in the day for this species 
even during “Summer Time.” Previous to this I have not seen it on 
the wing later than about 5 in the afternoon, flying over heather near 
Wendron in this county. 

Plusia gamma has not been much in evidence in the county in 
1933 from all accounts. First’seen here on 4th June, next on 12th 
Sept. and a few on other days during that month and Oct., the last on 
the 28rd. 

Nomophila noctuella. First seen 4th June (rather worn) in garden ; 
several at St. Hwe (very worn) on 24th July. A perfectly fresh one 
in the verandah on 12th Sept., and two other fine specimens in the 
garden on 13th and 15th Sept. respectively. 

Undoubtedly the feature of 1933 was the number of specimens (29) 
of Danaus plexippus reported, as seen or captured in these islands. Of 


20 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1934 


these Cornwall claims 7, although it is not at all certain that all the 
records refer to different individuals, as may be suspected by the dates 
and localities:—Penhale Pt., midway between Perrenporth and 
Newquay 9th Sept. Bude 12th September, female, taken. Lizard 
Head 20th Sept. also 27th and 29th Sept., probably the same individual 
in all three cases, or at any rate the last two. St. Mawes Ist Oct. 
Ruan Minor, near Lizard 15th Oct. on veronica blossom. I have 
what I believe to be a complete list of the records of the occurrence of 
this fine butterfly in the British Isles from 1876 to the present time, 
and the total of records is now 78. 

The fact that an overwhelming majority of the specimens were 
seen at or near coast towns suggests the probability of their having 
been brought over from America by trading and other vessels, perhaps 
in their potato lockers (see Hntomologist, 1921, p. 145); but as most of 
the specimens were seen in the southern counties it is possible that 
some of them found their way here from the Azores or Canary Islands. 
That any number of them came across the Atlantic on their own wings 
alone is highly improbable, and the scarcity of records from Ireland, 
and entire absence of any from Scotland, seems to show that even if 
such an occurrence were possible, it cannot have been frequent. 


Collecting Butterflies in Orissa (Bihar and Orissa), India. 
By W. M. CRAWFORD, F.R.E.S. 


54. Hriboea athamas, Dry. ssp. ayrarius, Swinh.—Common, those 
with one and those with two pale pre-apical spots on forewing being of 
about equal frequency. 8S. 

55. EH. eudamippus, Dbldy.—A single specimen (male) was given 
me by a friend, who had caught it on Meghasiniin April. The forewing 
cell is almost wholly black, so that the specimen approaches niyrobasalis, 
Lathy, from North Burma. N. 

56. Apatura parisatis, Wstwd. parisatis.—Also from Meghasini in 
April, N. 

57. Huripus consimilis, Wstwd. ssp. meridionalis, W.-M.—A single 
male from Mourbhanj State, caught by my collector in October. S. 

58. Diagora persimilis, Wstwd. persimilis.—Only one male from 
Meghasini mountain, smaller in size than my Himalayan specimens. 
I managed to net a second one, but it unfortunately escaped. N. 

59. Huthalia lepidea, Btlr. ssp. miyana, Yruh.—Rare, but 1 got 
one female in Sambalpur and one male and one female in Mourbhanj. 
8. 

60. H. garuda, My. ssp. anagama, Fruh.—Fairly common. N. 

61. HH. lubentina, Cr. ssp. indica, Fruh.—Males very common, but 
females rare. N. 

62. HH. nats, Forst.—Common, more especially on jungle paths. 

63. Limenitis procris, Cr. procris—Rather uncommon. N. 

64. Pantoporia selenophora, Koll. ssp. kanara, Kvans.—A single 
female obtained from Mourbhanj. S. 

65. P. perius, L.—Common. 

66. Neptis columella, Cr. ssp. ophiana, Mr.—Only three specimens 
caught. N. 

67. N. jumbah, Mr. jumbah.—Two (male and female) from Mour- 
bhanj State. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. a1 


68. N. hylas, L., varmona, Mr.—Very common. 

69. N. nandina, Mr., ssp. hampsoni, Mr.—Caught several in 
Sambalpur. S. 

70. N. hordonia, Stoll. hordonia.—Found in Sambalpur and 
many of the Native States, but not commonly. 

71. Cyrestis thyodamas, Bdv., thyodamas.—A few got in Mourbhanj 
State and also saw some on Mailagiri mountain in Pal Lahara State. 
N. 

72. Hypolimnas misippus, L.—Common. I got, in Sambalpur, 
two of the ‘“‘ very rare’’ 9 form inaria, Cr. 

73. HH. boiina, L.—Very common. ‘There is a wide variation 
especially in the males. I have specimens with the discal spots on 
the upperside quite white with but little blue round the edges and the 
underside bands also very broad white, and I have another male with 
the upperside spots wholly blue without any speck of white and the 
underside almost uniformly brown. ‘There are endless variations 
between these two extremes. 

74. Kallima inachus, Bdv. inachus.—I obtained several in 
Mourbhanj State. N. 

75.- Precis hierta, Fb. hiertaa—Common. S&S. 

76. P. orithya, Li. ssp. swinhoet, Butlr.—Also common. S&S. 

77.  P. lemonias, Li. ssp. vaisya, Fruh.—Very common. I have a 
specimen of dry season form quite rosy below. S. 

78. P.almana, Li, almana.—Very common in both wet and dry 
season forms. 

79. P. atlites, L.—Uncommon. 

80. P. iphita, Cr. ssp. pluviatalis, Fruh.—A few caught, both of 
wet and dry season forms. S. . 

81. Vanessa cardui, L.—Obtained nine specimens (1 in November, 
4 in December, 3 in February and 1 in March.) 

82. Symbrenthia hippoclus, Hb. ssp. khasiana, Mr.—One caught on 
Meghasini in June and others seen. 

83. Atella phalanta, Drury.—Very common. 

84. Issoria sinha, Koll. sinha.—Caught three in June on Meghasini 
and three more were sent to me by a friend from the same place. N. 

85. Hrgolis ariadne, L. ssp. indica, Mr.—Common. S. 

86. HE merione, Cr. ssp. tapestrina, Mr.—Common. N. 

87. Telchinia violae, Fab.—Very common. 


Hrycinipasg. 
88. Libythea myrrha, Godt. ssp. carma, Fruh.—A single specimen 
caught on Meghasini in May. S. 
89. Abisara echerins, Stoll. ssp. suffusa, Mr.—Fairly common. N. 
(To be continued.) 


TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Puryxus tivornica.—A male specimen of this moth was caught on 
Southampton Common on 10th Nov., 1988, and brought to me in 
excellent condition.—H. G. Harris (M.D.), Southampton. 


22, ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1934 


G;URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


We wish to acknowledge a rather unusually large number of 
communications for publication including (1) Remarks on the Noctuae 
observed during 1933 in the Pulborough district by Mr. Wightman. 
(2) The completion of the article on Maurin in the French Alps by 
Mr. Parkinson-Curtis, illustrated by eight plates. (8) List of captures 
with short notes around Storrington, Sussex, by Dr. G. Robertson. 
(4) The conclusion of the Notes on the Rhopalocera obtained around 
Orissa, India, by Mr. W. M. Crawford. (5) Collecting in Donegal, 
Ireland, by Canon G. Foster. (6) It is hoped to conclude the Revision 
of the 1st volume of Tutt’s British Noctuae by the end of the year. 
(7) A study of the Rhopalocera of the Rhone Valley, a summary of 
the observations of the many workers who have stayed in this Alpine 
region, by Dr. Roger Verity (as a Supplement). (8) Signor Querci 
will probably send us further notes on the various broods of Pieris 
rapae. (9) An account of his visit in search of Lepidoptera to Jaca, 
Spain, by Mr. Wm. Fassnidge. (10) Descriptions of the aberrations of 
British Lepidoptera which have been recorded in Holland but have 
not yet been noted in the British Isles, by Herr B. J. Lempke. (11) 
Description of Paraneuroptera from Peru by Mr. W. D. Hincks. 
(12) Further interesting Notes from Cornwall by Mr. Nicholson. 
(13) Descriptions of the Larvae of Indian Rhopalocera by Dr. D. V. 
Sevastopulo. (14) Occasional Notes on Lepidoptera in Sussex and 
Ireland by Mr. Bonaparte-Wyse. (15) An Account of the Rhopalocera 
of the Cottian Alps and Turin in June-July, 1983, by Rev. E. B. 
Ashby. (16) Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher will probably send us a series 
of Notes on the Micro-lepidoptera of the West Country centred around 
Stroud, Glos. (17) A further list of captures made at Salonika by 
Dr. G. Robertson. (18) An Account of Unusual Captures at Hawthorn 
and other blossoms, by Mr. H. Donisthorpe. (19) Mr. Siviter-Smith 
will send us his Collecting Notes. (20) There will be Reviews of new 
books and notes on the more or less current magazines. (21) Mr. 
Donisthorpe’s Notes on Ants and their associates will be continued as 
well as the progress of his investigation of the old oak Forest of 
Windsor. May we ask all those who have notes of current interest 
to send them on for our ‘Current Notes’ columns. But above all 
we urge our readers to add to the list of subscribers. At present 
we are just about able to make both ends meet. It would be gratifying 
all round to obtain further support so that an additional four pages 
could be added, if not every month, at least frequently. 

The Annual Contribution to Minen-Herbarium bas come to hand. 
It is now issued directly from its author and compiler, Dr. M. Hering, 
Berlin, N.4. Invaliden str. 438. The present issue consists as usual 
of three portfolios each containing examples of the mines of 20 leaf- 
miners of the Insect Orders, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, 
and Coleoptera. Two of these portfolios are devoted to subjects 
obtained in Spain. We congratulate Dr. Hering in being able to find 
sufficient subjects for this work, which must entail not only the 
preparation, mounting, labelling, etc., but must be preceded by endless 
visits to country areas in search of subjects. As the work progresses 
this last will be more difficult, naturally the commoner species are 
first met with, for the more uncommon and rare species search will 


CURRENT NOTES. 28 


be more difficult and less successful. So far in the past five years 800 
species have been dealt with, and for the lepidopterist and dipterist 
there is a mass of practical information which will ever be useful for 
reference. Hach folded sheet has the name and family of the host 
plant, the name, family and order of the insect and the locality 
whence the specimen was obtained. 

A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Hotel 
Parisien, South Kensington, on 18th Dec. 1933, Mr. Horace 
Donisthorpe in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the 
Chairman :—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. Jas. E. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. 
Visitors Present :—Major KH. EH. Austen, Dr. K. G. Blair, Capt. de Aula 
Donisthorpe, Mr. C. G. Leman, Dr. C. Tate Regan, Capt. N. D. Riley, 
Mr. W. H. T. Tams. The members and visitors were received by 
the Chairman at 7 o'clock. The Chairman exhibited specimens of 
Tychus ibericus, Motsch., a beetle new to Britain, taken in Windsor 
Forest 20th May, 1988; Tychus niger, Pk., g and Q ; and Tychus 
niyer, Pk. var. dichrous, g¢ and Q (from the Collection of the late Mr. 
H.C. Rye). The latter had been originally introduced as Tychus 
ibericus.) Dinner was served at 7.30 p.m., and a very entertaining, 
evening was spent. —H.W.-H. 

Our colleague Mr. Donisthorpe has placed his practical and unique 
~ collection of Coleoptera in the British Museum and with it also the 
results of his special study of ants with their associates. This most 
important collection will now be available for consultation by all 
biological students. 

The January Meeting of the famous Entomological Club, The 
Verrall Supper, was a fine success for no less than 165 met at the 
Holborn Restaurant on 16th Jan. and spent a most enjoyable evening. 

The S. London Entomological Society is extremely indebted to 
Dr. Joy for the donation of his fine almost. complete collection of 
Coleoptera which in a short while will be available for consultation by 
the members of the Society. This Society now has very perfect 
collections of British Lepidoptera (Macro and Micro), Muropean 
Rhopalocera, British Coleoptera, Paraneuroptera, and a large propor- 
tional of the more widely spread species of other orders of insects. 
The Society meets twice a month and these collections are available 
on these occasions for consultation, whereas the national collections 
can only be consulted at times when most of our collectors are 
engaged, 

Re Notes on British Nocruar.—My kind correspondent Prof. M. 
Draudt of Darmstadt writes me that the aedoegus of his example of 
andalusica agree exactly with the result found by Mr. Tams.  Brig.- 
Gen. B. H. H. Cooke kindly points out a printer’s error on p. 309 of 
« Brit. Noct. and their Varieties, (Jan. no.). The andalusica taken by 
him was in June not in July as printed. He also records another 
example taken by himself at Albarracin on 6th June 1929. He calls 
my attention to a statement made by M. Rondou in his recently issued 
Catalogue of the Pyrenean Lepidoptera, that the argillacea found at 
Gedre is of an extremely deep brown and considered to answer to the 
form gedrensis, Schawerda. One would like to know whether this 
very dark insect is a barrettit-andalusica and not a luteago under which 
Rondou and Schawerda both place it.—Hy.J.T. 


DA ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1984 


Nomenclature. 


When I took over the acting editorship of the Hnt. Record J found 
that the Nomenclature used in Lepidoptera was a jumble of names with- 
out any plan or uniformity. Often in one volume the same insect would 
appear under several different specific names and the genera were hope- 
lessly misapplied. Names were often taken from popular works of no 
pretention to correctness or science, inferior ‘‘ book-maker’s ”’ products. 
This superficial nomenélature was more prevalent in the Butterflies and 
became much intensified with the advent, at the end of the century, of 
the yearly collecting expeditions to the favoured localities of the Alps 
of Central Europe. The appearance of the 8rd edition of Staudinger’s 
Catalog in 1901 helped to stabilize specific names to a great extent and 
also many of the generic names. Butin some cases, the genus Lycaena 
for instance, Staudinger included 110 species without indication of the 
erouping obvious to all who had studied the species therein. 

Gradually the task of stabilizing the names used for our British 
and Continéntal Lepidoptera was attempted. A copy of South’s 
Entomologist List interleaved was revised gradually (I still use it) with 

, the works of Bethune-Baker, Chapman, Tutt, and others before me. 
Priority names and spelling were gradually introduced entailing heavy 
work in altering MSS. and thereby, no doubt, often incurring the 
unexpressed ‘‘cusses”’ of the ‘“diehards”’ for their pet names. In 
practice no assertion of a prior name has been adopted until reasonable 
time has elapsed for verification. 

In continuation of this policy, in 1925-6, this magazine issued as 
a Supplement, 4 List of British Geometers, which contained the prior 
names of both species and genera, the work of L. B. Prout as published 
in the 8rd volume of Seitz Palaearctic Lepidoptera, with subsequent 
corrections by him, and containing the results of his study of the 
world Geometrid fauna. This was as near to a stabilization as can 
reasonably be expected. 

Unfortunately this cannot be done with the Noctuae with any 
feeling of stability. Although Hampson of the British Museum 
studied this group as a world whole, the basis of his work was on 
illogical and unaccepted general principles, both in his spelling and 
classification. Great reliance was placed by him on the neuration and 
but little if any on other structural charaters, nor were obvious biological 
characteristics taken into account. One is able to get but little 
advance on the 1901 Staudinger Catalog, except in the specific 
alteration of the position of a species here and there as barrettii from 
Luperina 10 Dianthoecia, or of a genus as Metachrostis for Bryophila. 

As for the Butterflies, the gymnastics which has gone on and is 
still going on, is most disconcerting. No one accepts what anyone 
else has done and we still get such mangled spelling as megaera, typhon, 
corydon, instead of the original: names megera, tiphon, coridon; and 
thaumas for flava, astrarche for medon, adonis for thetis, etc., etc. As 
to the genera of our butterflies stability seems as far off as ever. 
Apparently even our National Nomenclature Committee avoids this 
task, and individual attempts would, if accepted, directly reverse some 
of the work already done by experts working in concert in the past. 
This Committee consists of some of the most reliable and experienced 
entomologists in the country and. their decisions would, we feel, obtain 
the recognition of even those who are prone to have their own pet 
ideas as to this subject.—Hy.J.T. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. ‘T'ourner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications ipuNnTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require Inuusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 18, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Huropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Urncent.—Wanted HKnglish (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange 
will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de I’ Eglise 
Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Wantep.—Papered Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of all species wanted in exchange for 
papered insects, some rare, from Japan.—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. March 7th, 21st. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
February 22nd, March 8th, 22nd.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,”’ 
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. : 


Wanted to exchange: Argynnis selene 
var. rinaldus, thalia, and marphisa (all 
black) and other butterflies and moths 
from Tschechoslowakei for English butter- 
flies (or for cash). 


J. Sorrner, Trautenau, Tschechoslowakei. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.RB.I.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


VV. M. CRAVWVEORD, B.A., F.RIES: E25. blon Secy: 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. 
Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, 
Rey. Canon Foster, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rey. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B, 
Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
“ Tatemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIKTIES and MUSEUMS. 


BAGK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journa! of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVL.) 


CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hisptdus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, efc., etc., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Menanism anp Mrnanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyvamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanburgh Hill, Blackheath, London, S§.E. 3. 


to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


ee 


Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


APR. 1935. 


Vol. XLVI. 


15 5A 


0. 3 


MARCH, 1934 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Epirep R. S. BAGNALL, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.5., F.R.U.8. 
’ +} 
th the Matcoum Burr, D.S80., F.R.E.8. T. BarnsricgGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.z.S. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
assistance of | ©. A. Cockaynu, a.M., D.M., ¥.R.E.S., | H. HE. Page, F.R.E.8. 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
J. . Conuin, J.P., F.R.E.S8. Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.8., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus. —G. T. BerHune-Baker, F.Z.3., F.R.E.S. 
By Heyry J. TURNER, F.2.2.8., F.R.H.8., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 
Lepidoptera at Maurin, Bases ees France, W. Parkinson Aa 

F.R.E.S. (continued) on 2c 25 
Collecting Butterflies in Orissa, India, W. M. ‘Chainford: F, LR. E. 8. ws 28 
Noetuae in 1933, Ad. J. Wightman, F.R.E.S. .. Be ; 35 Se 30 
Unusual Captures at Hawthorn and other pe H. ee: 

PLR HS... HiZiSeo +. as 56 . 32 
Trypeta winthemi, Mg., A Dipteron new to Britian, M. Niblett. 66 20 33 
Notes on Contectina.— Karly eae: of A. urticae, H. Donisthorpe 

and T. B.-Fletcher. .. 60 nc 25 oe as Ws 34 
Current Notes .. Ai ae, oe ae sic a0 Ba Se 34 
Nomenclature 50 Bee PO 


SUPPLEMENTS.— British Wes car a ae F. Ra E.S., PR. H. 8. (317)-(320) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (5)-(8) 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free 


TEN SHILLINGS, 
to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Kltham, S8.B.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 


CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 
Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidcptera of the World.”’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. Ne. 126 | NBLEPHONE— TEMPLE BAR 9451 


H L & ON ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET 

J z J is i i. S 3 if ANUFAGTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Insect Gabinets; also Cheap Storage Galbinets for 


Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 
CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WitnEspENn 0309. 


~ THE VASCULUM | 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITHD BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. W. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. VV. Temperley. 

The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 

and should be sent to 


WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberiey Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


The Wayside and Woodland Series. 


MOTHS 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. 
late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ 
Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 


accurate y coloured examples, figuring every species and 
many varieties, also drawings of eggs caterpillars, chrysa- 


lides and food-plants. Price 1G/S ne: per volume: 
a FREDERICK WARNE & GO. LTD. 
: oe 
os 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.C.2. 


‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. Pes Price, one copy, ls. Od. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennetu J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. 1s. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) = .. 38s. 0d. 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

Anpnrews, I'.R.E.S. 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37-45 of Ent. Record, new series ; ; including “Special 

Index . af ote 30 oe O° Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be obtained post free from H. W. scenes 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §.E.9. 


“LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 25 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE. 
(Addenda) 
By W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S. 


Lycaena argus, L. ab. demaculata, Strand=paucipuncta, Coury., I 
have used this name as it appears in the Catalogue of Monsr. Lhomme. 
The species intended is that frequently called aryyroynomon, Bergstr. 
and not argus, L.=aegon, Schiff., although I personally agree with 
Tutt, Verity, Haworth, Stephens, Curtis, Seitz, and a number of other 
authors of weight that to call argyroynomon by the name of aryus is 
incorrect. However as long as it 1s understood that argyrognomon is 
referred to no confusion need be occasioned. 

This specimen fell to the net of W. Fassnidge and isa g in good 
order. At first we were inclined to refer it to aeyon, Schiff. I have 
however examined the legs very carefully and the fore tarsi (one of 
which I have mounted as a microscope slide) the colour of the upperside 
and the very narrow dark brown margin induce me to refer it without 
doubt to the above. 

The upperside calls for no further comment except that the cilia 
are a very dull white. 

The normal underside tone of the species in the valley is greyish 
olive. ‘This specimen is a little darker than deep olive-grey. ‘This has 
the effect by contrast of rendering the basal blue scaling inconspicuous, 
which feature is accentuated by the fact that the scaling is itself less blue 
and duller than usual. In addition the customary pale ringing of the 
underside is so nearly unicolorous with the ground that it is but little 
in evidence on the forewing and but slightly traceable on the hindwing. 
The discal spot of the forewing is rather large and rounder than usual, 
the postdiscal row of spots is moderately well developed, the uppermost 
being small and the lowest merely forming two distinct spots. It 
presents one peculiar feature that recalls aegon and is not evident in 
any specimen of aryyronomon that I possess ; the fourth and fifth spots 
counting from above are displaced basad so that the lower spots 
instead of being in a straight line forma short sharp angle which is still _ 
further accentuated by the lower double spot which is obliquely 
directed toward the tornus. It was this feature which made us incline 
to refer the specimen to aegon. Normal argyronomon has a marginal 
series of orange spots edged basally and distally with dark brown, each 
spot being placed on a light spot of ground colour. All that is left of 
this is four hardly perceptible dull smudges above veins 2, 8, 4, and 5, 
growing progressively smaller from the tornus upward. 

On the hindwing the two spots basad the discoidal are very weakly 
marked and entirely devoid of pale rings. The large single costal 
spot is nearly normal as is the discoidal though the latter is obscured 
with grey hairs like scales. ‘The post discal series is obsolescent. The 
spots above veins 1 and 2 are the merest specks, those above four and 
five are very small, and there is the smallest speck above 6. The 
marginal decoration is very much reduced ; the normal zinc-orange is 
degraded to a pale mikado-brown and is barely traceable, except in the 
Spot above vein 2. Of the blue scaling there are 7 scales each side of 
vein 1 and nine above vein 2, and even they are more aluminium-grey 
than blue; the light internal lunules are just perceptible; the black 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1934 


arcuate marks are fuscous slightly developed and ill-defined; the 
external dark spots being the same tone and in the same condition. 
The terminal series of spots on the nervures are fuscous but of normal 
size. A well pronounced black terminal line. 

~ Fringes rather whiter than in normal aryyrognomon and with a 
strong admixture of dark brown in the basal half of those of the fore- 
wing another feature that is usually more evident in aegon than in this 
Species. 

Sex g. Hxpanse 30m. In mus. Fassnidge (Note W. IF. does not 
number his specimens). 

On the system of Prof. Courvoisier this specimen should be called 
pauctpuncta ; on the other hand it also seems to comply with the 
diagnosis of demaculata, Strand, referred to by H. Rowland-Brown 
Ent., 1918, p. 77 where he writes ab. demaculata “in which the red- 
gold spots on the underside of both wings have completely disappeared.” 
Unfortunately Strand’s paper is in a language, which I do not under- 
stand and Brown’s above quoted extract makes no reference to the 
spotting, but as obsolescence of spotting so usually proceeds from the 
base distad, and the terminal border is the character that is usually 
the most persistent and often shows little reduction in extreme caeca, 
or obsoleta forms, one may perhaps safely assume that Strand’s 
demaculata showed reduction in all underside ornamentation. Rowland- 
Brown, op. cit. p. 78, states that the two most interesting g aberrations 
in his collection are both from high mountain localities. One being 
from Gavyarnie, Hautes Pyrenees at 5000 ft., and the other from 
Campolungo at 7500 ft. W.E’s. specimen came from the neighbourhood 
of Lac Prar-ourt at about 8000 ft. 

Rowland-Brown’s specimen from Campolungo is described by him 
(/.c.) as follows ‘‘on the underside the forewings are unspotted with 
the exception of the discoidal, and faintly marked obsolescent median 
spots ; the whole wing area is dun-coloured”’ (Note I do not know 
what dun-colour is when used for precise description, but mouse-grey 
or deep-mouse-grey covers the colour as applied to flies or cows, so 
evidently Brown’s specimen is very close to W.F’s in colour). The 
reduction of spots is not so pronounced on the hindwings, and the 
whitish band has disappeared.” This last evidently refers to the 
sagittate white markings which frequently precede the ornamental 
border and which show a reduction corresponding to reduction of the 
annular ringing of the spots. This reduction is very marked in W.K’s 
example. It does not seem to be usual in obsoleta forms; of the 36 
vbsoleta spread over 3 species in my own collection all still retain the 
white sagittate markings except one coridon, Poda, and as the entire 
disc in that specimen is snow white it is impossible to differentiate 
them. 

Aberrations so rarely occur in identical form that it is not surprising 
if a specimen exhibits characters forming the features of other 
specimens which have received aberrational names, I think that W.F’s 
specimen may be classed paucipuncta + demaculata. 


Ortholitha octodurensis, Favre ab. cinnamonea, nov. ab. : 
A g in good order taken by W. F. Although this aberration is 
strictly a melanic aberration, the general tone being many degrees 
more dusky than the forma typica, yet to my eye the most striking 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. QT 


peculiarity is the strong suffusion of the basal and terminal areas with 
an orange cinnamon tone, although this is in part an optical illusion 
due to contrast, yet the insect has at a casual glance the appearance of 
having the two areas mentioned of that colour, suffused with the grey 
and with a strong blue grey median band and costa. A close examin- 
ation under a lens of moderate power, however, shows that the real 
colour is a soft onion-skin-pink, which owing to the glossiness of the 
scales and the admixture with grey scaling looks brighter than it really 
is. Head, tegulae, patagia, thorax, abdomen are deep neutral grey 
with a slight slaty admixture; the tegulae and vertex at bases of the 
the antennae and the abdomen especially posteriorly being rather 
paler than the thorax. A normal specimen has three fasciae at the 
base of the wing; the first an ill-developed one, mainly marked by a 
cluster of dark scales at the base of the cell, followed by a pair of 
usually well marked denticulated lines from costa to dorsum with the 
teeth directed distad on the nervures. Of this coloration in the 
specimen under review it is impossible to trace any part, the whole 
area being softly suffused with neutral-grey with a slightly hoary 
silkiness ; this neutral-grey fades away into the onion-skin-pink without 
any line of demarcation. Normally the area following this up to the 
medial line is grey with 8 or 4 ill-defined dentate lines mainly distin- 
guishable only on the costa and dorsum ; in this specimen except for 
the costa, which is deep neutral grey to just below the subcostal, the 
area is onion-skin-pink with a suffusion of grey scales, the latter being 
more numerous dorsally. The discoidal in the typical form is a very 
variable feature, but it is usually distinguishable as two spots. In 
this specimen it consists of a well marked but indifferently defined 
elongated lamp-black spot. It is just possible to make out the median 
line and the post-median, both being lamp-black where visible, the 
latter being the easier to trace as the lamp-black is developed as some- 
what pronounced spots on the nervures; the area between the two 
lines, which is normally occupied by three fairly well defined blackish 
lines on a pale ground, is wholly deep neutral-grey with the nervures 
of a slightly warmer and more brownish tone, but not pronouncedly 
30, and the costal area very dark and cold in tone. The terminal area 
is almost wholly devoid of markings, and is onion-skin-pink suffused 
with grey, the subterminal line represented by obscure points on the 
nervures and the nervures themselves being enveloped in dark grey at 
the termen. There is no trace of the terminal dark line which is such 
a pronounced feature in the forma typica; dorsal and terminal cilia 
very dark neutral-grey. Hindwings silky neutral-grey, a slight darkish 
terminal line, the cilia darker than the ground but not as dark as in 
the forewing. Underside a uniform neutral-grey like the upperside of 
the hindwings, but not so silky, a fine dark grey terminal line, a shining 
ochreous line at the base of the cilia basally a little darker than the 
wings, costa of forewings narrowly suffused with deep neutral-grey. 

W. F. does not number his specimens, but I have attached a type 
label in my own handwriting. 

The specimen hardly photographs well; a hand coloured drawing 
would be the only satisfactory illustration. 

I should include under the name given, ail sp2cimens of octodurensis 
showing this curious cinnamon tone, which ig so unlike the colouring 
of itself or close allies. 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.111.19384 


Pyrausta cingulalis, L. ab. bicingulalis, nov. ab. — . 

This is a very interesting form of this species which Mr. Meyrick 
tells me is new to him; it seems to come close to the form vittalis, De 
La Harpe. Faune des Lep. Suisses. Memoires de la Soc. Helvetique 
p. 83 (1864) of which the author says “size little larger than cingulalis 
forewing slightly more elongated slightly excavated at the extremity, 
transverse band is wider, of a white slightly sullied or slightly reddish.”’ 
The specimens of cingulalis obtained on Font Sancté comply with the 
above, save that the band is ivory white and very brilliant, evidently 
the high development of the median band is a character coupled with 
elevation, as De La Harpe says he got his specimens in the High Alps, 
but does not add the elevation. Our specimens had beside this highly 
developed median band a second white antemedial band of variable 
development. I have chosen specimen No. 23588 in mus. Curtis as 
the type, as this shows the band most distinctly. The band is more 
extended toward the costa, but narrower than the basal band of 
anguinalis and occupies the same position exactly. One would be 
inclined to infer that this band is an atavistic character either 
reappearing, or never wholly lost. W. F. in 19838 obtained a 
similar form in some numbers at Jaca in Spain, but although the 
Jaca specimens show the antemedial band quite well, the median band is 
typical and not as markedly developed as in the ab, under discussion. 


(To be continued.) 


Collecting Butterflies in Orissa (Bihar and Orissa), India. 
By W. M. CRAWFORD, F.R.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 21.) 


LiyCaENIDAE. 


90. Poritia hewitsoni, Mr., ssp. hewitsont.—A pair was obtained 
from Mourbhanj State in the month of October. 

91. Spalgis epius, Wstw., ssp. epius.—I got a few specimens in 
Sambalpur and also in Nayagarh State, but the insect was not 
common. 

92. Talicada nyseus, Guér., ssp. nysens.—A few were got in the 
Puri district and the neighbouring Ranpur and Narsinghpur States. 
8. 

938. Castalins rosimon, Fb., ssp. rosimon.—Very common. 

94. ('. caleta, Hew., ssp. decidia, Hew.—Fairly common. I got 
one specimen of typical interrupta, Nice., form in Sambalpur. 

95. C. elna, Hew., ssp. noliteia, Fruh.—F our found on Meghasini 
and one in Narsinghpur State. N. 

96. Tarucus theophrastus, I'b., ssp. callinara, Butlr.—Very 
common. (Has been given specific rank by some authors.—H.J.T.) 

97. 7. nigra, BB.—One male and four females obtained. 

98. JZ’. nara, Koll—Two males and five females. (These three 
Turucus have kindly been verified for me by Brigadier Evans.) 

99. Syntarucus plinius, F.—Fairly common. 

100. Neopithecops zalmora, Butlr.—One, got in Sambalpur and three 
in Ranpur State. 

101. Mveres parrhasius, F,—Common (probably a ssp. ’. argiades, 


H.J.T.) 8. 


COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES IN ORISSA, INDIA. 29 


— 102. Megisba malaya, Horsf. ssp. thwaitesi, Mr.—A single speci- 
men from Mourbhanj State. 

1038. J/.yeaenopsis puspa, Horsf. ssp. yisca, Fruh.—Common. 

104. Chilades lains, Cr. ssp. lains.—Very common. 

105. Zizeeria trochilus, Frr. ssp. putli, Koll.—Very common, in 
short grass. 

106. 74%. maha, Koll. ssp. ossa, Swin.—Common. (Not in Seitz 
Indo- Malay, but in the Palaearctic Volume.—H.J.T.). S. 

107. 4%. lysimon, Hiib.k—Common, 

108. 4%. yaika, Trimen.—Common. 

109. Z. otis, Fb. ssp. decreta, Btlr.—Common. §. 

110. HMuchrysops cnejus, F.—Very common. 

111. EF. pandava, Horsf. ssp. pandava. Rather less common. 

112. Lycaenesthes lycaenina, Fldr. ssp. lycaenina.—Very few 
caught. S. 

118. Catachrysops strabo, F.—Common. 

114. Lampides boeticus, L.—Also common, 

115. Jamides bochus, Cr. ssp. bochus.—Fairly common. 

116. J. celeno, Cr. ssp. celenv.—Very common. 

117. Nacaduba kurava, ssp. canaraica, Toxopeus.—Only two or 
three caught. §. (Not in Seitz—H.J.T.) 

118, N. nora, Fldr. ssp. nora (=ardates, Mr.). Not common 
elther. 

119. Curetis thetis, Drury.—Fairly common. 

(120. ©. acuta, Dree. ssp. dentata, Mr.—Fairly common. (In 
Seitz dentata is put as a form of bulis, Dbldy. and acuta is not given.— 
IsledicALe)) 

121. Traota timoleon, Stoll. ssp. timoleon.—Males very common, 
but females rare. A series, taken through the different months of the 
year, shows an interesting increase in the white markings on the 
underside as the rainy season approaches and a gradual return to a 
darker underside with the setting in again of the drier and colder 
weather. N. 

122. Horsfieldia anita, Hew. ssp. dina, Fruh.—Common. (Seitz 
has narada, Hrsf. as the species: ssp. anita, Hew. (=narada, Nice.) : 
and ssp. dina, Fruh.—H.J.T.) 

1238. Amblypodia hewitsont, BB.—Common. 

124. A. amantes, Hew. ssp. amantes—Common. I did not find 
any other species of this very large genus. A. hewitsoni is now merged 
by Evans in alemon, de N. 

125. Surendra quercetorum, Mr. ssp. biplagiata, Btlr.—Only a few 
caught. §. 

126. Loawura atymnus, Cr. ssp. continentalis, Fruh.—Not common. 

127. Spindasts vulcanus, Fb. ssp. vulcanus.— Very common. 

128. SS. ictis, Hew. ssp. ictis—Fairly common. 

129. S. elima, Mr. ssp. elima.—Fairly common. (Seitz puts these 
3 species in Aphnaews—H.J.T.) 

180. Zezius chrysomatlus, Hib.—This very local butterfly was caught 
in considerable numbers on a small hill close to Sambalpur town. I 
didn’t find it anywhere else. S. 

131. Pratapa blanka, Nic. ssp. sudica, Kvans.—I got only one 
specimen, a female, now in the British Museum collection. 8. (Seitz 
puts blanka=argentea, Aur. a form of Camena lucida, Fb.—H.J.T.) 


30 ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1934 


- 182. Tajuria jehana, Mr.—Only two males and two females 
obtained. 

133. T. cippus, Fb. ssp. cippus.—Fairly common. 

134. Rathinda amor, Fb.—Also fairly common. 

135. Chliaria othona, Hew.—Two males obtained in Mourbhanj. 

186. Zeltus etolus, Fb.— Uncommon. 

187. Deudorya epijarbas, Mr. ssp. eptjarbas.—Rare, only two 
specimens having been got. S. 

188. Virachola isocrates, F.—Very common. 

139. Rapala varuna, Hrsf. ssp. orseis, Hew.—Taken very sparingly. 
N. 

140. RK. schistacea, Mr.—Only a few obtained. 

141. RK. pheretimus, Hew. ssp. petosiris, Hew.— Only four males and 
one female secured. N. (Seitz puts petosiris as a true species. —H.J.T.) 

142. RK. melampus, Cr.—Very common, females being almost ag 
c6mmon as males. 

(To be concluded.) 


Noctuae in 1933. 
By A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.R.E.S. 


The imagines of Xylina semibrunnea which had been wintered as 
described E’'nt. Rec., July, 1982, page 98, were kept under constant 
observation, yet no pairing was ever noted, and by mid April the last 
of the males had died and a number of the females were so worn and 
dilapidated that I decided that if there were to be ova they had 
probably been deposited, and so turned out and most carefully examined 
the containers without finding more than seven ova (freshly laid). 
These had been placed on the extreme top edge of the wooden frame 
of the outer box. I liberated all the sickly insects and removed 8 that 
appeared lively to a smaller wooden box with a glass lid. On the 
morning of 30th of April I noticed that a good many ova had been 
deposited during the preceding night around the top edge of the box, 
all within one inch of the top and it was apparent that the moths had 
gone round and round ovipositing with their heads close to the glass. 
The following day the number of ova had greatly increased and one 
female was dead. 

Upon a count of the ova I found there were nearly 700 and as this 
was all I had any use for I released the two surviving insects which 
had been in captivity since the previous October or November. The 
ova, which seemed to me to be extremely small for the size of the 
perfect insect, when freshly laid were dull white, with a waxy 
appearance but turned red in the course of 4 or 5 days. Having 
distributed ova among friends wishing to rear the species and having 
about 250 left I decided to attempt to rear them myself in the hope of 
getting forms darker or paler than that which is usual among wild 
taken specimens. 

The first larva emerged on 13th May, and within a week all had 
appeared, the percentage of infertile ova proving to be very small. 
Given young shoots of ash these larvae were 2 in. long in 14 days. 
They began to go down on 9th June and were soon all under ground. 
On examination of the tough earthen cocoons, which reminded one 


NOCTUAE IN 1933, 31 


very much of those of the Oncullia, they were found to contain only 
resting larvae until late July. Pupation commenced and was complete 
in the early days of August, those larvae whose cocoons had been 
tampered with pupating quite safely. 

The first imago appeared on 10th August, and from that date until 
mid September 185 fine and perfect moths emerged. The mortality 
in the larval stage was perhaps 5% and in the pupal stage rather less, 
the loss from 250 ova to 185 moths being in most part due to my 
having given larvae away. All the imagines are rather larger than 
wild-taken specimens, but there is not a single individual the colour or 
marking of which cause it to appear different from its brethren, and I 
must conclude that semibrunnea is as constant as its congener soca 
is variable. 

The fact, that so many ova were deposted in so short a time and 
some while after the last male had died, disposes, once and for all, of 
the story I have heard more than once, that in this species and its 
allies the female moth needs to be kept with a number of males as she 
is only able to produce a few fertile ova from a pairing and the males 
die after pairing; why I have previously failed to induce this species to 
lay, I cannot say. I have treated the captive moths in just this way for 
years, and only once before had ova and then only about adozen, The 
reason this larva is seldom beaten is no doubt largely due to its almost 
uncanny ability to resist being shaken and jarred from its food, indeed 
when dislodged it will as often as not get a fresh hold in falling. I 
did not find it shy of daylight and beyond doubt these larvae spend 
all their lives up among the branches of the ash trees, which is 
certainly the natural food. 


Aporophyla lutulenta, Bkh. 


In my 1928 notes (nt. Record, page 88, June, 1929), I commented 
on the fact that Warren-Seitz (Pal. Noc. Vol. III., Par. I.) applied the 
varietal names liineburgensis, sedi, ete. to forms of lutulenta, very difterent 
indeed from the forms of that species to which Tutt (Brit. Noc. IIL., 
56, etc.) had applied them, and Mr. H. J. Turner added a note in which 
he shows that Tutt is right and Seitz very much at sea in his letter- 
press on this species. 

Since that date I have carefully examined Seitz figs. of lutulenta 
plate 80, a 5 and 6, b 1 28 4 5, and find them to be rather misleading 
to say the least of it. a 5 and 6 can be accepted as good enough figs. 
of typical lutwlenta g and ¢, but figs. b 1 and 2 said to represent ¢ 
and @ form consimilis, Steph. are certainly both g insects and both 
cannot therefore represent this form. Fig. 6 3 said to represent 
tripuncta, Frr., is little different from his fig. a 5, typical g Jlutulenta, 
although in his text he says this form (tripuncta, Frr.) is very distinct, 
and his figs. 6 4 and 5, called luneburyensis, Frr. g and 2 both have 
? antennae. He accepts this form as liineburyensis on the strength of 
a specimen in existence so labelled by Freyer himself (so ’tis said) in 
defiance of Ireyer’s own description of his liineburgensis as “ black, very 
slight purplish tinge, the basal, elbowed and subterminal lines darker, 
an angulated narrow central shade very dark and quite black.” There 
can, I think, be little doubt but that these Seitz figs. b 4 and 5 plate 
30 represent sedi, Gn. they are certainly good figs. of the Scotch, Irish 


32 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.111.1934 


and Manx form, which Tutt treated as sedi, Gn. although lacking the 
bright contrasting shadings of fresh examples. When I wrote these 
1928 notes I was not aware of an articlein Mnt. Record. XI. 155-158 by 
the Revd. Burrows, in which he sums up what had been done by Tutt, 
Brit. Noc. III. page 56, etc., and describes three new forms from 
Mucking specimens. 

He insists that these new forms are brownish and yet in his 
descriptions calls them ashy-grey and IJ am satisfied that two of these 
forms are identical with the Pulborough forms Nos. 5, 6 and 7 of my 
list which I described as Mouse-grey and pale ashy-grey. For when 
these Pulborough insects are compared for colour with sedi, Gn., from 
Scotland and Isle of Man, it is seen that they area warmer grey, which 
could be described as a browner and less silvery grey than that form. 
It therefore follows that the forms bred from Pulborough larvae are 
correctly named as follows:—1. liineburyensis, Frr., 2. lutulenta, 3. 
tripuncta, Frr., 4. consimilis, Steph., 5. trans. consimilis ad approaimata, 
Burrows, 6. approwimata, Burrows, 7. cinerea, Burrows. 

In addition to these forms, I possess two others which do not occur 
here in Sussex. One which agrees well in colour with Seitz figs. b 
4 and 5 from the Isle of Man=sedi, Gn., and two specimens from 
Hoy taken by McArthur, which are much more strongly marked and 
definitely silvery-white lined=albidilinea, Tutt. Seitz’ suggestion 
that albidilinca, Tutt, sedi, Gn, and liineburgensis, Frr., may all be the 
same form, is therefore very wide of the mark indeed. 

(To be concluded.) 


Unusual Captures at Hawthorn and other Blossoms. 
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. 


As is well known the blossoms of hawthorn (and also other trees) 
are very attractive to insects, especially beetles, some species of which 
are only to be captured by beating the trees when in flower. The 
following list, however, consists of species, which are not usually 
found in this way, and in some cases it is very surprising that they 
should have occurred there at all. These records are all from Windsor 
Forest; unless otherwise stated they were all taken by beating 
hawthorn. 

CaraBipakE :—Amara similata, Gyll., 21.v.33. Usually found 
on paths and roads, under stones, in cut grass, etc. 

Srapayninipak :—Tachyporus solutus, lir., 80.v.29. Usually occurs 
in moss, dead leaves, roots of willows in marshy places, ete. T. 
humerosus, Kr., 28.v.29, and 7’. brunneus, F., 28.v.29. Similar habitats to 
solutus.  Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh., 21.v.88. Occurs in moss, fungi, 
haystack refuse, under bark, etc., @. maurus, Sablb., 17 and 18.v.38. 
Usually under bark. Bledius longulus, Kr. ! 19.v.83. Occurs in sand- 
pits, sandy places in cliffs, etc., in underground burrows.  Lestera 
lonyelytrata, Goez., 19.v.27. Usually found in moss on stones in 
streams, etc. 

Psaracripak :-—Olibrus corticalis, Pz.,18.v.88. Usually by sweeping 
“ oroundsel ”’ etc. 

Erotyiipak :—Dacne humeralis, F., beating birch, 31.vili.83. It 
occurs in fungus on trees. 


TRYPETA (ORELLIA) WINTHEMI, MG. 33 


Nitmvutmar :—Omosita discoidea, F., two specimens  1.vi.80. 
Usually found in carrion, old bones, decayed fungi, ete. Ips quadrt- 
guttatus, F., 28 and 29.v.29 ; 6.v.83. Occurs at sap, “ cossus ”’ trees, in 
fungi, ete. 

Rhizophaqus depressus, F., beating Prunus blossoms 6.iv.383. Occurs 
under bark, and in burrows of Aylastes, ete. R. perforatus, Kr., 
17.v.33. Occurs under bark, at sap, etc. 

Laruripipar :—Lathridius lardarius, DeG., 17.v.88. Occurs in hot 
beds, vegetable refuse, by sweeping, etc. 

CrypropHacipar :—T'elmatophilus caricis, Ol., six specimens 28.v29. 
Occurs in stems of Typha, often by sweeping reeds etc., around ponds. 
Cryptophagus lycoperdina, Hbst., beating Elderberry blossoms 20.v1.33. 
Lives in the common “ Earth Ball” (Scleroderma vulgare). C. pubescens, 
Stm., beating Honeysuckle 15.viii.83; lives in wasps’ nests in the 
sround ; occasionally by sweeping. C. scanicus, L., 27.v.29. Occurs 
in vegetable refuse, fungi, carrion, etc. Atomaria linearis, Steph., 
21.v.383. Occurs in moss, haystack refuse, by sweeping, etc. 

ScapHipupak :—Scaphidium 4-maculatum, Ol.!, 19.v.88. Lives at 
the damp bottoms of wood-stacks, in rotten stumps, and fungoid 
growths. 

Myceropnacipar :—Mycetophagus 4-pustulatus, L., 17.v.83. Occurs 
in fungus on trees and stumps. 

Byrrawar :—Byrrhus fasciatus, F., 8.v.28. Is found in sandy 
places, on roads, ete. 

ScaraBaEIpaE :—Aphodius granarius, L., 31.v.82. Occurs in dung, 
vegetable refuse, ete. ' 

Kucnemipak :—Throscus carinifrons, Bony., 29.v.81. Found by 
Sweeping in woods, especially ‘‘ evening sweeping.” 

DasciLuipaE :—Cyphon padi, ., by beating ‘‘ Mountain Ash” 
blossoms, 19.v.27; Prunus blossoms, 6.iv.38. Usually by sweeping 
in marshy places , also in moss and flood refuse. 

CurcuLionipar :—Apion flavipes, F., by beating “Crab Apple” 
blossoms, 11.1v.83. Occurs on white clover; common by sweeping, 
ete. Sibinia potentillae, Germ., 27.v.28. Occurs on Spergula and 
Potentilla, etc., in sandy places. 

P.S.—On May 20th, 1920, I beat two specimens of Caledera niyrita, 
Man., off Scot’s Pine trees in blossom at Freckenham. It occurs in 
moss and at the roots of herbage in marshy places. 


Trypeta (Orellia) winthemi, Mg. An Addition to the List 
of British Trypetidae. 
By M. NIBLETT. 


On 15th August, 1932, on Ranmore Common, Surrey, I gathered 
a few flower-heads of Carduus crispus, L. (Welted Thistle), with some 
whitish Trypetid larvae in them; in June, 1983, four flies emerged as 
follows: 8rd June, g ; 7th, g, 2; llth, ?. I submitted these to 
Mr. J. EK. Collin, F.R.E.S., who informs me that they are Trypeta 
winthemi, Mg., and who drew my attention to the following points in 
connection with them: ‘It is very near 7. flores-centiae, L., but may 
be known primarily by its pale costal stigma; there are slight differ- 
ences in the wing markings, and the cross veins are rather closer 
together.” 


34 WNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 155.111.1934 


I should like to take this opportunity of thanking Mr. Collin for 
his help in determining this species. The larva is yellowish-white, it 
constructs a very slight cocoon of pappus-hairs, and pupates sometime 
in May in the flower-head, forming a yellow- brown puparium. 

Frauenfeld recorded this species from U. crispus, and Loew doubt- 
fully from Cnicus palustris, LL. (Marsh Plume Thistle). I can find no 
record of its occurrence in Britain, and Mr. Collin informed me that 
he had not seen a British specimen. 


OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


EARLY APPEARANCE OF AGLAIS uRTICAE, L.—On 8rd March at about 
12.30, when taking a little walk in the sunshine, a specimen of the 
small Tortoiseshell was observed in the Upper Richmond Rd., Putney, 
flying about and settling on some fruit in front of a green-grocer’s 
shop. This would no doubt be a hibernated specimen, and though 
perhaps not a very early record, it may be worth publishing as occurring 
in the town of Putney itself. —Horace DonistHorpe. 

[An Aglais urticae was flying about in the garden here at Stroud on 
Friday, 9th March.—T.B.-F.] 


Some Leprpoprera FRom Satonica.—A few insects I captured 
during and after the late War were put in a box and lost until recently. 
I am indebted to Capt. Riley and Mr. Tams for their identification. 
Tarucus telicanus, Tarucus balkanica, Caenonympha pamphilus £. lyllus, 

ipinephele jurtina,f£. hispulla, Polyommatus icarus, Lamacra glabellaria, 

Heeger, Ocnogyna parasita, Hiibn. males came very commonly to light 
on January 1st 1919. W. F. Kirby (Huropean Butterflies and Moths, 
page 107) states that it appears in March and April. Cucullia 
chamomillae, Schiff., Huaoa spinifera, Hubn., Huxoa radius, Haw., 
Celama chlamidulalis, Htibn., Cidaria obstipata, Fabr., early spring of 
1919.—Gro. S. Rozertson (M.D.), Storrington. Dec. 21st., 1983. 

[This is really an addition to Dr. Robertson's note on Salonica 
captures published in the Hnt, Record of 1918 page 186.—Hy.J.T.] 


GXYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


In Lambillionea for August to December last are plates [X-XII 
which contain figures of Colias hyale ab. alba, Derenne, a pure white 
form; and ab. atava, Reutti., an entirely black form; Pontia daplidice, 
ab. nitsche’, Gornik, in which the discal compound spot of the forewing 
has the semi-detached upper portion obsolescent; Muchloé cardamines, 
ab. dispila, Raynor, the forewings below have the usual spot grey-black ; 
ab. meridionalis, Vrty., in which the design on the under surface is 
much reduced but considerably powdered with black. Argynnis adippe 
(cgdippe) ab. callista, Cab., has the black markings enlarged and squared ; 
Papilio machaon, a beautiful melanie form without any traces of the 
usual marginal light markings ; four Abraxas sylvata of different forms ; 
and a curious Diacrista lutea (lubricipeda) in which the apical half of 
the R. hindwing was suffused with black. 


CURRENT NOTES. 35 


The following 8 new aberrations are described in the October 
number of Lambillionea. (1) Euchloé cardamines, ab. pulverulenta, in 
which the hindwings below are covered by green-yellow dots without 
any black coloration; ab. bilineata in which the additional spot below 
the discoidal shown in ab. despila is elongated ; and Aylais urticae, ab. 
ochrea, in which the usual red of the hindwing is replaced by yellow. 

Those who are interested in Wicken Hen should get a most 
instructive guide, published by the National Trust for Places of Historic 
Interest or Natural Beauty. It contains a description of the various 
sections of the Fen, a historic account, and much information on the 
Flora and Fauna. There are numerous illustrations with several 
maps. The price is one shilling and should be in the hands of every 
entomologist and botanist who takes advantage of the facilities afforded 
by the Trust for visiting this wounderful and unique collecting area 
of the British Isles. 

Two further parts of the Supplement to the Palaearctic Macrolepidop- 
tera of Seitz have just come to hand. Part 45 consists of three sheets 
of letterpress of Vol. II dealing with the Bombyces, etc. The additions 
to the genus Zyyaena are concluded, a few additions to the Syntonndae 
and the commencement of the additions to the Arctiidae. By the bye, 
I think that now the Syntomidae are called Amatidae. The British 
species have been dealt with already and this part gives the additions 
to the more eastern and southern species of which we know but little. 
Part 46 consists of a further section of 2 sheets of the Noctuae by Dr. M. 
Draudt in Vol. III]. Among British species are Rhyacia castanea, 2 
additions , R. augur, 2 new forms; R. praecow, 1; Hurois prasina, 5; 
FE). occulta, 8; Cedestis rubricosa, 1; C. sobrina, 1; Naenia typica, 2; 
Triphaena pronuba, 5; TT’. fimbria, 4; T. interjecta, 1: 7. janthina, 3 ; 
T. orbona, 3; T. comes, 1; Huweretayrotis agathina, 2; thus ending the 
Agrotinae. There follow 2 new forms of Barathra brassicae; and 
several of Scotoyramma trifoliit. A plate of over 50 figures is included, 
striking in its softness of texture. 

Of the continuation of the main volume there have recently 
appeared 4 parts. Vol. VIIL. American Geometers, by L. B. Prout 
consists of one sheet, and 2 plates of 149 figures of mainly green 
coloured species. Vol. X. a sheet of preface and 5 plates of the 
Bombyces, etc., of the Indo- Australian Fauna, now nearing conclusion. 
Vol. XII. 8 sheets of Indo-Malay Geometers, of which group very little 
has previously been known, in a collective sense. 

The well-known Society of enthusiastic EKntomologists, which is 
centred in and around Southampton, is again to change its name, from 
The Entomological Society of the South of England to Tuer Society 
ror British Knromoxtoey, with the aim of getting every student of our 
British insect Fauna to join its ranks. The enthusiasm and energy 
for real entomclogical work, with which a considerable section of its 
present members are so imbued, is quite phenomenal. An extension 
such as contemplated will ensure that the Journal the Society publishes 
will reach a general circulation in due course. We have been informed, 
too, that there are members of the Society who definitely place their 
knowledge and experience at the service of the jumiors, and encourage 
the real entomological work the outcome of organized collecting. 

We have received from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 
a bound volume of Leaflets on Insect Pests of Farm and Garden Crops, 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1984 


comprising some three dozen pamphlets issued during the last few 
years, mostly with adequate figures and plates. Many figures are: 
“ much enlarged’ so as to look very formidable, but in most cases 
the actual size is given. Usually too, a picture of the destruction 
effected by the stage of the insect upon the plant structure is furnished, 
and perhaps is much more useful than that of the pest itself. The 
insect often is small, and obscure by reason of its protective 
resemblance, whereas the results of the working of the pest cannot 
usually be hidden, and increase rapidly in conspicuous appearance. 
The destructive stages of moths, beetles, flies, plant-bugs, spiders, 
millepedes, centipedes, slugs, snails, thrips, eelworms, ete. are all dealt 
with under various headings. Usually the leaflet begins with a few 
general remarks, then comes a detail description of the species in its 
various stages, imago, larva and pupa, and when and how it exists in 
the off season from attacks. The damage is described and the 
direetion and methods of attack, the signs of the presence of the pest 
when internal, such as in the root, and economic importance of dealing 
drastically with the trouble. Where natural checks and enemies are 
available their incidence is fully dealt with, such as the introduction 
of parasites; and of course the possibility and methods of effective 
artificial control are thoroughly explained. We have been promised 
copies of the leaflet concerning the ‘ Colorado beetle’ with its coloured 
plate for a subsequent number. This volume can be obtained from 
H.M. Stationery Office or through any bookseller for 1s. 6d. ‘‘ postage 
extra’ and is well worth the cost for the amount of matter it contains. 
and for the interest it should excite in non-entomological enquirers. 


Nomenclature. 


In Nomenclature the outstanding event of the month was the 
sudden appearance on Feb. 23rd of a List of the British Butterflies “ in 
the name and by the authority of the Royal Entomological Society.” 
We welcomed its appearance with the hope that now we might have 
the genus difficulty fixed, but, when we looked down the list and the 
references to the bases upon which the selection of names were made, 
we were aghast. Priority is stated to be the key-note, but again and 
again this principle is disregarded by literary gymnastics, and the 
Index was a complete dud. Apparently the List was compiled in a 
great hurry, an opinion that was confirmed, for a few days subse- 
quently to its issue, two pages were reprinted and sent out. We 
stated some time ago, we must use any list, however imperfect it may 
be, coming from our highest responsible authority. One does not 
like to feel compelled to spell names wrongly or to use genus names 
in a sense different from the sense they have been shown to denote on 
the best of historic evidence. They are sure to be condemned whole- 
sale by continental authorities. Ina later issue we propose to give the 
List and compare it with the List issued by the late J. W. Tutt, the 
work of his many helpers including Mr. Bethune-Baker and the Rev. 
George Wheeler, and also to comment on the numerous errors of 
ignore-ance. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We musiearnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws conimunications 1DENTICGAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by autbors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InnusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AUrHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge, ‘They should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. - " 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ 
Bromnfjields, Pulborough, Sussex. j 

ExcHanaus.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Hrfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Nepandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate load, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, T'rinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Urncent.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Hrebia epiphron. Adequate exchange 
will be made in HKuropean Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Hglise 
Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

WantEp.—Papered Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of all species wanted in exchange for 
papered insects, some rare, from Japan.—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on- Avon. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 


MEETINGS Oi SOCIETIES. 

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8p-m. March 21st, April 4th. 

The South London Entomological and Natura! History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, af 7 p.m. 
March 22nd, April 12th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural Histery Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygieue and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Bssex. 


RI 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/38. 


All communications to be addressed. to :— 


W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. 
Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, 
Rev. Canon Foster, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rev. G. Wheelar, Rev. E. B. 
Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, M. Niblett, Capt. E. A. Parsons, 
and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘“‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus Mp 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Menanism and Mrtanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VaniATION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generie nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


Vol. 


APRIL, 1934 


yy] 
LL 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Epirep R. S. BAGNnaut, D.S8C., F.R.E.S. H. DonisTHoRPE, F.Z.8., F.R.U.8. 


with the Matcoum Burr, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BarnspricGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.@.8. ¥.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
asistance of E. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., H. E. Paas, F.R.©.8. 
F.B.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
J. K. Coun, J.P., F.R.E.8. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BetHuNE-BAKER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.8. 
By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.£.8., F.R.H.8., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 
Lepidoptera at Maurin, Basses- BILE: France, W. Parkinson Curtis, 
F.R.E.S. (continued) Bie 5 Ao Sto eh sc a 37 
Noctuae in 1933, A. J. Wightman, F.R.E.S. .. ais ie ac He 43 


Notes on a List of Generic Names of British eae lle Cie ee 
F.R.E.S. ae : : 44 


Nores on Contnectine.—Unusual second broods in 1933, H. A. Cockayne; 
A Note from Tangier, O. Querci; A Note from Portugal, O. Querci. .. 45 


Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, R.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Be oe 46 
The Colorado Beetle, J. C. F. Fryer, F.R.E.S. Ee Bc a0 By 48 


SupeimmEents.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. — (3%1)-(324) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (9)-(12) 


The Colorado Beetle (with col. plate). 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free 
TEN SHILLINGS. 
to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. AN DREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 


CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
‘by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.”’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. No 3 126 TELE PHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


N, "ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET 
cp. J H 1 LL & SO MANUFACTURERS, 
Have for! disposal Re-«conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Imsect Gabinets; also Gheap Storage Gabinets for 
Insects. Smeciicaciee and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WitumspEn 0309. 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITED BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartletr, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. W. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. 

The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 

and should be sent to 


WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberiey Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


The Wayside and Woodland Series. 


BUTTERFLIES 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. 


late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ 


Cloth, gilt, containing a coloured examp’e of every species 
and many varieties. also half-tone illustrations of eggs. 
caterp llars, foo i-plants, ete., revised nomenclature and 
index of scient fic names. 7/6 net. 


FREDERICK WARNE & GG. LTD. 
1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.C.2. 


‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECCRD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S. sie Price, one copy, 1s. 0d. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kunneru J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. Is. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.8. (a few copies only) oc .. 8s. Od. 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

ANDREWS, F.R.E.S. 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37-45 of Ent. Record, new series ; including "Special 

Index . BE ee =e ys Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be obtained post free from H. W. kno eee 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 37 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE. 
(Addenda) 


By W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S. 


Zygaena trifolit, Hsp. ab. nigerrima, nov. ab. 

I should have preferred to call this nigra, unfortunately this name 
has already been applied to a North African race of trifolii which has 
a comparatively slight claim to the name and would have been better 
characterized by a geographical name. 

This aberration seems to be the logical development of ab. obscura, 
Tutt, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep. Vol. L., p. 487 (1899) =nigricans, Oberthur, 
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1907, p. 221, fig. =trifolii, ab. obscura, Oberthur 
Lep. Comp. Vol. IIL., pl. xxviil., fig. 164 (1910) which is obviously (see 
Oberthtr J.c. Vol. iV., page 491) a figure taken from the specimen 
described by Tutt. The specimen figured as obscura in the H.M.M., 
Ser. II., Vol. XXII., plate III, fig. 1 (1911) would appear to be a 
step on the road to melanism further than the type itself as a 
comparison of the figures will show, and it is not, as Oberthur’s 
figure was, taken from the type itself but from a bred specimen, 
it is howevér very near indeed. I think Mr. Knight has got the 
Zygaenid richness of colour in his figure much better than 
Monsieur Culot has in his. The duck-green reflections in Mr. Knight’s 
figure are approximately the same here as they are in my specimen. 
My specimen does not show any of the brownish tone referred to by 
Oberthiir in Bull. Soc. Mnt. France, l.c. a translation of which latter 
description is as follows: 

‘Ground of the upper wings and the margin of the hindwings 
remains a steely blue rather greenish and shining, whilst the spots on 
the forewings and the ground of the hindwings are a brown black very 
dark and more matt.” 

My specimen, taken in the lower part of the valley on the banks of 
R. Ubaye, is, I should think, the maximum possible development in a 
melanic direction and when | saw it on the wing | thought it was a 
dark specimen of Syntomis phegea, Li. and finding it a Zygaena thought 
it a species I was unacquainted witb, until Messrs. lWassnidge and 
Burras saw it and said no Huropean species. presented the facies and 
Fassnidge aud I referred it to trifolii. Burras thinks the elevation 
too great and thinks transalpina would be nearer the mark, 

Antennae, legs, tegulae, patagia, thorax, and abdomen the deepest 
black with hardly a trace of bluish slate-black reflections. 

Forewings, glossy metallic dull greenish-black No. 2, reflections at 
some angles cupreous, at other angles duck-green, cilia at certain 
angles duck-green, spotting normal, velvety matt surfaced, at some 
angles dead black almost indistinguishable, at other angles a very deep 
Indulin-blue. 

Hindwings match the forewing spotting but are not quite as velvety, 
the metallic blue terminal band of forma typica being distinguishable 
at certain angles by a duck-green reflection; cilia as in forewings. 
Underside black with Indulin-blue reflections slightly developed, the 
upper side spotting as matt patches ; the cilia and borders with duck 
green reflections. 

Type specimen, No, 23587, in mus. Curtis. 

Mesoagraphe itysalis, Wik. race maurinalis, nov. race. 


38 ENTOMOLOGISY’S KECORD. 15.1V.1934 


The position and identity of these specimens is not quite as satis- 
factorily settled as I could wish, for want of sufficient Asiatic material. 

It will simplify matters I think, if I first deal with material. Mr. 
N. Filipjev of Leningrad sent me two Mesographe costalis, Ev. g and 
? —compared by him with Eversmann’s types and he also sent me a 
photograph of the type and co-type. These unfortunately are not 
suitable for reproduction. 

Herr Otto Bang-Haas one @ Mesographe hilaralis, Christ. compared 
with type. 

These two gentlemen have also kindly endeavoured to get more 
material unsuccessfully, though Mr. N. Filipjev has put me into 
communication with three lepidopteristsin Siberia, who may ultimately 
be able to procure material. Professor J. McDunnough of Ottawa very 
kindly sent me M. itysalis, Wlk., and 2 M. radiosalis, Méseh. Herr 
Otto Bang-Haas has very kindly compared one of the radiosalis with 
Moschler’s type in his possession and pronounces it to be in agreement 
with the type, whilst the U.S. Museum at Washington sent me 4 
ttysalis, Wk. 

Mr. Fassnidge and I obtained 14 mawrinalis, two I sent to Mr. 
Meyrick, one I gave to the Brit. Museum, four I have retained but I 
think they will ultimately reach the latter place. 

Mr. Fassnidge has 7, two of which he will let me have to send to 
Leningrad as an exchange for the material obtained thence. Of ttysalis, 
WI1k., there are 5 in the B.M. 

A small g labelled Labrador ex Frey’s collection. 

Type of varieyata, Wlk., g bred from clover; a crippled undersized 
specimen from St. Martin’s Fall Quebec. 

Type of itysalis, Wlk. g also undersized from §t. Martin’s Falls 
(Juebec. 

Type of turmalis, Grote. g from Rio Colorado; very dark rather worn. 

One specimen of. itysalis ex- Walsingham collection labelled West 
U.S.A. 89-93 Camp 438-45, this last being the only presentable speci- 
men in the B.M. series. 

Three Asiatic specimens standing under various labels in the B.M. 
collection, which seemed referable here, did not prove helpful. Three 
specimens standing under aniatina, Butler, in the B.M. all from Chili, 
one the type of indistincta, Butler, one the type of melanosticta, Butler 
and a co-type, all three most certainly nothing to do with amatina, 
Butler. 

Mr. W. H. T. Tams has mounted the genitalia of one of my 
maurinalis and of the three Asiatic specimens which did not prove 
helpful, but felt that in the absence of ‘‘control’’ material it was 
unwise to attempt to use the genitalia of the three types standing 
under itysalis. 


Literature :—The following references have a distinct bearing on 

the problem. 

Botys costalis, Kdward Eversmann, “ Mittheilung uber EKinige neue 
Falter Russland’s,”’ Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Mosc. (1852) 
p. 166, No. 15. 

Botys hilaralis, H. Christoph. ‘‘ Neue Lepidopteren des Amurgebietes ”’ 
Op. Cit. (1881) p. 28, No. 70. 

Botys sedakowialis, K. Kversmann, Op. Cit. (1852) p. 166. (Note 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, 39 


the description of costalis is by comparison with this species 
in part). 

Scoparia itysalis, Francis Walker, Lep. Ins. in B.M. Vol. XVII. p. 852, 
No. 88 (1859). 

Scoparta varieyata, Francis Walker, Op. Cit. 

Botys hyperborealis, H. B. Méschler. <“ Beitrag zur Schmetterlinge 
Fauna von Labrador,” Stett. Hint. Zeit. (1874) and op. cit. Vol. 
44, p. 123 (1888) (by a typographical error printed hyber- 
boralis) by O. Staudinger. Deut. Ent. Zeit. Iris 8a. Dresden 
V. 1892. ‘‘Lepidopteren des Kentei Gebirges.” 

Botis turmalis, A. R. Grote. Can. Ent. Vol. XIII. (1881) p. 83. 

Pionea costalis, Ev. var. hilaralis, Chr., hyperborealis, Moschler; var 
alaicalis, and var. brunnealis, Von Furst A. Caradja. ‘ Beitrag 
zur Kenntniss der geographischen Verbreitung der Pyraliden 
und Tortriciden des europaischen Faunengebietes, nebst 
Beschreibung neuer Formen.” Deut. Ent. Zeit. Tris XXX. 
1-88 (i. May 1916) Dresden page 33-34. 

Prince Caradja op. cit. p. 83, refers to var. hofmanni, Krulikowski 
Bull. Mose. 1904 p. 28 pl. I1., Fig. 6. There is something wrong with 
the reference for neither the Registrar of the Royal Ent. Soc. who has 
obligingly tried to find it, nor I, can trace the reference. 

Phlyctaenia tillialis, Dyar. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. XXVII. No. 1876, 
p. 916 (1904). 

Phlyctaenia itysalis, Dyar. loc. cit. 

Botys radiosalis, H.B., Méschler. op. cit. vol. 44, p. 123 (1883). 

Phlyctaenis itysalis, Barnes and MecDunnough. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. 
America, Vol. XI. page 214. (1914). 


Revationsuie :—Prince Caradja arranges the above as follows :— 


P. hyperborealis Moschl. Labrador. 
(a) forma simélissima. Sajan. 
var. hofmannt, Krul. (trans). 
(6) costalis, Ky. var. hilaralis, Christ. Siberia or m. Kentei 
(trans). 
(c) var. alaicalis, Car. Alai. 
(d) forma brunnealis, Car. Juldus. 


The result of my investigations and in the light of material from 
Maurin leads me to suppose that the relationship which will ultimately 
be proved to exist will be the following :— 

Mesographe costalis, Kversman. Irkutsk district. 
Siberia or. etm. Kentei. 
=hilaralis, Christ. 
=hyperborealis, Stgr. nec Moschler 


(a) forma similissima, Car. Sajan. 
?=hoffmannt, Krul. 
(6) var. alaicalis, Car. Alai. 


(i.) forma (? var. or ab.) brunnealis, Car. Juldus. 
Mesographe itysalis, W1k. 
(a) race itysalis, W1k. N. America. 
=hyperborealis, Moschler nec. Stgr. 
=variegata, W1k. 
=turmalis, Grote. 
=tillialais, Dyar. 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1934 


(b) race maurinalis, Curtis Alps of France. 
(c) ? race indistincta, Butler Chili. 
=melanosticta, Butler. 

(The last I add with some diffidence but the relationship is distinct 
and I feel that this species stands to itysalis, Wlk. in the same relation 
as costalis, Hv. does to itysalis). . 

Mesographe radiosalis, Moschler—North America. 

I think at present it is best to keep this apart for reasons hereafter 
stated. 

Dr. Staudinger the late Herr Bang-Haas and Herr Otto Bang-Haas 
are quite clear that costalis, Hv. =hilaralis, Christ. Dr. Staudinger 
loc. cit. put it beyond doubt that his hyperborealis from Kentei= 
hilaralis, Christ. (and it is therefore not hyperborealis, Mosch.) though 
I should be quite prepared to hear that hyperborealis, Stgr. from Kentei 
—brunnealis, Caradja. Since Moschler’s hyperborealis is from Labrador, 
it=itysalis, Wlk. which antedates it by 15 years. Variegata, W1k. 
and turmalis, Grote are quite obviously conspecific with the type of 
itysalis and with Frey’s specimen from Labrador, which Frey has only 
labelled Pyralis sp. 

Caradja writes of hyperborealis, Mosch. “mir im natura 
unbekannten.’’ Obviously he like me was embarrassed for want of 
material, at tie same time I feel that I am better off than he in that 
respect, as I have seen over 8 dozen specimens from divers localities 
in both hemispheres. Radiosalis, Mosch. is, Prof. McDunnough 
considers, identical in structure with itysalis and only differs in colour 
(but see a distinction as to cornuti), moreover, it is taken flying with 
itysalis. Herr Otto Bang-Haas has compared one of Prof. 
McDunnough’s radiosalis, Mésch. with the type in his possession and 
it agrees with it. 

As Dr. Dyar’s description of tillialis is so imprecise and full of lacunae 
as Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough loc. cit. point out there is nothing 
to distinguish it from itysalis. Since on his own admission Dr. Dyar 
had seen itysalis, his failure to get any tangible distinctions is the less 
excusable. The type is No. 7829 in the U.S. Nat. Museum and if 
the specimen can still be traced it would be interesting to have it 
compared with Walker’s type and other authentic material. Messrs. 
Barnes and McDunnough hesitate to sink tillialis, but as matters at 
present stand this seems to be the just and proper course and for the 
purposes of this description I sink it to itysalis. 

The differences in this little assemblage are so much a matter of 
degree, that I feel the most serviceable mode of defining the Alpine 
race is by comparing it with the costalis, Kv. and hilaralis, Christ. 
before me, and with the American specimens standing as itysalis, Wlk. 
that I have access to. This method is I am afraid a more lengthy 
business than a straight description, but I trust more precise. 

(1) Genitalia.—I have mounted 2 maurinalis, one compressed, one 
not; 3 itysalis, one compressed, one not, one lateral; one radiosalis 
and one costalis, the latter two both compressed. 

Unfortunately I compressed my only g costalis, Ey. before Mr. 
W.H. T. Tams pointed out to me, and, I realized the advantage of a 
greater depth of balsam, and the comparison is between compressed — 
mounts. I have however, exercised as much care in comparing to 
eliminate any appearance, which seemed to be due only to distortion, 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 41 


as I could, and have checked where I could with uncompressed 
mounts. 

The uncus in all specimens terminates in a flat knob covered on 
the dorsal surface with coarse hair directed backward, giving the 
appearance of a comet with a short tail. In costalis these hairs are 
shorter and more regular than in maurinalis, whilst the knob-like end 
is perfectly circular in outline in costalis, it is inclined to come to a 
point in maurinalis, radiosalis and itysalis. The uncus is comparatively 
longer and slighter in costalis than that in mauwrinalis, and that not- 
withstanding that maurtnalis is much the larger insect. The lateral 
mount, as also an inspection of the uncus in a fair depth of fluid 
without compression, shows that the terminal knob isin reality much 
the form of a cobra’s head with the crestal lobes expanded, being really 
vertically shallow, but horizontally extended. This unfortunately is 
not very obvious in compressed mounts since one gets only a plan view 
and not an elevation. A lateral mount of itysalis shows distinctly that 
the uncus is shorter than costalis comparatively, but I cannot see any- 
thing tangibly different in the uneus of itysalis, radiosalis and 
mavwinalis. 

In all there isa large membraneous tubular structure below the 
uncus, which seems to be a subscaphium, but 1t is so soft and impalpable 
that I cannot place any reliance on its development as a guide. 

In all species the harpes are long and sickle-shaped with the upper 
edge strongly ehitinized, more so in costalis and vadiosalis than in 
maurinalis, and much more so than in itysalis. 

The lower edge of the base of the harpe however is also chitinized 
to a greater extent than the rest of the harpe, but in costalis is expanded 
so that the lower curve basally assumes a semi-circular shape. This 
is SO in a lesser degree in radiosalis. 

In maurinalis the expansion is so slight as to break the regularity 
of the curve but little. In itysalis this lower edge is irregular, and 
instead of an evenly flowing curve, there is a tendency to form decided 
angles where the direction changes; in one mount this is very 
marked. 

I am not however inclined to trust this as a character of taxonomic- 
value since, although it is borne out by the material before me, there 
seems to be a tendency to mdividual variability in this respect, and a 
long series of mounts might show that the individual variability 
overlapped. 

At the bese of the harpes rises a short free lobe. This rises a 
little nearer the upper edge than the lower edge. It is a rather 
fragile structure and requires careful demonstration. It appears 
to be capable of considerable free movement. In all my mounts 
of itysalis, radtosalis and maurinalis this process is directed down- 
wards, in costalis it is directed distad—I thought at first that 
this was a very marked character, but found that compression 
exaggerates the downward tendency in mauyinalis very much, and 
this coupled with the freedom of movement might easily lead to 
self deception, as the lobe is quite capable of turning over upon 
itself and this exaggerates the downward direction, it is necessary 
therefore to be careful not to distort this lobe in mounting. However, 
I am satisfied that its direction differs in the two species and I am 
satisfied that the hook at the end is more sudden and pronounced in 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1934 


costalis than in the other three, though my mount of vadiosalis shows 
a slightly higher development than itysalis and maurinalis, without in 
any way reaching the stage of development attained in costalis. 

The terminal end of the harpe shows some variation. In the 
radtosalis before me, it is squarely truncate with well rounded corners, 
in one of the itysalis the upper angle is rounded and thereafter the 
edge falls away at an angle of about 60° to form an obtuse angle with 
the lower edge ; in two others there is a much nearer approach to the 
conditions shown by the cited radiosalis; in both compressed and 
uncompressed mounts of manrinalis this angularity is very evident, 
especially in the uncompressed mount, whilst in costalis this character 
is midway between the radiosalis and the itysalis. 

The penis in costalis has 6 cornuti of which 5 is very slender and 6 
is evanescent. The penis is long, slight, and but little dilated basally. 

The penis in maurinalis has 7 cornuti, that nearest the base not as 
strong as the first one in costalis, the next 3 stronger, the last 3 
becoming progressively shorter, the 7th being very short but very 
strong. The penis is slightly dilated at the base and this pertains in 
both compressed and uncompressed mounts. 

Radiosalis has 5 cornuti and a much dilated base, and of the 5 
cornuti the 1st is short, the next three well developed, and the 5th 
quite strong and not very short. 

TItysalis has 5 cornuti, the first very long and strong, and the other 
4 becoming progressively smaller; and itysalis appears to have just 
distad the cornuti a slight elongated hairy pad somewhat similar to 
that found in certain Zyyaenidae. 

The genitalia give the clearest distinction between costalis and 
maurinalis that I have so far been able to appreciate, hence | place 
them first. 

(2) Size. Hvyersmann l.c. says “ smaller than prunalis, Tr.” That 
species runs 21 to 24mm: the 38 costalis before me are 22 to 24mm. 
Ttysalis, Wik. lc. Walker says ‘10 lines” that is about 22mm. but 
Walker’s type is undersized. Grote /.c. says 27mm. and this is right 
for the type of turmalis and for the Walsingham specimen. Caradja 
l.c. says 27mm. for his alaicalis. Mawinalis runs from 382mm, to 
33'5mm. the latter being a ?, it is therefore a much larger insect 
than costalis and larger than itysalis. Radiosalis is the same size as 
itysalts. 

(3) Ssare or Wine. It is perhaps unwise to base an inference 
on 8 specimens, but the 3 costalis before me vary but little in shape. 
The ztysalis in the B.M. vary a great deal, as do maurinalis slightly. 
However, Frey’s specimen, Grote’s turmalis and the Walsingham 
specimen are very much closer in shape to maurinalis than the type of 
itysalis or the costalis. Certain of the American and European speci- 
mens show a tendency to have an excavation in the costa just opposite 
the end of the cell; as this is sometimes only present on one side and 
seems usually unsymmetrical, it is evidently in the nature of recurrent 
malformation, but it is curious that there is no sign of it in the 3 
Asiatic costalis. The 8 itysalis and 2 radiosalis, which were sent me 
from America and were captured wild, do not show this malformation. 

In maurinalis the costa springs away from the thorax with a slight 
curve and then runs straight as far as the reniform, after which the 
costa is slightly down curved. The apex is nearly right angled and 


NOCTUAE IN 1933. 43 


the termen nearly straight, just the slightest bit curved, a little more 
so in the @ than in the g as far as vein 2 where it curves to the 
tornus, which is very obtuse. 

The dorsum is in some specimens nearly straight, but is usually 
downcurved below the discoidal. ‘The point is more pronounced in 
costalis than in maurinalis. The nett result is that mawrinalis has a 
wing which is nearly a right angled triangle with the costa as 
hypotenuse. 

The American examples have the wings the same shape as maurinalis 
but less ample, as compared with costalis, more truly triangular. The 
hindwings have a somewhat rounded apex, a termen evenly but not 
stronely curved as far as vein 2, after that strongly curved to the 
tornus, the tornal angle more acute in the ? than in the 3, so that 
she has relatively a longer dorsum than he. The two radiosalis before 
me show a slight tendency to reverse curvature of the termen between 
4 and 6. 


(To be continued) 


Noctuae in 1933. 


By A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.R.E.S. 
(Continued.) 


Abrostola tripartita, Huf.—Although some hundreds of this species 
emerged from the larvae collected last autumn, all are exactly alike. 
Hividently the dark form wrticae, Hb. only occurs in certain localities ; 
all reared are referable to the type form. 

Nonagria neuwrica, Hb.—A few specimens were bred from wild 
larvae, and if these are a true guide to the form percentage occurring 
in the colony this year, the black ab. nigra, mihi. not noted at all 
when the species was discovered in 1908 nor the following fifteen years, 
has now almost entirely replaced the ab. fusca, Edelsten and ab. 
rufescens, Kdelsten, which are now of great rarity. But the typical 
form is still fully 50%. The ab. rufescens always was rather rare, and 
probably the form fusca was an intermediate stage between the type 
and ab. nigra and has automatically disappeared, or almost disappeared, 
with the establishment of the black form. This appearance of a black 
form is especially interesting in view of the fact that the allied JN. 
dissoluta, Scht. has colonies in which only the pale ab. arundineta 
occurs. In fact the blackish typical form seems always to have 
been very local, although about 50% in some places. It seems to me 
probable, that the reddish forms are the first stage in deviation from 
the pale forms, and it would be interesting to know if definitely red 
forms of dissoluta occur in localities from which the blackish type is 
absent. 

Coenobia rufa, Haw.—I again bred a considerable number of this 
species from wild pupae and beyond doubt this insect is a very close 
ally indeed of the Nonagrias (newrica, dissoluta, geminipuncta, algae and 
sparganit). I failed as on all previous occasions to get any form other 
than the deep reddish from typical form and must conclude that forms 
despecta, Gey.-Hb., pallescens, 'luttand fusca, Bankes, are absent from this 
locality (Pulborough). 

Xanthia gilvago, Hsp.—This species is evidently very scarce in West 


44: ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1934 


Sussex. I worked a number of localities for the larvae in the spring, 
but from some 200 larvae beaten from Wych Elm only 4 produced 
gilvago, all the rest producing Amathes ctrcellaris. These gilvago 
are of the usual British form suffusa, Pt., incidentally I noted that 
Strymon (Lhecla) w-album has a fairly wide area of distribution in West 
Sussex but is‘ apparently nowhere plentiful. 


Notes ow List of Generic Names of British Butterflies. 
By L. G. HIGGINS, F.R.E.S. 


The appearance of an official list of generic names of the British 
Butterflies, accompanied by a check list of species, issued with all the 
authority of the Royal Entomological Society and compiled by a sub- 
committee working in the British Museum, is an event of no little 
importance. It is a welcome step towards securing accuracy and 
uniformity in Nomenclature, and it is unfortunate that the list was 
apparently rather hastily compiled, and in several instances the 
accuracy of the conclusions is at least open to argument. If the List 
is to fulfil its object, it must be accepted and used by all. It is scarcely 
fair to expect this unless all sides of the questions are reviewed, if only 
with the object of disposing of alternative solutions to the many 
problems. 

While an adequate discussion is included in most cases where the 
choice of a name is determined by the individual opinion of the authors, 
there are certain questions of fact, which seem to merit more attention, 
the absence of which must provoke criticism. In the first place the 
genera of Billberg (Hniwn. Ins. 1820) ave included without comment. 
These names were published entirely without a description, but the 
list of species following is presumably accepted by the authors of the 
official List as an “‘ indication ’’ within the meaning of article 25a of 
the Code. The interpretation of the word “ indication” is defined in 
the first of the ‘“ Opinions” rendered by the International Nomen- 
clature Committee, as 1. a bibliographic reference, or 2. a definite 
citation of an earlier name for which a new name is proposed, or 8. the 
citation of a type species. In my opinion it is at least doubtful 
whether Billberg gave an adequate ‘“‘indication’’ as construed by the 
above Opinion. 

In the next place, the specification of types of the following three 
important genera will scarcely be accepted by many entomologists. 


Genus 4. Saryrus, Latreille. 1810. 


The correct generic type appears to be ‘‘ le Satyre”’ of Geoffroy and 
of the early French authors. This is P. maera, Linn.= Pap. satyrus, 
Retzius 1788, which therefore becomes type by absolute tautonomy 
under Article 30d. 


Genus 9.. Areynnis, Fabricius. 1807. 


Latreille in 1810 specified paphia and Melitaea cinvia. Of these 
only paphia was included in the original genus by Fabricius. The 
compilers of the new List do not accept Latreille’s specifications where 
more than one species is cited. In this case the correct type of Argynnis 
would! be aylaja specified by Curtis in 1830 (Brit. Aint.) 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 45 


It is I think unfortunate that the subcommittee did not take the 
opportunity of defining a little more clearly the limitations of the 
definition of types in Latreille’s Considérations générales under Opinion 
11 of the Code. In the above instance if Melitaea cinxia is not to be 
taken as included under 4rgynnis it must become a specification of the 
type of Melitaea, FP. 


Genus II. Metirana, Fabricius. 1807. 


The type was specified as athalia (leucippe) by Dalman in 1816. 
This is in order since maturna, Fab.=athalia, Rott. et auct., which is 
therefore a species originally included in the genus. The identity of 
Fabrician maturna is sufficiently clear from the description of the larva 
given in the Mantissa Insectorum and from the figures cited in the 
Entomologia Systematica. 

With regard to the specific names introduced no doubt hyperanthus 
is a misprint for hyperantus, which is correct. The author of Papilio 
flava 1768 is Pontoppidan and not Brunniche, at any rate I cannot 
find the name in the works of the latter author. It is extremely 
doubtful whether Papilio sylvestris, Poda should be identified with linea, 
W.V. In my opinion it is either comma, L. or sylvanus, Esp. and it 
has been so identified by all previous authors. The description is 
scarcely sufficient to distinguish between these two, but the fact that 
the silver spots on the under surface of the hindwings are not mentioned 
suggests sylvanus, as does the very word sylvestris, as this insect is 
much more likely to occur in woodland surroundings. The adoption 
of this name would overcome the difficulty of flnding a substitute for 
the preoccupied sylvanus of Kisper, and it is far more suitable than the 
venata of Bremer and Gray, which is doubtfully conspecific with our 
British skipper. 


JOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Unusuat sEconD BROODS IN 1983.—Minoa murinata, L. (euphorbiata, 
Schiff.). From eggs laid on 4th June by a female taken in Surrey I 
bred a single female on 19th August. 

Thera cognata, Thnbg. A larva beaten from juniper near Ballater 
in September pupated on 24th October and the imago emerged on 
13th November. June is the usual date for larvae in this district and 
moths appear about the middle of July.—K. A. Cockayne, 116, 
Westbourne Terrace, W.2. 


A Notre rrom Tancier.—The weather is cold. We have seen on 
the wing only Anthocharis belemia, Pieris rapae, and Rumicia phlaeas. 
At night no moth has come to light.—O. Qurrc, February, 1934. 


A Nore From Portucan.—My collection of Pieris rapae is a 
wonderful one. I believe that in Europe it is not possible to 
get a similar one. Last year I took some thousand specimens 
in winter, but later I found only 18 in six months and the 
females laid very few eggs; the larvae were idle and preferred 
rather to die than eat. In the summer of 1983 I obtained but 


46 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.1V.1984 


a single pupa of P. rapae and the life-cycle was 45 days, instead 
of 18 to 26, as with the American form. American females of 
P. rapae would not mate with the Portuguese males in spite of many 
attempts.—O. Quercr, March, 1984. 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


It is noted—(1) That the British National Committee on Entomo- 
logical Nomenclature is completely ignored. (2) That the List was 
issued hurriedly in the absence abroad of Dr. K. Jordan, whose 
knowledge and experience in nomenclatorial matters are sound and 
dependable and whose advice would have satisfied much of the strong 
objection and criticism of the List which has reached us. (8) The 
ridiculous and dependent position taken up in appealing to the 
zoologists for a favourable recognition of the List. (Hence the List 
cannot become final until those who are ignorant of entomological 
literature and matters have given their assent to it.) (4) In such an 
important issue a rough draft of the List should have been circulated 
to all those lepidopterists known to have interested themselves in the 
nomenclature of British Lepidoptera, for their remarks and suggestions, 
before it was issued as a final product. 


In the Systema Naturae (1758) of Linnaeus, the author, in Lepi- 
doptera, did not use Binomial Nomenclature except in the case of Sphina. 
He writes Papilio Eques priamus, Papilio Heliconius apollo, Papilio 
Danaus anacardii, Papilio Nymphalis to, Papilio Plebejus* cupido, 
Papilio Barbarus bates, etc., etc. 
Sphina ocellatus 

| Phalaena Bombyx aie 

He called these six divisions Phalanges (Phalanx). 

Looking at these six names, to us they cannot be binomial but 
trinomial, In reality the name Papilio denoted the whole section of 
Butterflies and was not used in the sense we now call a genus. 

The six names Hques, Heliconius, Danaus, Nymphalis, Plebetus, and 
Barbarus were from the modern point of view the generic names and 
occupy that position next above the species name. 

In fact it was not until 1761 in the F'n. Swecica that Linnaeus used 
the name Papilio in the true generic sense at the same time using the 
above six ‘ phalanx’’ names in a higher classificatory sense. In fact 
he reversed his action of 1768. 

Hence Papilio as a genus name should date from 1761 and not 
from 1758. 

It has been customary throughout the ages to ignore the above facts. 


The order of the names does not concern our present purpose and 
we have re-arranged the names of the List issued under the auspices of 
the late J. W. Tutt and his fellow workers, in the order of the new 
List. 


* The Latin is rightly spelled Plebeitus=common. I believe that the i and 7 
were used indiscriminately for the soft vowel sound in the 18th century. 


NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 47 


Anosia, Hb. archippus, L. becomes Danaus, Kluk. plewippus, L. 

Papilio plewippus, Linn., 1758, is misleading and incorrect, and 
should be Papilio Danaus plexippus, Linn., 1758. Had the date been 
that of the Fauna Suecica it would have been quoted correctly. 
Linnaeus is misquoted thus throughout. 

The name plexippus was discussed by N. D. Riley (1928 Trans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond., p. 454), but from his omission to consider ertppus, Cr., he 
was apparently ignorant of the very full and able investigation by Dr. 
Buckell, given in the Ent. Rec. and Jr. of Variation, Vol. V., p. 1 (1894), 
which concludes as follows :— 

“1.—The balance of argument is against the claim that the 
American insect is the pleaippus of Linnaeus.” [Linnaeus in 1758, 
Sys. Nat., and in all his subsequent works, persists in his statement 
that the forewings have a white fascia like chrysippus. | 

“«2.—The earliest name given to that species was erippyus, Cram., 
and if the law of priority is to be pedantically adhered to, this is the 
trivial name that must be adopted.” 

“ 3.—The Fabrician name, archippus, is that by which the species 
has been most widely known, and as changes in accustomed nomen- 
clature are to be deprecated, and as, moreover, erippus, Cram., is a 
varietal form found in Brazil, archippus should be retained as the 
trivial name of the species, and ertppus used as the name of the 
variety.” 

It is quite evident that this last conclusion is quite «wltra vires. 
That the prior name is erippus if that imsect be conspecific. If not 
then another name must befound. Although we have always followed 
the multitude and called the American insect plexippus.. But we do 
think that it should be legalised, if used, by being entered into the 
““reservanda’”’ list. 

As to the generic name Danaus, Kluk was not the author. It was 
used as a phalanx (genus?) name by Linnaeus. If it be necessary to 
register Kluk as a reviser surely one should acknowledge the original 
author; such as Danaus, Linn, (Kluk) for example. 

As to Anosia as a generic name | note that it is not until recently 
that the priority rule has been strictly applied to genera. 

The List gives a reference for Danaus ‘1933, Entomologist, Vol. 
66, p. 282.” I fail to find it there !! 

All the Linnaean specific names are quoted erroneously as binomials 
instead of trinomials. 

Pararge, Hb. egeria, L. becomes Pararge, Hb. aegeria, L. and 

Pararge, Hb. megaera, L. becomes Pararye, Hb. megera, L. 

The official rectification of errors we pointed out years ago. Why 
these errors were made is an enigma. The spelling in Linnaeus is 
plain enough. 

Melampias, Hb. epiphron, Knoch. becomes Hrebia, Dalm. epiphron, 
Knoch. 

Erebia, Dalm. aethiops, Esp. remains Hrebia, Dalm. aethiops, Esp. 

There does not seem any necessity to retain Melampias, and it is 
rightly dropped. 

Melanargia, Meig. galatea, L. becomes Satyrus, Latr. yalathea, L. 

Another inexplicable error of spelling, officially rectified here. 

As to Satyrus, it is not available according to the Zoologists’ Rules 
having been used in Mammalia (teste Scudder). An absolutely 


48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1934 


unnecessary and pedantic use of the Rule. Arye, Hb. has been used, 
but rejected as being used in Hymenoptera. In this case the Rule is 
needed as confusion may arise and thus Arye must fall. In the case 
of Satyrus there is no chance of confusion arising, hence Satyrus 
appears correct. But some unbending advocate for ‘‘rule above 
convention ’’ will sure to cause trouble in the future and it may prove 
impolitic to use it. 

No doubt everyone is sorry to lose Melanargia, a fine descriptive 
name for a very ‘“‘ homogeneous group.” 


(To be continued.) 


The Colorado Beetle. 


Readers of this journal are no doubt already aware that the notorious 
Colorado Beetle has again been discovered in Kngland and that the 
Ministry of Agriculture is taking drastic measures in an attempt to 
secure its eradication. With the continued spread of the pest in France 
and its approach to the northern coasts of that country, occasional out- 
breaks in Great Britain must, unfortunately, be anticipated. If such 
outbreaks can be detected at an early stage, their suppression should 
be possible, but on the other hand the task of eradicating a well 
established colony is certain to be difficult and may even prove 
insuperable. Early detection is thus the crux of the whole matter, and 
in this the collaboration of the general public, and especially of those 
members who have entomological knowledge, will be of the utmost 
value. The Editors of this journal have, therefore, very kindly agreed 
to include with this issue a copy of the Ministry’s leaflet dealing with 
the pest, and to insert this note asking entomologists to keep a watch for 
the insect. 

The leaflet, for obvious reasons, is written for the general public 
and not for entomologists, most of whom are already familiar with the 
appearance and life history of the beetle. The coloured plate, however, 
may proye useful to readers of this journal to show to those who have 
no knowledge of the appearance of the pest; in this connection 
experience suggests that the points for special emphasis are: (1) the 
“fore and aft’ stripes on the elytra, (2) the size of the beetle, and (8) 
the fact that the insect attacks the foliage and not the tubers themselves. 
Further copies of the leaflet can be obtained on application to the 
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 10, Whitehall Place, 5. W.1. 

Finally, a brief reference may be made to the loss that would be 
caused by the permanent establishment of the Colorado Beetle in Great 
Britain, a point about which there is still some misunderstanding. 
Where the pest is numerous it is necessary to spray all potato crops with 
an arsenical insecticide at least three times during the growing season, 
and the cost of this spraying would form an additional charge on 
production, that would partly perhaps, largely, be reflected in the price 
of potatoes to the consumer. At present England, as compared with 
some other countries, is fortunate in the less frequent spraying that is 
necessary to grow a good crop of potatoes, and it is therefore in the 
interests of all to prevent the establishment of the beetle and so retain 
this advantage for as long as possible.—J. OC. F. Fryer, Director, Plant 
Pathological Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture. 


Advisory Leaflet No. 71. 
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES. 


The Colorado Beetle.* 

The Colorado Beetle is a dangerous foreign potato pest, 
which in spite of all precautions has twice appeared in this 
country. If it is allowed to establish itself, potato growers 
will be faced with heavy expenses in spraying, and it is 
therefore of the utmost importance that all growers should 
know what the insect looks like and how to deal with it 
when found. 

Appearance of Pest.— The pest, when first discovered, 
may be in the beetle stage or it may be a grub; the 
coloured picture shows both beetles and grubs //e size. 
Any striped beetle resembling that shown on the picture 
should be regarded with suspicion, as should any red or 
reddish-yellow grub ¢hat is found feeding upon potato 


leaves. 


What to do.—The Colorado Beetle Order of 1933 re- 
quires the occupier of any land in or on which the 
Colorado Beetle exists or is suspected to exist to give 
notice in writing to the Ministry with all practicable 
speed. If, therefore, suspected Colorado Beetles or grubs 
are discovered, specimens should be placed in a tin boxt 
with a piece of potato leaf, and the box should be sent at 
once to the Ministry of Agriculture, 10, Whitehall Place, 
London, S.W.1, with a letter stating the exact place 
where the insects were caught and the name and address 
of the finder. No other steps should be taken until 
instructions are received from the Ministry. 


What NOT to do.— The Colorado Beetle Order of 1933 
prohibits the keeping of any live Colorado Beetles and 
the spraying or other treatment, except under authority 
from the Ministry, of any crop infested or suspected of 
being infested with the Colorado Beetle. It is, therefore, 
especially important that, until instructions have been 
given by the Ministry’s Inspectors, the crop should xoz 
be sprayed or interfered with in any way, as this is likely 
to cause the beetles to spread. Apart from the specimens 
sent to the Ministry, no beetles or grubs should be re- 
moved. The object of all these measures is to keep the 
insect confined to as small an area as possible, so that it 
may be eradicated without loss of time. 

How the Insect Lives.— The Colorado Beetle spends the 
winter deeply buried in the soil—at a depth of 10-12 in. 
in average soils. In late spring or early summer it works 
its way to the surface and flies in search of potato crops, 


* Leptinotarsa decemiineata, Say. 
+ Holes should not be punched in the box. 


BA WNY): 


Advisory Leaflet No. 71. 2 


travelling if necessary for distances of several miles. On 
reaching a crop, the beetles feed upon the potato leaves 
and the females lay clusters of eggs on the leaves, the 
majority being attached to the underside. Ina few days 
the eggs hatch into grubs, which also feed upon the potato 
leaves. After about three weeks the grubs are full grown, 
and descend into the soil where they turn into pupae. Ten 
to fifteen days later they undergo a further and final 
change into adult beetles. Towards the end of July and 
during August, these beetles burrow up to the surface, 
feed, and if the weather is warm, lay eggs that produce a 
further generation of beetles before the haulm dies off in 
the autumn. As summer draws to a close, the beetles 
burrow down again into the soil and stay there for the 
winter. The effect upon the potato crop depends upon 
the number of beetles and grubs present; when there are 
many, the haulm is completely stripped of leaves and no 
tubers worth digging are formed. 


Some Points of Interest.—A characteristic of the 
Colorado Beetle is its adaptability to different climatic 
conditions, as 1s shown by the fact that 1t occurs almost 
throughout the North American continent, in climates that 
range from sub-tropical to cold and from wet to dry. On 
six occasions it has established itself in Germany and has 
with difficulty been stamped out. In 1901 it effected a settle- 
ment at Tilbury but drastic measures secured its eradica- 
tion in 1902. About 1920 the pest founded a colony near 
Bordeaux in France and since then has been spreading 
northwards, destroying the potato crops wheresoever it has 
been neglected. Finally, in the autumn of 1935 a small 
outbreak was discovered in England, again at Tilbury, 
and drastic measures to meet the situation were at once put 
into force. These facts show that the beetle is only too 
likely to settle in England if it is given the chance. If it 
became established, potato growers. would be faced with 
considerable additional expense in spraying, and therefore 
no efforts should be spared to prevent such a misfortune. 
With this end in view, it is of the utmost importance that 
any beetles which may arrive should be detected before 
they have had time to multiply, since otherwise eradication 
will prove a lengthy, 1f not an impossible task. 


10, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.1. January, 1934. 


LONDON: 1934 
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. 

To be purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following 
addresses: Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 120, George Street, Edin- 
burgh 2; York Street, Manchester 1; 1, St. Andrew’s Crescent, Cardiff; 80, Chichester 
Street, Belfast; or through any Bookseller. 

Price 1d. Net per copy, or 9d. Net per dozen copies. 
Printed under the authority of His Majesty’s Stationery Office 
y The Sidney Press Ltd., Bedford. 


Wt. 2539/2351 25,000 1/34 S. P. Ltd. T.51-4874. 


B,C. FREENAN, 


COLORADO BEETLE: Attacked potato haulm, showing two egg 
clusters, grubs and adult beetle; and (left) adult beetle, pupa 
and grub (all natural size). 


All MS. and HDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications InuNTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require In.usrrRarions are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy, J. Turner, ‘* Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicaties.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

ExcuanGrs.—Living Hggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Hrfurt, Weimar, Street 18, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago vy. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Huropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa queretis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Wantep.—Papered Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of all species wanted in exchange for 
papered insects, some rare, from Japan.—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon. 

Duplicates.— Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7. 
S8p.-m. May 2nd, June 6th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
April 26th, May 10th, 24th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘' Ditchling,’’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. e 

The London Natuval History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. 
Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, 
Rev. Canon Foster, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rey. G. Wheelar, Rev. EH. B. ~ 
Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, M. Niblett, Capt. HE. A. Parsons, 
and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘¢ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of MWelitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—NLifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Mrnanism aND Mrtanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VaRiaTIon (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
fo whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


? ‘Subscriptions for 1934 are now due. 


JUNI 1934 


Vol. XLVI. 


MAY, 1934 
Up 


ENTOMOLOGISTS. RECORD 
| AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


i 
Epitep R. S. BaGNawl, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonistHoRPH, F.Z.8., F.R-E.8. 


Bath the Matcomm Burr, D.Ssc., V.R.E.S. T. BaInsriacGE FLETCHER, B.N., F.L.S., 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.4.S. F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 
lassistance of | 1. A. Cockaynn, a.u., D.m., F.R.F.S., | H.W. Paan, v.R.n.s. 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.1.S. 
J. Hi. Cousin, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.-E.S., F.Z.8. 


Editor Hmeritus.—G. T. Berahune-BakER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
: By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.u.S., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 

Lepidoptera at Maurin, Basses-Alpes, France, W. Parkinson Curtis, 

F.R.E.S. (continued) a oo O° oe : oc 49 
P. littoralis subsp. anetensis, n.ssp., Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S. ae a 52 
Notes on Collecting in Norfolk in 1932 and 1933, Capt. C.Q. Parsons .. d3 
Collecting Butterflies in Orissa, India, W. M. Crawford, F.R.E.S. Pa a4 
Donegal in 1933, Rev. Canon Foster, B.D. an Se By ae He 55 
Current Notes .. a a, ue oe gc Go O06 ae 57 


Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, R.R.E.S., F.R.A.S. ae , 58 
ReEview.— Creation’s Doom ee BS es ax ce wa Oe 60 


SuPPLEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (325)-(328) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (13)-(16) 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free 


TEN SHILLINGS. 
to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W, ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E£.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


® 
Watkins & Doncaster 
: (ESTABLISHED 1879) 
CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera.of the World.’’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. No. 126 THELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


—_— ee 
ENTOMOLOGIGAL GABINET 
HE J ‘a I bike & SO N, MANUFACTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Insect Cabinets; also Cheap Storage Gabinets for 
Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WituEspEn 0309. 


THE VASCULUM 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITED BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R-E.S., A. VW. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Se., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S-, J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R-S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. VV. Temperley. 

The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 

and should be sent to 


WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastie-on-Tyne. 


NOW READY 


BRITISH BEETLES 


Their Homes and Habits 
BY : 
NORMAN JOY, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. 
(Author of ‘‘ A Practical Handbook of British Beetles.’’) 


Illustrated with 4 full-page photographic plates, 27 plates of repre- 
sentative Species and numerous text diagrams. Size 8 in. by 52 in. 


Cloth Gilt, 5/- net. 
FREDERICK WARNE & CO, LTD., 1-4, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. 


“ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. ae Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennury J. Hayvwarp, F.R.H.S. 1s. 3d. 
Hibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S8. (a few copies only) Be .. 35s. Od. 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

ANDREWS, F.R.E.S 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37- AB of Ent. Record, new series ; including ‘Special 

Index . an ee Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be obtained post free ae H. W. ARiege 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E 9. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, 49 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE. 
(Addenda) 


By W. PARKINSON CORTIS, F.R.E.S. 


Cotoration anp Markings. 

The markings in the Pyralidae seem to have no common denom- 
inator, but in the assemblage under consideration the pattern is best 
described by assuming the common basis to be, (i) a basal line, (ii) 
an antemedial line, (iii) a discoidal, (iv) a reniform, (v) a median 
shade, (vi) a post-medial line, (vii) a prae-subterminal shade, (viii) a 
marginal row of points. No. v. is perhaps miscalled ; where sufficiently 
developed to be clearly demarked, it commences as a wide suffusion 
between reniform and post-medial line, narrows and passes below the 
the reniform as far as the space between the discoidal and reniform, 
and thence expands toward the dorsum, where it is usually wide and 
fairly distinct. All the species are matt surfaced, not glossy. The 
general tone is materially different. 

Costalis is predominantly a chalky white. Hversmann emphasizes 
‘the whole wings.” Christoph. in his description of hilaralis speaks 
of them as chalky, the photographs of the costalis type bear this out as 
do the three specimens before me. 

In maurinalis the tone is predominantly pinker, being very near a 
pale pinkish-buff in the forewings, and a very pale cartridge-buff in 
the hindwings. 

In itysalis the tone is yellower and colder being degraded ivory- 
white with a raw-sienna tinge. 

In only one of the ttysalis before ne is this cold tone in the least 
relieved by a warmth and then the tone is a warm yellowish rather 
than pinkish. 

In radiosalis the tone is a very cold dove-grey with the markings 
of a sepia tone. ‘This pinky tone pervades the dark markings of 
maurinalis as well, so that costalis appears to be marked vandyke or 
sepia in the dark tones and honey-yellow in the paler tones. Mawrinalis 
with burnt-umber or warm-sepia in the dark tones, and light ochraceous- 
salmon or light vinaceous-cinnamon in the paler tones, whilst itysalis 
is a cold-sepia and raw-umber in the dark tones, and a raw-sienna in 
the light tones and radiosalis even colder. 

Maurinalis is consequently much the most pleasing to the eye. 
All these have some grey blue scaling of the Russian Blue (XLII) hue, 
this is much stronger in maurinalis than in the others. On analysis 
the whole colour effect of all species is based on these three tones. 

There is one proviso that | should like to make here, lest others 
may think I have overlooked it, that | do not consider mere hue has 
always a real taxonomic value, and the characters that have such 
value will always be a matter of debate, but I do feel that the hue 
coupled with the structural differences shewn by my material and the 
compulsory want of syngamy due to distribution (except with itysalis 
and radiosalis) render it wise to treat this assemblage, as I have done, 
until better information and longer study show my conclusions to be 
erroneous. 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19384 


(i.) Basan Line. 

Costalis: A dark brown costal mark directed toward tornus rarely 
reaching below sub-costal. 

Maurinalis: A similar mark reaching subcostal and sometimes 
submedian, occasionally extended further by a semation of brown 
scales normally standing on a light ochraceous suffusion. 

Itysalis: Usually so ill-developed as to be merely a dark mark on 
the subcostal; semation of scales and suffusion not traceable. 

Radiosalis: The two before me shew the minimum development of 
a slight mark on the costa and a slight spot below the subcostal. 


(ii.) ANtemeDIaL Line. 


Costalis: A few black scales on the costa and sub-costal and a few 
more toward the dorsum. 

Maurinalis : Usually easily traceable from costa to dorsum—starts 
as a strong dark mark on costa, then its course is marked by dark 
scales obliquely from costa to vein 2 where it is angled sharply distad 
incurved to 1b and again excurved to la with a strongish dark mark on 
tornus. 

Itysalis: Similarly developed to maurinalis. 


Radiosalis: Similar to mauwrinalis but not so well developed, but 
yet better developed than in costalis. 


(iii.) Drscorpat. 


Costalis: Shaped like an hour glass vertically compressed, central 
dark dot with pale ring, the four projections above and below which 
give the hour glass shape dark scaling; clearly detached from the 
ground ; annular mark very pale blue and very clear. 

Maurinalis: Shape and coloration similar to costalis, not clearly 
detached from ground; inclined to be suffused ; outlines often obscured 
by scattered dark scales; annular mark very dark Russian Blue. 

Itysalis: Shape and coloration similar to costalis, development 
very variable; clearly detached from ground; little inclined to be 
suffused ; outlines rarely obscured except in the very darkest specimens ; 
less blue and less strong in tone of blue than mawrinalis. 

Radiosalis: Similar to itysalis clearly detached from ground; blue 
difficult to trace ; almost unicolorous with dove grey ground. 


(iv.)  Renirorm. 


Costalis: Larger than discoidal ; hour-glass shaped after the same 
pattern as discoidal and effect produced in the same way; the ear 
shape picked out in pale blue and very clear; centre dark; outer dark 
ring well detached from ground. 

Maurinalis: Shape and coloration similar to costalis more heavily 
marked ; blue much darker and very obscure not easy to trace; outer 
dark ring suffused and obscured by half tone and odd black scales. 

Itysalis: Shape and coloration similar to costalis more heavily 
marked especially so in dark specimens similar to the type of turmalis ; 
blue usually paler but slightly developed as a rule; markings not 
obscured as in maurinalis by the half tones. 

Radiosalis: Shape and coloration similar to costalis, but relatively 
small, not being very markedly larger than the discoidal; the blue 
fairly well developed but dull in tone; outer ring clearly marked not 
obscured by the half tone. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 51 


(v.) Mepran Swaps. 


Costalis: Very slightly developed between reniform and postmedial ; 
only traceable to dorsum in one specimen and in the photograph of 
the type. 

Maurinalis: Well developed as a rule between reniform and post- 
medial, traceable below reniform in all specimens but one, in 50% 
carried to the dorsum ; consists of the half tone with a semation of 
dark scales which ave often most marked on the dorsum even extending 
basad to the antemedial line and distad to the post-medial line. 

Ttysalis: Not much more developed than in costalis, in only one 
out of 138 specimens examined reaching dorsum, wholly of the halt 
tone, semation of dark scales obsolete or obsolescent ; in the type of 
turmalis notwithstanding the development of the costal streak almost 
wholly so. 

Radiosalis: This shade is not traceable as a separate entity as the 
wing space from the base to beyond the reniform is almost uniform 
hair brown with a few grey scales and a few scattered dark ones. 


(vi.) Postmepiat Line. 


Costalis: A series of dark dots in the interneural spaces outwardly 
curved from costa to vein 3 then oblique to dorsum immediately below 
reniform; enclosed in pale lunules with their vertices terminad ; 
separated by the darker veins ; rarely well developed, usually obsolescent ; 
darkening of the veins hardly traceable. 

Moschler /.c. says these spots stand on the nervures but they do 
not unless one renders the wing transparent with something like 
benzine or toluol; it is very easy to make this error as the interneural 
folds are easier to trace than the nervures and the wings are heavily 
sealed. 

Maurinalis: Usually well developed one or more and sometimes 
all of the dark marks lunular enabling the line to be clearly traced ; 
darkening of the veins very decided; markings often produced basad 
by a few dark scales. 

Itysalis : Very variable ; usually ill-developed, often hardly 
traceable as e.g. in type of turmalis which only has two dots opposite 
the end of the cell; in one specimen from Toulmin Co., California 
however, it is developed as a continuous line of arcuate markings. 

Radiosalis: Consists of fairly well developed lunules of dark scaling 
standing on a ground of light gull grey. 


(vil.) PRAESUBTERMINAL SHADE. 


Costalis: This is of the half tone shade ; is usually well developed 
occupying the whole space between the pale lunules of the postmedial 
and the margin most strongly marked between 2 and 6. 

Maurinalis: Save for being a little softer at the edges and not so 
harshly marked presents no differential features. 

Itysalis: Similar to mawrinalis, but often carrying a series of lunular 
dark marks sometimes highly developed. 

Radiosalis : Similar in extent to costalis very even in tone divided 
by the dull grey nervures. 


(To be concluded.) 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19384 


Polychrosis littoralis subsp. annetensis, n.ssp. A new form of a 
Micro-lepidopteron. 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


Dr. H. Douglas Smart, F.R.E.S. asked me to identify a few micro- 
lepidoptera for him. Among them was a couple of Tortrices from 
Annet Island in the Scillies, which had been obtained flying in 
abundance over Armeria and heath. I could not place them to any 
species, which I knew, and went to the British Museum (Natural 
History) where after considerable research Mr. Stringer was convinced 
by close examination and structure that they must be a form of the 
fairly common coast frequenting species Polychrosis (Sericorts) littoralis, 
Wstwd. (Curt.). The insects are small in size for this species, and 
apparently of a uniform reddish brown tinge and in some lights show 
reddish fasciae alternating with grey fasciae when examined with a lens. 

Meyrick says :—‘‘ Forewings elongate, narrow, ochreous, or pale 
greyish ochreous, sometimes rosy tinged; costal edge whitish, 
strigulated or spotted brownish; marking ochreous brownish, or 
ferruginous; basal patch with edge more or less obtusely angulated, 
usually black-marked towards dorsum ; central fascia narrow, some- 
times partially black-marked, posterior edge often angulated ; a fasciate 
blotch before termen connected with apex and tornus.” ‘This however 
only denotes the typical form and allows for no variation. 

Dr. Smart has since very kindly sent me a short series for my 
collection. 

A male was submitted to Mr. F. N. Pierce for examination and he 
kindly confirmed the identification remarking “The genitalia 
show no difference from those of littoralis. They are identical. I think 
there is no doubt it is this species, the genitalia are rather marked and 
could not be confounded with any other species known to me.”’ 

This new form is so strikingly different that I think it may be given 
subspecific status, and I have named it annetensis from the locality 
in which it appears apparently exclusively and in considerable numbers. 
There is much variation in the general tone of the coloration from 
‘‘ ochreous or pale greyish ochreous ” through shades of brown, tinged 
with slight reddish, to conspicuously dark blackish brown which might 
well be termed annetensis-nigrescens signifying that the aberrative 
form name applies only to the subspecies and not to the ordinary 
specific form, which hitherto has been found to be most invariable. 

To be codifically accurate the authority should be littoralis, Westw., 
and not Curtis, who only gave the species a name without any des- 
cription. It was first described and figured by Westwood in British 
Moths, IL. p. 148, plt. 88, f. 18 (1845). The name came first in Curtis 
Guide, a bare list of species. 

It being the exclusive and predominant form of the species in the 
restricted area of the Scilly Islands, it can reasonably be called a 
‘‘ subspecies’ and not simply a “ race.” 


NOTES ON COLLECTING IN NORFOLK. 53 


Notes on Collecting in Norfolk in 1932 and 1933. 
Dy Carr. C. Q. PARSONS. 


Commencing on the 7th July 1932 I spent a week at a hotel 
overlooking the Hunstanton Golf Course. 

At Valerian blossom in the garden I took Theretra porcellus, which 
was common though worn, also Neuria reticulata (3), Hecatera serena, 
Plusia festucae (1), P. moneta, P. iota and P. chrysitis. On the 10th 
moths swarmed at the electric light in my bedroom, Cosmotriche 
potatoria was abundant, Agrotis corticea, Mamestra albicolon worn, M. 
persicariae, H. serena, Leucania comma and Lygris mellinata Eb. 
(associata, Bork.), were also amongst the numbers. 

Sugaring the Marram Grass did not meet with much success, 
except for Miana strigilis and one or two Leucania litoralis. Agrotis 
ripae, unfortunately was nearly over, but by the light of a petrol lamp 
I got Tapinostola elymi in beautiful condition ; this latter species being 
common and the hunting more exciting than the time spent sugaring 
the Marram grass. 

On the 14th I moved to Brancaster Staithe staying in most 
comfortable cottage rooms kept by a Mrs. Peel, about a mile from 
Brancaster golf course and marshes. In the latter in its typical form 
Acidalia emutaria was common. 

On the night of the 21st I paid a visit to Scolt Head going over in 
a rowing boat, manned by one of the villagers, as it is divided from 
the main land by over a mile of salt marsh and at high tide this is 
practically covered by the sea, and therefore the only feasible way of 
reaching this occasional island. 

I took a petrol lamp and worked a small hillock, a perfect mass of 
ragwort. C. potatoria was in great profusion also Cerigo matura, of 
which I took one specimen in the act of growing its wings. 4. 
vestigialis and A. tritici were fairly common: one solitary privet bush 
attracted a 2 Pericallia syringaria. Ova obtained from an almost 
typical Arctia caja produced some specimens with a predominance of 
brown in the forewings, and one with the underwings much paler than 
the type. 

On the 21st July, 1938, I again stayed at Brancaster Staithe. A 
visit to the marshes at Brancaster on the Ist August yielded a perfect 
specimen of Nenagria dissoluta var. arundineta, some very pretty saltern 
forms of what I take to be Hydroecia paludis and several Coenobia rufa. 
The next night at Holme-next-the-sea Calamia phragmitidis was 
plentiful on the reeds beside the road leading across the golf course. 
Light attracted a lovely Charaeas graminis and a very diminutive 
Hydroecia micacea. 

On the 8th Ang. an excursion to Scolt Head revealed the ragwort 
completely parched owing to the drought ; but sugaring the marrams 
produced several nice forms of A. tritici and Hadena chenopodit in 
varying shades, as well as Lithosia complana, M. strigilis and C. matura, 
The last species I kept for ova, which obliged without any persuasion. 
The larvae were full fed in November, the colour fading. Harly in 
January I made slight excavations in the breeding cage and unearthed 
a caterpillar. I don’t know if in their natural state, when they become 
fullfed in the spring, whether they remain some time before changing 
or not. 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1934 


I only took one A. cursoria during my stay, at light. Caterpillar 
hunting whilst in Norfolk in 1933 was distinctly unprofitable (in 1932 
I did not pay much attention to it) with the exception of a full fed 
caterpillar of Deilephila ygalii, already losing its colour, given me by a 
caddy found on the Brancaster golf course. Unfortunately at the time 
I didn’t recognise it, and did not trouble to ask the exact spot where it 
was found. It was only on reaching home that I discovered its 
identity. Under considerable persuasion from my wife, as being of a 
pessimistic disposition I argued any remaining larvae would have 
already burrowed, we spent some time the following day searching but 
without even finding any traces, a rather hopeless task as the links 
are a mile in length and we were obliged to keep to either edge. A 
further search on the course itself after dark proved equally 
unprofitable. 

At Holme there are some hundred poplar trees varying from about 
6 to 14 feet in height ; careful inspection revealed few traces of larvae 
and only one Hnnomos alniaria, which emerged in due course ; a rather 
unusual foodplant I thought. On an old established poplar in 
Hunstanton I found one Acronicta megacephala. 

The larvae of A. ripae were prolific on the sand-hills. One pepper 
coloured geometer caterpillar found on marram grass, which in con- 
finement transferred to coarse grasses, must I think have been Aspitates 
ochrearia (citraria). 

Hunting on the bireches on Sandringham heath only resulted in 
Drepana falcataria and Cosymbia (Ephyra) pendularia. 


Collecting Butterflies in Orissa (Bihar and Orissa), India. 
By W. M. CRAWFORD, F.RB.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 30.) 


HEsPERUDAER. 


I did not know much about these while I was collecting in Orissa, 
largely owing to my having no books describing them. No great 
effort was, therefore, made to form a complete collection, ! cannot 
say to what extent particular species were common or otherwise, but 
the following is a list of the species obtained. 

148. Hasora vitta, Btlr. ssp. indica, Evans. (Seitz says ‘hardly 
separable as a species form from alewis, Fb.’—H.J.T.) N. 

144. H. taminatus, Hb. ssp. taminatus. (Seitz places this as 
a form of alewis, hb. misspelling it laminatus.—H.J.T.) 8. 

145. H. alewis, Fb., ssp. alewis. 

146. Badamia eaclamationis, Fab. 

147. Celaenorrhinus leucocera, Koll. ssp. leucocera. 

148. Tagiades obscurus, Mab. ssp. or race athos, Pl. (Seitz treats 
athos as a synonym of obscurus.—H.J.T.) 

149. T’. atticus, ssp. khasiana, Mr. (I. atticus is not named in 
Seitz where khasiana is placed as a subsp. of 7. ravi.—H.J.T.) N. 

150. Coladenia indrani, Mr. N. 

151. Odontoptilum angulata, Flar., race or ssp. sura, Wr. (Seitz 
puts sura as a synonym.—H.J.T. 

152. Caprona (Abaratha) ransonnettii, Fldr., {. ransonnettti. Wet 
season form. 


DONEGAL IN 1933. 55 


158. OC. ransonnettii, Fldr., f. taylorti, de N. Dry season form. 

154. C. ransonnettii, Fldr., f. lanka, Ev. Dry season dimorphic 
form. Brigadier Evans has kindly distinguished these Caprona 
for me, but says they are confusing and that he hopes to work out the 
genus before long. S&S. 

155. C. agama, Fldr. (syrichthus, Fldr.), ssp. pelias, Fruh. 

156. Syrichtus (Hesperia) galba, F. 

157. Suastus gremius, Fb., ssp. gremius. 

158. Udaspes folus, Cr. 

159. Notocrypta paralysos, W.-M. ssp. alysia, Kvans. 

160. Gangara thyrsis, Fb., ssp. thyrsis. 

161. Halpe egena ssp. ceylonica, Mr. (Seitz places this as a 
subsp. of H. morei, Wtsn.—H.J.T.) 8. 

162. Taractrocera moevius, Fb., race or ssp. sagara, Mr. (Seitz 
places sagara as a synonym.—H.J.T.) 

168. Padraona pseudomoesa, Mr., ssp. pseudomoesa. §. 

164. Astycus pythias, Mab., ssp. bambusae, Mr. (Seitz calls 
this species T’elicota bambusae ssp. pythias.—H.J.T.) 

165. Baoris mathias, Fb., ssp. mathias. 

166. B. guttatus, Brem., ssp. bada, Mr. 

167. B. zelleri, ssp. cinnara, Wallace. (Seitz calls this genus 
Parnara, does not introduce zelleri, but places ctnnara as a synonym 
of bada.—H.J.T.) 


Donegal in 1933. 
By Rey. CANON FOSTER, B.D. 


This past season J got a few days at Churchill, Co. Donegal, early 
in April and thereby was able to explore the sallow and willow-bushes. 
But the results were rather disappointing as nothing strange was to 
be found. Among the Geometers there were Nothopterya (Lobophora) 
carpinata, Bkh., and Calostigia (Malenydris) multistrigaria, Haw., of 
the normal type. The Noctuae were quite ordinary, Xylocampa areola, 
Hisp., Calocampa ewxoleta, L., and C. vetusta, Hb., also Xylina (Litho- 
phane) socia, Rott., and Scopelosoma satellitia, LL. Pachnobia rubricosa, 
F. was in great abundance. The Taeniocampids were 7. gothica, L., 
in good variety, 7. stabilis, View., I’. incerta, Hufn., and 7. gracilis, 
F., a few Orrhodia vaccinii, L., still lingered on as also Scoliopterya 
libatrix, L. The last few days of July and all August I returned to 
Churchill and worked mostly around Gartan Lake, but also had days 
at Glenveagh, Dunlewy, Coluber River, and the upper part of 
Gweebarra River. I had explored Gartan last year, but my results 
this year were considerably varied. This may have been due to the 
season as the hot weather seemed to have the effect of rushing things 
out and then chasing them off prematurely. At any rate the Tortrices 
were very scarce compared with last year except for Mucosma (Grapho- 
litha) ramella, L., and a few of the more generally distributed and 
commoner species. 

A curious find was Agrotis praecox, L., one specimen of which fell 
into the beating sheet out of a fir tree growing in the heather up the 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V.19384 


Brown Mountain near Gartan. At the same time 3 or 4 Cleoceris 
(Polia) viminalis, F., and one very worn Noctua triangulum, Hufn., 
were caught in the same way. C. viminalis is quite scarce in Ireland, 
but around Gartan last season it appeared again several times both on 
ragweed and heather blossom by night. In these ways 7 or 8 were 
taken all of the normal type. It is difficult to sugar in the Free 
State since you cannot get treacle without a permit from the police 
authorities. Treacle is one of the principal ingredients used in making 
‘poteen ’ hence the ban placed upon its sale. You may be able to get 
it through a baker, who gets it for use in bread making; but at 
Churchill we were far from bakeries. It was necessary therefore for 
night work to fall back upon natural baits, namely heather and 
rag weed. 

As a rule ragweed takes you along from the middle of July well 
into September and bell heather followed by ling later still. But the 
extraordinary weather of last year made a change so that the ragweed 
was nearly over by the middle of August and the heather barely lasted 
out to the end of the month. There was no natural bait therefore to 
depend on in the end of August and until the ivy came in. ‘The ripe 
blackberries were not much of a draw this season, no doubt from lack 
of sufficient moisture. However there were some interesting insects 
both on the heather and the ragweed. Noctua dahlii, Hb., was in great 
profusion, in good condition and endless variety including vy. perfusca, 
N. castanea, Ksp., also appeared, one specimen of large size and of a 
rich red. In fact as it sat on the heather I mistook it at first for 
Triphaena orbona, Fab. Calymnia trapezina, L., was unusually abundant 
for Ireland, and as already mentioned so was C. viminalis. Noctua 
glareosa, Ksp., usually put in an appearance, and at the beginning of 
the month, Naenia typica, L. The Hydroecia group were out nearly 
every night, over 40 were taken which varied greatly. They were also 
abundant sometimes in the day time and could be taken on scabious 
flowers or on ragweed by day. Among the Geometers the most 
interesting were H'pione repandaria (Huchlaena apiciaria, Schiff.) and 
Oporinia autumnata, Bork., the former fairly common, the latter scarce. 
Kllopia (Metrocanpa) fasciaria (prosapiaria), L., was still to be beaten 
out of pines in the beginning of August. In certain spots out upon 
the mountains Celaena haworthii, Curt., was abundant, but it was very 
hard to capture, especially so in good condition. The beating sheet 
_ was very profitable this last season, though a considerable number of 
the larvae captured are still unnamed and others remain doubtful. 
Hight or nine Phaeosia dictacoides, Esp., were taken on birch, but they, 
I regret to say, were very small and all died off. Demas coryli, Linn., 
was quite abundant and Notodonta ziczac, L., N. dromedarius, L., Lophop- 
teryx camelina, L., and Drepana lacertinaria, L., were as frequent as 
ever; and Hylophila prasinana, L., also turned up.. 6 or 7 Cidaria 
miata, L., emerged from the pupa during September, as did one 
Cosymbia pendularia, Cl., in May from last year’s gleanings. All these 
were from birch. Orgyia antiqua, L., was very abundant both in the 
larval stage as well as the perfect insect, more so than I had ever 
found it in Ireland. Hulype hastata, L., was locally abundant in Myrica 
tips along with Argyroploce dimidiana, Sodof. Very small Cosmotriche 
potatoria, L., larvae were abundant locally on various low growing 
plants sunning themselves. But as it was the first time I had met 


>: 


CURRENT NOTES. 57 
them in Ireland I failed to recognise them and tried birch as a food 
with fatal results! Hadena pisi, L., was innumerable on all sorts of 
low growing vegetation as also was Acronicta psi, L., and A. rumicis, L. 
I had a fairly good emergence of Pyyaera pigra, Hufn., from last year 
and forebore to take it this past season. It was difficult to find time 
to tend properly the numerous larvae taken and also in a strange 
country to secure boxes fit to house them, then there was the trouble 
in getting all these boxes through the customs at the Frontier. My 
setting boards contained in an old arrowroot cardboard box caused 
much suspicion and had to be carefully opened before being passed 
as non-contraband. 


G@YURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 


May we remind our readers, especially those near any of our ports: 
and near Tilbury in particular, to look out for the ‘“‘ Colorado Beetle,” 
figured in our last number (April). 

From that indefatigable worker Count Turati we have received 
several further contributions on Entomology. (1) A report on the 
Lepidoptera met with in the Expedition made in 1929 to the Coracorum 
area of the Western Himalayas, with descriptions of new forms, 
Palaearctic area. (2) Further Notes on particular species from the 
Coracorum area with a plate of new Parnassius forms; and (8) Notes 
on some species of Noctuidae by Dr. U. Rocci and himself. 

A further set of collected leaflets published by the Ministry of 
of Agriculture and Iisheries have reached our table. It consists of 27 
pamphlets dealing with the Jnsect Pests of Fruit Trees, most of which 
are illustrated. As regards numbers of species Moths and Aphididae 
seem to predominate, seconded by Coleoptera and Sawflies ; then come 
the Red Spider, the Pear Midge, Mites, Scale and 2 species of Capsid 
bug. Details of all life-histories are given with illustrations of the- 
depredations, and particular reference is made to the time and appear- 
ance of the earlier stages when preventative measures are more 
effective as a rule. These leaflets are continually being revised and, 
supplemented as knowledge of these pests advances, and new methods. 
of control are advocated. 

Surely it is quite premature to use the suggested List of Butterflies. 
issued by the Royal Entomological Society without some liason 
between the old and new. We pick up that excellent little paper the 
Pasculin and we read “ Coenonympha tullia,” “ Ochlodes venata septem- 
trionalis,’ etc., names which convey no meaning whatever to the 
average lover in nature. Not one in a hundred, especially the young, 
have opportunities even to find out what these phrases mean if they 
had the time. ven specialists cannot keep all these drastic changes 
in mind. We ourselves are not quite sure what the latter phrase 
means without veference to the 3/6 pamphlet. 


A Nomencuature Nore.—le Satyre of Geoffroy (Hist. Ins. II., 
pp. 50-52) is ascribed by him to Papilio moera of Linn., Syst. Nat. 
(ed. X.). 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19384 


Foureroy (Ent. Paris, Il., 240) quotes it as Papilio moera. 
Geoffroy’s species, however, is obviously really megera, Linn., as 
indicated by Werneburg (Beitr. Schmett. I. 299, 1864). Higgins’ 
statement that ‘‘maera, Linn. is Le Satyre of Geoffroy,” is therefore 
incorrect. 

Whether Satyrus was validly used in Mammalia (presumably for 
Simia satyrus) I do not know. 

Argynnis, Ib. 1807. This was dealt with by Barnes and Lindsey 
(Ann. Ent. Soc. America, XV., 91, 1922). As cinwia was not originally 
included in Argynnis by Fabricius (who quoted it under Melitaea 
[Illig. Mag. VI. 285]) it was not a possible type for Argynnis, of 
which paphia is type. 

Dalman (Vet. Akad. Handb. XX XVII. 57-66, 1816) cited adippe as 
type of Argynnis, but this was not specified by Fabricius and so was 
also ineligible as genotype of Argynnis. Fabricius, it may be noted, 
stated that Argynnis included 41 species, but actually only mentioned 
seven.—T.B.-F.  9.iv.34. 

We are very pleased to see that our good friend Dr. Walther Horn 
is again able to issue from the Deutsch. Kntomolog. Institut, Berlin- 
Dahlem, a periodical of Morphological and Taxonomic Entomology. 
The admirable work which has been carried on in the past had adequate 
publication in their Magazine for many years and it was to be regretted 
that it had to be relinquished. The excellent work has gone on in spite 
of adverse conditions and now it must be very gratifying to our friend 
to be able to publish the records which have been piling up meanwhile. 
Under the designation Arbeit iiber morphologische und taxonomische 
Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, Band. 1, No. 1, we have a series of 10 
articles with 8 plates and numerous text figures included in 90 pages. 
We wish it all success. 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


Hipparchia, Fab. semele, L., becomes Humenis, Hb. semele, L. 

Hipparchia is undoubtedly wrong and Humenis, Hb. the only 
avatlable name. 

Mpinephele, Hb. jantra, L. becomes Maniola, Schrank. jurtina, L. 

Epinephele, Hb. is quite in order, but being used in fishes, is 
discarded hy application of the Zoologists’ Rules, This unnecessary 
misuse is sickening. There is no chance of confusion. At last jurtina 
is officially established in place of janira. 

Epinephele, Hb. tithonus, L. becomes Maniola, Schrnk. tithonus, L. 

Although it is quite legitimate to use Pyronia, Hb. in this species 
if thought necessary. 

Coenonympha, Hb. pamphilus, L. remains Coenonympha, Hb. 
pamphilus, L. 

Coenonympha, Hb. tiphon, Rott. becomes Coenonympha, Hb. tullia, 
Muller. 

For some time we have been of opinion that tullia, Mull. was the 
prior name, but hesitated to use it. 

Enodia,. Hb. hyperanthus, LL. becomes Aphantopus, Wllgn. 
hyperanthus, L. 

An error which a correspondent many years ago pointed out and 
which we have also pointed out ad nauseam, is still repeated. Linnaeus 
wrote hyperantus (Sys. Nat. p. 471 Papilio Danaus hyperantus, 1758). 


NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 59 


It would seem that Hipparchia must be the genus here. It is a 

simple matter. In 1807 Fab. Jil. May. VI. established Hipparchia 
' naming 7 species out of 119 he had previously called Papilio Satyrus (¢), 
in 1815, Leach. Fdin. Ency. p. 717 as first reviser uses Hipparchia for 
galathea, hyperantus and tithonus adding others not mentioned by 
Fabricius although all included in his 1793 Hint. Syst. Of these 3 
original species, tithonus was removed to another genus in 1810, and 
galathea to another in 1620, thus leaving hyperantus alone for 
Hipparchia. Scudder pointed this out as far back as 1875 showing 
that Wallengren’s action in 1855 was invalid. Again we have been 
following the multitude and used Aphantopus in an error—which the 
List continues. 

Brenthis, Hb. selene, Schiff. becomes Argynnis, Fab. selene, Schiff. 

Brenthis, Hb. euphrosyne, Li. becomes Argynnis, Fab. euphrosyne, L. 

Divergent views are acknowledged as valid as to the use of Drenthis 
for a section of the genus Argynnis (sensu lato). The structural 
differences have been well set out by Spangberg and others, which 
justify such a course. Previously to that Doubleday and Westwood 
suggested the division of the Argynnids, etc. 

Argynnis, Fb, lathonia, Li. remains Argynnis, Fb. lathonia, L. 

It is acknowledged that the use of Jssoria, Hb., is perfectly valid if 
thought necessary. 

Argynnis, Fb., aglaia, L., remains Argynnis, Fb. aglaia, L. 

Argynnis, Fb., adippe, L. becomes Aryynnis, Fb. cydippe, Li. 

This latter was accepted by the British Nomenclature Committee, 
but since that acceptance we seem to recall that adippe is correct, but 
we are unable to turn up the reference. 

Considerable gymnastics are displayed over the name Aryynnis, 
which one has no room to repeat here. Suffice to say it is proposed 
to beg the zoologists to give leave to retain it. 

Dryas, Hb. paphia, Li. becomes Aryynnis, Fb. paphia, L. 

Dryas, Hb., was a name in the much debated Tentamen of Hubner. 
In spite of the able demonstration of Mr. Bethune- Baker of the validity 
of this publication it was turned down by the zoologists, hence the 
name Dryas has been dropped. 

Under the Rules of Entomological Nomenclature published by the 
British National Committee on Entomological Nomenclature all the 
generic names in the Tentamen would be valid as being published 
“‘ with an indication.”” Under the old Zoological Rules they would 
not be valid as there is no description accompanying them. 

Melitaea, Kab. anrinia, Rott. becomes Huphydryas, Scud. awrinia, 
Rott. 

It must have been apparent to British entomologists that anrinia 
stands quite apart from the other two species which have always been 
associated with it, in theseislands. To those whose knowledge extended 
to the N. American fauna it must often have been suggested that 
aurinia much more resembled the American phaeton by its variegated 
facies, etc., than the species athalia and cinwia. 

Melitaea, Fb., cinawia, Li. remains Melitaea, Fb. cinawia, L. 

Melitaea, Fb. athalia, Rott. remains Jfelitaea, Fb. athalia, Rott. 

Pyramets, Hb. atalanta, Li. becomes Vanessa, Ib. atalanta, L. 

Pyrameis, Hb. cardui, L. becomes Vanessa, Fb. cardui, L. 

Cynthia, Fb. is really the prior name but owing to the wide-spread 
confusion which would accrue with the change the zoologists are to be 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V.19384 


asked for permission to place the name Vanessa on the conservanda basis. 
Pyrameis, Hb., is dropped without comment. Scudder had already 
(1875) pointed this out. 
Aglais, Hb. urticae, L. becomes Aylais, Dali. urticae, L. 
Apparently Hb. was placed as the author of Agla/s in error. 
(To be continued.) 


FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Creation’s Doom (a translation), by Desiderius Papp. Messrs. 
~ Jarrold, Ltd., Publishers. London, 12s. 6d.—We have just read from 
cover to cover this most remarkable book. Init the author summarises 
the extraordinary advances made in our knowledge by astronomers, 
physicists, chemists and biologists during the present century, and 
develops the tendencies exhibited in the past evolutionary history to a 
forecast of what the future of mankind and of the earth may be in the 
eons of time to come. Our dependence on the sun’s power, light, heat 
and radio-activity for our origin and life is stressed throughout the 
book. ‘ By strict scientific deduction” the author ventures to show 
the evolutionary results on humans of the future, a million or so years 
hence. Titanic creatures, with organs as immeasurabiy superior to 
ours as we are to the so-called lower animals, which will ‘“ exploit the 
interior of the earth, dart into space with the force of a rocket, and 
with senses appreciative of delicate etherial disturbances” such as can 
only be dreamt of in the present age. But the author adds that. 
mankind’s fall and the earth’s doom must inevitably come by 
“inexorable natural power.” The signs of Decay and Death are 
apparent everywhere; in the Sky, the Drama of past Life on the 
Tarth, the Coal Age, the Dragon: Age, the Giant Age; in spite of the 
life-giving influences of the Sun. Perfected, or rather developed, man 
is pictured as being toothless and bald and has passed his reproduction 
on to the retort in the laboratory, owing to his necessity ‘‘ to succumb 
to the senility of his species, to the spermatic weakness of man, and to 
the barrenness of woman.” Thus is envisaged “the slow extinction 
of a senile species, the descent into death of a once virile but now feebly 
pulsating race,” billions of years hence. Much has been made of 
possible catastrophic occurrences to our Earth by scare-mongering 
writers. The author has exploited these to the full with harrowing 
details, but only to finally prove the super-extreme improbability of 
such eventualities. ‘The fate of the Human Race will occur in no such 
way, but will fade away billions of years hence, when the sun is 
burning out and reduced to red rays alone, under the influence of which 
no warm-blooded creature can live. Then will the cold-blooded Insect 
become dominant for long ages. An Age of Insect Life. Until the 
sun has burnt lower still, Colossal Insects will rule the earth, and when 
their reign is over, Giant Amoebae will carry on until even the 
influence of the sun’s red rays no longer exists and everlasting icy 
night prevails. More than a dozen figures illustrate the text 
adequately but the 8 plates are a virile expression of extreme 
sensational advertisement of the improbable and practically impossible 
catastrophes foreboded by scaremongers. The book is a wonderful 
exploitation of scientific facts.—Hy.J.T. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Vurnir, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor lo send ws cummnemteations IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AuTHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. T'urner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928,.well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hitt 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”” 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Excuancrs.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti,.Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Duchauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—liying larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Payonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuea, 
eriseola, adveriaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Wanten. —Papered Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of all species wanted in exchange for 
papered insects, some rare, from Japan.—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-dvon. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
ee Road, London, N.17. 


“MEBTING 1S OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8p.m. June 6th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
May 24th, June 14th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’”” Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Scciety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Hssex. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


{) A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z-S., Hon. Secy. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


} Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
{ Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, 
Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, D. G. Sevastopulo, 
A. J. Wightman, Rev. G. Wheel2r, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. 


Robertson, M. Niblett, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 


<¢ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 


TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record 


and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 
GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of MWelitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taenitocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 


Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 
GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


MeLANISM AND Mrtanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 

WanriaTIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 

—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 

prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
' thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- 
elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 

on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 


| i derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. 
| To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
| AND | 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Eprrep R. S. BAaGNALL, D.SC., F-R.E.S. H. DonisrHorReX, F.Z-8., F.R.i.8. 
Pe. Matcoum Borg, D.SC., F.R.0-S. T. BarnsBRiGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
with the 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, v.R.u.s: ¥.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 
sistance of EK. A. Cockaynr, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S8., H. E. Paas, ©.R.@.s. 
w ¥F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
J. BK. Conuin, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.8., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Berahune-BakEr, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.u.S., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary. 


oy CONTENTS. 
Lepidoptera at me Basses-Alpes, France, W. Parkinson Curtis, 
F.R.E.S. (with 8’ plates) concluded Si c 35 a se 61 
The Geometers of Storrington, G. S. Rvhertson, M.D. (continued)... oc 64 


Dutch forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland, B. J. Lempke .. ts 64 
Some Notes on British Trypetidae, M. Nihlett ne oe 60 36 66 
BRhopalocera in Austria, F. B. Welch and A. E. Welch 50 ae Bic 67 
Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. #% ae 74 


Current Notes .. ae ae we a Ae 4 a i 75 


SupriemEnts.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. _(329)-(332) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (17)-(20) 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free 


TEN SHILLINGS. 
to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W, ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. 


This number, Price TWO SHILLINGS and SIXPENCE (net). 


«JUL 16 1934 DL 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 


CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 


Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
_ / Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.”’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. No. 126 THLEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET 
J ° J ° Hi I LL & SON 9 MANUFACTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Imsect Gabinets; also Gheap Storage Cabinets for 
Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ‘Phone: WiLLEspEN 0309. 


LHe VASCUEUM 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, ete., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITED BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D.; F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. 

The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 

and should be sent to 


WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


‘Written with unusual lucidity and wealth of illustration.’’—The Naturalist. 


THE STANDARD NATURAL HISTORY 


FROM AMOEBA TO MAN 
Edited by W. P. PYCRAFT, F.L.S. 


With a number of distinguished collaborators, most of whom are 
on the Permanent Staff of the British Museum (Natural History). 


Complete in one volume of 960 pages, with 12 coloured plates 
and over 900 half-tone illustrations in the text. Size 9’ x 64"". 


Cloth Gilt, 15/= net. Half Morocco, 12/= net. 


F. WARNE & CO, Ltd, LONDON, W.C.2. 


“ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. is Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenneru J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. 1s. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Yerzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) bo .. 8s. Od. 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

Anprmws, F.R.E.S 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37- A5 of Ent. Record, new series ; : including ‘Special 

Index . is ie Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be Apps post free yor H. W. Ae 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §.H.9. 


‘azIS "yeu ‘Ex adAT, ‘SIAND ‘vauompmuuts ‘qv “aIALT ‘sisUaANpOJIO DYI1IOYUQ °9 


‘sopisiopun pure roddy) “AqyI9 A ‘vyajap ‘qn yoouyy ‘aqaoyd vanqyaly °G 3 F ‘azIs “yen ‘odAq ‘stying ‘wuissasiu qn ‘dsy ‘wjofi vuavshz -¢e 
‘ZX “purIIs ‘YIV]NIDMAp DUAOL “IASSIOG ‘UOWOUSOAASAD “T °Z ‘gx ‘ody ‘sizing ‘sipjnsursig vutsof “{ ‘sypynSura visnvskd ‘} 


PLATE I. 


REZ 


oD 


ie 


VoL. XLVI. 


Citic 


Entomologist’s Record. 


Vor. XLVI. PLATE IT. 


Males of Mesographe. Uppersides x 


D 
1. itysalis, Wik. race maurinalis, Curtis. type. 
2. itysalis, Wlk. race itysalis, W1k. 
3. costalis, Eversmann. Metatype. 
4. vadiosalis, Moschler. Metatype. 


Entomologist’s Record. 


VoL. XLVI. PLATE III. 


Male undersides of Mesogvaphe. x2. 


1. itysalis, Wilk. race maurinalis, Curtis. type. 
2. itysalis, Wilk. race itysalis, W1k. 
3. costalis, Eversmann. Metatype. 
4. vadiosalis, Méschler. Metatype. 


Entomologist’s Record. 


NiO Neb Wale Priate IV. 


Females of Mesographe. Uppersides x2. 


itysalis, Wlk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Gynatype. 


2. itysalis, Wk. race itysalis, W1k. 
3. costalis, Eversmann. Metatype. 
4. costalis, Ev. var. hilavalis, Christ. Metatype. 


Entomolozist’s Record. 


Vor. XLVI. PLATE V. 


Female undersides of Mesographe. x2. 


1. itysalis, Wk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Gynatype. 
2. itysalis, W1k. race itysalis, Wlk. 
3. cosialis, Eversmann. Metatype. 


Entomologist’s Record. 


me 


2 ao 
he : 
bie 


e 


a 
tn 


Vow, SLWit . Pate VI. 


Male genitalia of Mesographe x12. 

itysalis, Wlk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Type compressed. 

itysalis, Wlk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Cotype not compressed. 

vadiosalis, Mosch. compressed. 

costalis, Ev. compressed. 

itysalis, W1k. race itysalis, Wlk. compressed. 

itysalis, Wlk. race itysalis, W1k. Lateral view uncompressed, left valve removed. 


SoU Oo bo 


Entomologist’s Record. 


PLaTte VIII. 


VoL. XLVI. 


"YOSOTN ‘SIVSOIpYA “TAT °% 


‘CZX INUIOS OUT, 


MIM ‘sypsdqe 


VOeL * 


MIM ‘s2jpscqe 


WT 


Entomologist’s Record. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 61 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE. 
(Addenda) 


By W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.H.S. 
(viii.) Mareinan Row or Poinrs—seven in number. 


These stand at the end of the nervures and not between them as 
Christoph J.c. states. 

Costalis : Not strongly developed, that at the end of vein 1 linear 
and weak. 

Maurinalis: Very pronounced that on the tornus at the end of vein 
1 very strong. 

Itysalis: Similar to maurinadlis. 

Radiosalis: Similar to maurinalis. 

All four have the costa more or less darkened as far as the reniform ; 
this however seems to be a very variable and not very reliable feature. 
The darkening is produced in several ways in the costalis before me; 1b 
is a mixture of the half tone and full tone browns the latter predomin- 
ating and it hardly invades the cell. In the manrinalis it is a mixture 
of the half tone and full tone browns the latter usually predominating 
and especially so on the nervures, but it also sometimes has a generous 
admixture of the Russian blue, which makes it still more obscure and 
dark. In the étysalis it is formed in the same way but is usually devoid 
of the bluish intermixture. 

This costal suffusion is in maurinalis, sometimes also in itysalis (e.g. 
type of turmalis), so strongly developed that it invades the cell and 
obscures the stigmata, which judging by Moschler’s description was 
also the case with his type of hyperborealis. All four havea dark apical 
costal mark, and three others (besides the dark point where the post 
medial line rises) between that and the reniform, these marks being 
least well developed in costalis. 

The tegulae are the pale tone in radiosalis and the half tone in the 
other species and the thorax matches the hindwings but the patagia 
are the half tone in maurinalis, itysalis and mateo and white in 
costalis. 

The abdomen matches the ground of the hindwings and in the $ 
has the anal tuft of the half tone, in the @ of maurinalis the anal tuft is 
the dark toned brown, in costalis but little darker than the abdomen. 
In itysalis and radiosalis the half tone. In maurinalis the abdomen 
appears to be ringed with dark color but this is an optical illusion 
produced by the edges of the annuli and the dark line of the inter- 
seomental divisions. In itysalis and radiosalis however the distal end 
of each seoment is distinctly light ringed. 

One of the maurinalis has dorsolateral dark markings on 5, 6, and 
7 of the abdomen. 

Oostalis and itysalis seem to have dark spiracular spots on the 
abdomen. 

Maurinalis has a spiracular line of dark brown expanded into spots 
on the spiracles and two strong dark brown ventral lines only broken 
by the white fringe of the distal edge of the annuli. The ? however 
has the last two segments much suffused below. Undersides of 
the four present just the same class of difference of degree rather than 
of the radical design, that the upper sides exhibit. 

Costalis below retains the chalky white ground but it is silky. below 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1934 


and not matt. It is dusted over with the halftone brown, this dusting 
being most pronounced in the forewing; the less there is of it the more 
pronouncedly it is collected on the interneural folds of the forewing 
and the nervures of the hindwing. The darkening of the costa is but 
little in evidence, being narrowly confined to the front edges; the dis- 
coidal and reniform are however very decidedly in evidence but suffused 
and are the full tone brown. 

The dark points on the costa and on the nervures are developed 
and it is possible to trace the postmedial line, with two vestigial lines 
each side all rising from one or other of the costal dark marks. There 
is no great contrast between the basal and distal halves of the wing. 

The hindwing coloration repeats the upperside in a shadowy fashion 
but the dark margin is narrower. 

The one g is much duskier below than two @ ?, being so generally 
suffused with the half tones in forewing as to render the lines but 
slightly traceable. 

The hindwing shows a very material costal darkening which is 
barely traceable in the ? 9°. 

The itysalis undersides show the postmedial line clearly and the 
usual dark markings (they are distinct), but the basal half of the wing 
and the pale praesubterminal area are unicolorous. 

Radiosalis is similar to itysalis. 

Maurinalis is very distinctly marked below but like costalis is silky 
below. The forewing and the hindwings as far as vein 7 are a pale 
tone of the half tone brown. Forewing with base of cell darkened 
costally with a sprinkling of dark scales stigmata well developed post 
medial line strong and continuous. Hindwing with dark scaling on 
subcostal and costal, postmedial line strongly developed the darker 
specimen having this carried up the dorsal fold and also having the 
margin darkened as well. The costal and marginal dark marks very 
strongly detached and conspicuous. 

I should therefore keep costalis apart on the ground of its white 
wings, small size, genital structure and number of cornuti.  /tysalis 
with its medium size, genital structure, and number of cornuti and cold 
tone; making manrinalis a race distinguished by large size, warm 
colour and structure of cornuti. Radiosalis by itself for its grey colour 
and peculiar cornuti. 


Hapsirs. 


W. F. and I took 14 specimens at the lamps. They were obtained 
at three stations, one behind the Hotel Bertrand at, say, 5900 feet ; 
the second about a kilometre down the valley and a few hundred feet 
lower ; the third just above La Barge about another kilometre further 
down and probably another 100 feet lower. We did not kick any up 
during the day, or disturb them out of thickets as seems to have been 
the case with several of the known specimens of costalis. I suggested 
an encrusted saxifrage of the marginata type as a probable food plant. 
We never saw it at rest in the day time. It just arrived quietly on 
the sheet, neither very early nor very late, and sat down without any 
fuss and rarely moved. It sits flatter than Mesoyraphe forficalis. 
Leaving Mr. Burras out of account as he does not take Pyralis, three 
lamps got 15 specimens and never more than one each per night, so 
it is not common. It looks narrow when at rest owing to its dark 


LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 63 


costa. Walker’s type and the type of varieyata are both alleged to 
have been bred from clover. 

Prof. J. MeDunnough of Ottawa in litt, tells me “as I know 
itysalis it occurs at moderate elevations through the Rockies and the 
coast ranges of British Columbia and is even found on Vancouver 
near sea level. At Nordegg, Alberta, where I made extensive collec- 
tions, I found both it and radiosalis, Mosch., occurring together and 
on making slides of the g¢ genitalia, I can find no distinction between 
these two. ‘The species seem to have a variety of food plants. In 
Colorado I once bred it from Lupine, and some specimens in our 
collection are labelled as haying been bred on Vancouver Island from 
Saxifrage.”’ 


Locatittgs. 

Maurinalis at Maurin, and there appear to be single specimens 
standing as costalis recorded, one from Mont Pelvoux and one from 
Madonna da Finisterre. I have given the range of costalis and its 
varieties above. 

Itysalis and radiosalis from practically the whole of North America 
but apparently retreating upward as one goes South. Its Northward 
limit unascertained. 

Type No. 23592. Gynatype 23593. Cotypes 23594 and 23595 in 
mus. Curtis. 


Heliothela praegalliensis, Frey. 

1 am unable for want of material to deal with this fully. The 
French Entomologists identified the specimens we took as atralis. Hb. 

It is quite understandable that they do not apply Frey’s description 
correctly because that description fits better true atralis, Hb., than it 
does praegalliensis, Frey, that we took and the specimens from Larche 
in the British Museum. The explanation is that Frey’s type in the 
British Museum is an extremely dark ? with very little trace of the 
white patch on the costa that is present in our specimens, but a closer 
examination of our specimens and the specimens from Larche in con- 
junction with the type shows they are conspecific, whilst the shape of 
atralis, Hb., and its light build are decidedly different from those of 
our specimens. | accordingly stand by my determination, until I get 
a sufficiently long series of the species of this group of Pyralis to enable 
me to do some dissection. 

This is the last of our experience at Maurin, which both W. F. and 

I hope to visit again, and it only remains for me to perform the 
pleasurable duty of thanking those collaborators without whose help 
this part of the results must perforce have been very sketchy. I have 
to tender my sincerest thanks to Mr. N. Filipjev for Asiatic material 
compared with type and for photographs ; Herr Bang-Haas for Asiatic 
material comparisons with types and helpful correspondence; Mr. 
W.H. T. Tams for advice, assistance and valuable introductions to other 
workers; Professor McDunnough for authenticated specimens of itysalis 
and radiosalis and information and the U.S. National Museum and 
particularly Mr. Carl Heinrich for material and further valuable 
information. 


64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VL.19384 


The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex. 
By G. S. ROBERTSON, M.D. 
(Continued from p. 16.) 

Eupithecia (Tephroclystia) tenniata, Hb.—Local. E. haworthiata, 
Dbldy. (isogrammaria, H.-S.).—Abundant on the Downs. HF. linariata, 
Fb.—Locally common. fF. pulchellata, Steph.—Common everywhere. 
E. trriguata, Hb.—Local and searce. FH. exiguata, Hb.—Fairly common. 
EF. valerianata, Hb.—Very local, but in plenty there. E. venosata, Fb. 
On the Downs. E. centanreata, Schiff. (oblongata, Thnbg.)—Common 
everywhere. JF. trisiynaria, H.-S—Local. EH. satyrata, Hb.—Not 
common. EF. tripunctaria, H.-S. (albipunctata, Haw.).—Well distri- 
buted; common. FE. absinthiata, Clrek.—Common.  F. goossenstata, 
Mab. (minwtata, Dbldy.).—Loeal. #. vulgata, Haw.—Abundant. FE. 
castigata, Hb.—Abundant. FE. icterata, Vill. (subfulvata, Haw.).— 
Common. F. succenturiata, L.—Fairly common. FE. indigata, Hb.— 
Local; not common. F. pimpinellata, Hb.—On Downs. FE. nanata, 
Hb.—Common everywhere on heaths. H. abbreviata, Steph.— 
Common. F. sobrinata, Hb.—On the Downs. (Gymnoscelis pumilata, 
Hb.—Very common. Chloroclystis coronata, Hb.—Common. C. 
rectangulata, L4.—common. 


(To be continued.) 


Dutch Forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland. 
By B. J. LEMPKE. 


Up to the present the study of the variation in Lepidoptera has 
been much neglected in Holland. So it is not to be wondered that the 
number of aberrations described in Dutch magazines. ete., is limited. 
Yet there are some, and as most descriptions are in Dutch and as most 
of our Lepidoptera are also met with in England, I think it useful to 
give a complete list of them. The descriptions are to be found in: 

1°. Tijdschrift voor Kntomologie. 

2°. Hntomologische Berichten, published by the Dutch Wntomo- 
logical Society. 

8°. Bowwstoffen voor eene Fauna van Nederland (= Materials for a 
Fauna of Holland). 

4°. Onze Flinders by D. ver Haar (1899-1904). This book is 
about the same as that of R. Sourn for England. 

5°. Sepp, Nederlandsche Insecten. 

As most of the forms have been described more than once, [| shall 
at the same time discuss the synonymy of them. 

1. Pieris rapae, L., ab. flara, ter Haar, Onze Flinders, p. 3, 1899 
or 1900. “Only found with the ?, which has a pale butter-yellow. 
eround-colour.”’ 

This is, as far as I can trace, the oldest name for the pale yellow 
form of the female in Holland, and of course also in other countries. 
The female is clearly dimorphic. One form, the typical one, is whitish, 
the other, which occurs in all broods, is the pale yellow form, with 
underside of hindwings and tip of forewings often of a deeper yellow 
than the former. Synonyms: jlavicans, Kroul., 1901; favida, 
Petersen, 1902; flavescens, Rober, 1907; crocea, Verity, 1911. For 


DUTCH FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 65 


the extremely rare sulphur yellow form the name novangliae, Scudder, 
1872 (aurea, Rolfe, Hntom., IX. p. 199, 1876) can be used. 

2. Oolias electo, Li., subsp. croceus, Fourer., ab. 2 basisuffusa, 
Lempke, Hnt. Ber., VIIL, p. 392, 19382. ‘Orange 2 with strongly 
suffused base.” A new name for ab. suffusa, Tutt, 1896, nec Cockerell, 
1889. 

3. Ab. rufomaculata, Lempke, l.c., p. 134, ‘‘ The double silver spot 
wholly suffused with carmine red.” 

4. Vanessa io, lu., ab. fulva, Oudms., Tijdschr. v. Ent., Vol. 48, 
p- 6, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1905. “The purplish red brown ground colour is 
wholly replaced by a faded ruddy colour, asif the animals were strongly 
bleached.” The figure is a very good one. 

5. Brenthis selene, Schiff., ab. thaliades, ter Haar, Onze Flinders, 
p. 27, 1900. ‘An aberration in which the black markings on the 
upper side coalesce more or less.”’ 

The description is insufficient. | take the ab. to be a synonym of 
ab. transversa, Tutt, Brit. Butt., p. 295, 1896. 

6. Coenonympha pamphilus, L., ab. pallida, Oudms., Tijdschr. v. 
Eint., Vol. 48, p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 14, 1905. ‘The ground colour is quite 
another than in the type, viz., very pale yellow and this colour has 
replaced the normal colour everywhere.”’ 

As I have already stated in Lamb., 1931, p. 66, this is a synonym 
of pallida, Tutt, Brit. Butt., p. 422, 1896. The extreme whitish- 
yellow ab. is ab. albescens, Robs. and Gardner, 1886=eburnéa, Habich, 
1897 =albula, Strand, 1902. (Oudemans’ figure is not very pale yellow, 
but only pale yellow. It represents the intermediate form, which is not 
at all as rare as albescens, and which is correctly described by Tutt as 
“ pale yellowish tawny.” 

7. Chrysophanus hippothoé, L., ab. eurybina, ter Haar, Tijdschr. v. 
Ent., vol. 48, p. 204, 1905. ‘* g. ‘The transverse line on the fore- 
wings fails or is very indistinct. The blue reflection fails; otherwise 
the upper side is quite as in the type. @. The upper side is almost 
quite unicolorous black-brown, with the exception of the cell which is 
powdered with red-brown on both sides of the median point, and of 
the band along the hind margin on fore- and hindwings. The under- 
side is in both sexes as in the type.” 

As I have already stated in Lamb., 1931, p. 16, the g is of little 
importance, but the ? is a very fine suffused form, and is figured by 
ter Haar, op. cit., Vol. 48, pl. 14, fig. 5 and 6. 

8. Chrysophanus hippothoé, L., ab. groningana, ter Haar, op. cit., 
Vol. 48, p. 242, 1901. ‘‘ This form is distinguished by the presence of 
violet-blue linear points in the cells before the antemarginal band, just 
as Rt. phlaeas shows this rather regularly.” 

Synonyms: caeruleopuncta, Trti. et Vty, 1910; cyanographa, Cabeau, 
1920. 

9. Loweta dorilis, Hufn., ab. crantsi, ter Haar, op. cit., Vol. 43, 
p- 287, pl. 14, fig. 2, 1901. ‘‘ Characterised by the presence of violet- 
blue points before the red marginal macules on the upper side of the 
hindwings.” 

Synonym: purpureopunctata, Wheeler, Butt. Switz., p. 17, 1908. 

10. Loweia dorilis, Hufn., ab. uyeni, ter Haar, /.c., p. 287, pl. 14, 
fig. 83,1901. <‘‘ The red-brown ground colour on the upperside of the 
forewings is replaced by pale yellow, with which the rows of points 


66 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.V1.1934 


clearly contrast, whereas the bronzy-green suffusion at the base also 
clearly comes forth. The red-brown band along the hind margin of 
the posterior wings, which encloses the black points, is also pale 
yellow.” ' 
The name falls as a synonym of ab. albicans, Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. 
Ver., vol. 42, p. 198, 1889. 
(To be concluded.) 


Some Notes on British Trypetidae. 
By M. NIBLETT. 


The following notes are compiled from observations made by me 
during the past few years, and refer mainly to Trypetids reared from 
the larval stage, with the addition of a few records of captured insects. 

The localities where both larvae and imagines were taken were 
nearly all in the county of Surrey, and include Ranmore Common, 
Boxhill, Epsom Common, Epsom Downs, Banstead, and Kingswood. 

The majority of the species referred to are moderately common, 
but I thought that perhaps some particulars of their food-plants and 
times of emergence might prove of some interest. 

Urophora cardwi, Li.—The larvae of this handsome fly inhabit the 
swellings to be found upon the stems of Cnicus arvensis, L. (Creeping 
Plume Thistle). I have found the galled stems from mid-July onwards, 
and have had the fly emerge during June and early July of the 
year following. The galls I find are usually plentiful where the 
thistles grow in damp situations, and much less so in drier places. 
The fly I have taken occasionally in July by sweeping thistles. The 
larvae are at times heavily parasitized by Chalcids. 

U. stylata, Fab.—This species is the cause of hard woody galls in 
the flower-heads of Carduus nutans, L. (Musk Thistle), and Cnicus 
lanceolatus, Scop. (Spear Plume Thistle). The larvae I have found 
from July onwards, the flies emerging in the following June, with 
occasional specimens during July. Odd specimens of the fly I have 
swept from thistles and mixed herbage during July. 

UV. solstitialis, L.—-This is another gall-causine species, the hard 
woody galls are to be found abundantly as a rule, in the flower-heads 
of Centanrea nigra, L. (Black Knapweed), wherever this plant grows. 
The earliest date I have found the larvae is July 6th, when the galls 
were beginning to form. I have had the flies emerge in May, June, 
July and August, the majority coming out in June. I have swept 
them in some numbers from C. nigra during July and August, and 
on a number of occasions from Achillea millefolium, L. (Yarrow). 
Several species of Chalcids parasitize the larvae, but the flies always 
seem abundant. 

U. quadrifasciata, Mg.—The larvae of this species feed in the flower- 
heads of Centaurea nigra, L. 'I'be statements made by numerous 
writers that it forms a hard woody gall, does not agree with my 
observations. I have certainly bred it trom flower-heads containing 
galls, but these have definitely been the galls of U. solstitialis. I have 
not found it occur in any numbers, having bred about 80 from several 
thousand flower-heads. The flies emerged chiefly in June, with 
occasional specimens in May and July. On only one occasion have I 
swept the fly, this was towards the end of July upon Epsom Common, 


SOME NOTES ON BRITISH TRIPETIDAE. 67 


when it literally swarmed, every sweep of the net over patches of C. 
nigra gathering in at least half a dozen. I could have taken scores 
from the area in which it occurred. 

Anomoea (Phagocarpus) antica, Wied. (permundus, Her.).—The larvae 
of this species live in the fruits of Crataegus monoyyna, Jacq. (Hawthorn) ; 
from a number of these fruits gathered in September, the larvae emerged 
in early November and pupated, the flies emerging from 25th May to 
8rd June of the following year. Perris stated that the larvae pupated 
in the fruit, while Handlirsch claimed that they pupated in the earth, 
the latter statement agreeing with my own observations. 

Trypeta (Chaetostomella) onotrophes, iaw.—The larvae of this species 
live in the flower-heads of various Composites. I have bred the flies 
from Serratula tinctoria, L. (Sawwort), an unrecorded host-plant ; 
Cnicus palustris, L. (Marsh Plume Thistle) ; and Centaurea nigra, L. ; 
the latter plant appears to be its favourite host. The larvae may be 
found in the heads from early autumn until some time in May; they 
are sometimes to be found among the pappus-hairs and sometimes 
below the receptacle; they pupate in the head, and I have had the 
flies emerge from 11th May to 5th July. I have swept this species 
from ©, niyra, C. palustris, Arctiwn majus, L. (Burdock), and mixed 
Composites in July and August. 

Trypeta (Lerellia) serratulae, L.—This species I have bred from the 
flower-heads of Carduus nutans, L., and Cnicus lanceolatus, Scop. I 
have not found it occur in any numbers, having bred less than a 
dozen from some hundreds of heads of these thistles, all these emerging 
in mid-June. I have also swept occasional specimens from C. nutans. 

Trypeta (Orellia) colon, Mg.—The larvae live in the flower-heads 
of Centaurea scabiosa, Li. (Large Knapweed), in which they pupate, 
enclosing themselves in cocoons formed of pappus-hairs. ‘The larvae 
seem to vary somewhat in colour, white to pinkish being most general, 
though with some there is a distinct yellowish tinge. Some of the 
larvae seem to prefer the space below the receptacle to pupate in, 
while others remain above it. The majority of the flies I have 
bred have emerged in June from flower-heads gathered in August of the 
preceding year, and onwards, but froma few heads gathered on 19th 
July with larvae in them, a ¢ of this species emerged on 10th August 
suggesting the possibility of two broods in a year. 

Tiypeta (Orellia) florescentiae, Li. (ruficauda, Fab.).—The larvae 
of this species judging from my own ohservations appear to be confined 
entirely to the flower-heads of Cnicus palustris, L. The larvae are 
white, pupate in the heads, the flies emerging during June. I should 
not say that this is an abundant species, many hundreds of thistle- 
heads examined by me during autumn and winter disclosing only 
about a dozen larvae. I have swept occasional flies from C. palustris 
in July and August and odd specimens from C. arvensis. 

Trypeta (Orellia) tussilaginis, Fab.—On 8rd March, 19382, while 
examining a number of flower-heads of Arctinwn majus, L., I observed 
that some of the seeds were rather stout. I removed the end of one 
and found that it contained a Trypetid larva, from a number of these 
seeds there emerged in the following June 6 g¢ g and 8 2 ? of 
tussilaginis. A. majus has been recorded as a host plant of this species, 
but I can find no record of the larvae living in the achenes. [| have 
swept a few flies of this species from mixed Composites in July. 


- 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1984 


Lrypeta (Ceriocera) cornuta, Fab. (ceratocera, Hend.).—This species 
I have bred on a few occasions from flower-heads of Centaurea scabiosa, 
L., all the flies emerging in June. The larvae live and pupate in the 
heads. 

Tephritis (Xyphosia) miliaria, Schk.—The larvae of this species 
may be found chiefly in the flower-heads of Onicus arvensis, L. in which 
they pupate, forming a cocoon of pappus-hairs. I have found the 
larvae in the heads from July onwards, the flies emerging in the 
following June. The larvae also may be found at times in the flower- 
heads of C. palustris, L., and upon one occasion I had a fly emerge in 
September, from Arctiwn majus, L., an unrecorded host-plant, a very 
unusual time for this species to emerge, suggesting a second brood. 
The flies I have swept from C. arvensis, C. palustris, and A. majus, 
during July and August, it being quite a common species in the areas 
I have worked. 

Tephritis bardanae, Schk.—The larvae of this species live in the flower- 
heads of Arctium majus, L., not causing a gall, as bas been repeatedly 
stated. JI have examined numerous heads after the flies have emerged ; 
the black puparia appear to be either in, or between the achenes, and 
are Cemented together into a solid mass which has, I presume, been 
taken to be the gall, but I can find no signs of hypertrophy. The 
larvae may be found in the heads in July, August, and September, the 
flies emerging in the latter two months. | bave never found anything but 
empty puparia in the heads after the end of September. 

Tephritis hyoscyamt, L.—The larvae of this species live in the flower- 
heads of Carduus crispus, L. (Welted Thistle), in which they pupate. 
I have found them during July and August. The larvae are white, 
the puparia black, and the flies emerge during August. 

Tephritis vespertina, Liw.—This species is probably double-brooded. 
The larvae live in the flower-heads of Hypochveris radicata, L. (Long- 
rooted Cat’s-ear). J] have found the heads in early June with very 
young larvae and pupae, the flies emerging from the latter on 7th July ; 
in early July with larvae and pupae, the flies emerging later in the 
month ; at the end of July with pupae, the flies emerging from these 
in the first week of August. I have repeatedly examined the flower- 
heads in August but have never found any larvae in them. 

Sphenella marginata, Fall.—This species | have had emerge freely 
from the swollen flower-heads of Senecio vulyaris, L. (Groundsel), all 
the flies emerging in August. A few I have bred from 8. aquaticus, 
L. (Marsh Ragwort), these emerging in mid-September. I have also 
bred them from flower-heads of S. jacobea, L. (Common Ragwort), 
during September. The larvae of this species are at times heavily 
parasitized by a Braconid, Microbracon variator, Nees. 

Ensina sonchi, L.—I have bred this Trypetid from the flower-heads 
of Tragopoyon pratensis, L. (Goatsbeard), in August; from Leontodon 
hispidum, Li. (Rough Hawkbit), in July; from Hypochoeris radicata, 
L., an unrecorded host-plant, in August; and from Sonchus arvensis, 
(Corn Sow-thistle), in the same month. I have also swept 16 from 
mixed Composites during July. 

Gontoglossum wiedemanni, Mg.—The larvae of this species live 
singly in the berries of Bryonta dioica, L. (White Bryony) ; a number 
of these berries containing nearly full-fed larvae were collected on 
11th August, on the following day a number of the larvae left the 


RHOPALOCERA IN AUSTRIA. 69 


fruits and pupated. The larvae are deep yellow in colour, the puparium 
is yellow at first, turning to red-brown within 24 hours; the last larvae 
left the fruits on 9th September. On 18th September, several yellow 
Braconids, Opius testaceus, Wesm., emerged from the pupae. ‘lhe 
flies emerged during June of the following year. 

Carphotricha (Noeéta) pupillata, Wall— The larvae of this species 
inhabit the flower-heads of several species of Hieracinm which swell 
somewhat and fail to open. ‘There appears to be a considerable 
variation in the times of emergence; flower-heads of H. wmbellatum, 
L. (Umbellate Hawkweed), taken on 16th July, with larvae in them 
gave the flies on 20th July; while others taken a month later did not 
yield the fly until mid-May of the following year, these latter heads 
had empty puparia in them in addition to the larvae. A few heads 
were found at the beginning of November with larvae in them, from 
which 6 ¢ f, and 8 @ 2, of pupillata emerged in early May. From 
another batch of the flower-heads taken on 17th August, with both 
larvae and pupae in them, the flies emerged as follows :—24th August, 
3S 5,42 9 ; lst September, 69 9,142 2 ; Brd May,2¢ 9 ; 12th 
to 20th May,6¢ 9,102 @. I have swept a few specimens in July 
from mixed Compositae in localities, where | have never found any 
plants of Hieraciune. 

1 should like to tender my thanks to Mr. H. W. Andrews, F’.R.E.S. 
for kindly identifying some of the Trypetids for me, and to Mr. 
G. HK. J. Nixon, B.A. for identifying the Braconids. 


Rhopalocera in Austria. 
By F. B. WELCH and A. E. WELCH. 


During July, 1933, we visited the following places in Southern 
and Western Austria :— 

1. Iisenkappel, Carinthia. This village is about 20 miles south- 
east of Klagenfurt from which it is reached by motor-bus, and lies at 
a height of some 2000 feet in a valley running north out of the 
Karawanken Mts., which separate Austria from Yugo-Slavia. These 
hills are rather barren limestone towards the top, but the valleys are 
well watered and fertile with spruce forests above. To the south is 
the Seeberg Pass, 3850 ft., the Yugo-Slav frontier. Cold overcast 
weather had been experienced in June and this continued throughout 
our stay, 38rd-12th July, so that the season was backward compared 
with our former visit, (nt. Rec. Vol. XLV., new series, p. 1.). 

2. Mallnitz, Carinthia. 18th-20th July. ‘his village lies at 
3800 ft. on the southern slopes of the Héhe Tauern, the range separating 
the Inn and its tributaries from the Drau system. It is very easily 
accessible, lyimg about two hours down the main Villach line, which 
branches off the Innsbruck-Salzburg line at Schwarzach. Our hotel, 
the Drei Gemsen, was quite satisfactory and adequate Knelish is spoken 
there. ‘The country has the usual alpine vegetation; meadows in the 
bottom of the valleys, woods of spruce up to about 5200 ft., above 
which is moist moorland, running up to the snow and bare rock at 
7000 ft. The weather during our stay was very mixed, only four days 
being fine. 

3. Gaschurn, Vorarlberg. 22nd-31st July. ‘he Vorarlberg is 


70 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15.V1.1984 


cut off from the rest of Austria by the Arlberg and the north end of 
the Rhaetian Alps, while its streams drain into Lake Constance and 
thence into the Rhine. The country is therefore more akin to Northern 
Switzerland than to Austria, and this is also the case as regards the 
villagers, who are more efficient and much less attractive than typical 
Austrians. The country is much the same as at Mallnitz, except that 
it faces north-west and the valleys are more shut in. The weather 
was variable but predominantly bad. The localities referred to subse- 
quently, (Ferbellen, Ganeu Alpe, Madlener Hutte, etc.) are alpine 
meadows and huts up the side valleys. 

During our stay in these three places we saw the following :— 

Spilothyrus (Carcharodus) althaeae, Hbn.—OUne at Wisenkayppel. 

Hesperia andromedae, Wall.—Mallnitz, 6000 ft., fresh. 

H. cacaliae, Rmbr.—Several taken at Mallnitz and Gaschurn, 
5500-6000 ft. 

H. alveus, Hbn.—Common at Mallnitz at about 4000 ft. in the 
meadows. 

HH. serratulae, Rmbr.—Mallnitz, 5000 ft. 

H, malvae, L4.—Common at all places visited. 

Nisontades tages, L.—-Very common everywhere. 

Augtades sylvanus, Hisp.—Very common everywhere. 

Urbicola comma, L.—In the meadows around Gaschurn. 

Adopaea lineola, Ochs.—A few at Gaschurn. 

A. flava, Brn.—Generally common. 

Carterocephalus palaemon, Pall.—Fairly common at all places in 
variable condition, 2000-4000 ft. 

Heodes virgaureae, L.—At Hisenkappel the males were emerging 
around the village on 8th July, no females appearing before we left. 
The males are large and golden-red in colour, with relatively narrow 
black margins to the uppersides. The orange-red marginal spots on 
the underside of the the hindwings are well developed, rather as in 
subsp. balcanicola. At Gaschurn the species is common and is 
presumably subsp. juvara, Fruh. 

FH. hippothoeé, L.— Common at all places, the females at Kisenkappel 
showing wide variation as regards the ground colour of the uppersides, 
which range from copper to almost entirely suffused. 

AH. dorilis, Hufn.—Common. Var. montana was common on the 
Seeberg Pass at 8550 ft. 

Rumicia phlaeas, Li.—One specimen seen near Hisenkappel. This 
conforms with our previous experience in Austria, where the species 
never seems to occur in any abundance, but only as isolated specimens, 
at very varying altitudes, certainly from 2000 to 5000 ft. 

Lycaena alcon, Schiff.—One fresh male at Hisenkappel, 6th July. 
Like specimens taken here on our previous visit, this was well above 
the normal size. 

L. arion, L.—Common at all places visited, particularly at 
Mallnitz, where the normal unsuffused form was abundant in the 
meadows around the village. At Gaschurn f. obscura, Christ., occurred 
only in the valley, while the unsuffused form appeared in fresh con- 
dition above the trees at 5600 ft. 

Cupido minima, Fussl.—Common at all places, rising from 2000 ft. 
at Hisenkappel to 5500 ft. at Mallnitz and Gaschurn. 

C. lorquinti, H.-Schaff.—One fresh male taken at Mallnitz on 18th 


RHOPALOCERA IN AUSTRIA. 71 


July in a path through a wood at 4000 ft. The spots on the under- 
side are only lightly marked, the discal spot in 6 being absent. 

Polyommatus semiargus, Rott.—Common at all places, those at 
Kisenkappel being large. 

P. chiron, Rott. (ewmedon, Esp.).—Common at Gaschurn between 
3500 and 5400 ft. 

P. coridon, Poda.—Only at Gaschurn, where it was common. 

P. thetis, Rott. (bellaryus, Rott.) —Common at all places. 

P. dorylas, Schiff. (hylas, Esp.).—Fresh specimens around 
Hisenkappel from 5th July. 

P. icarus, Rott.—Common in the lower meadows everywhere. 

P. eros, Ochs.—Males common at Mallnitz above 3800 ft. from 
14th July on. 

Plebeius (Arieia) medon, Esp. (astrarche, Bgstr.)—One at Mallnitz at 
5200 ft. 

P. orbitulus, Prun—Common at Mallnitz from 20th July when 
they were just emerging at 5500 ft; also at similar heights above 
Gaschurn. 

P. pheretes, Hbn.—Common at Mallnitz and Gaschurn; at the 
latter place specimens were taken as low as 4600 ft. 

Scolitantides baton, Bgstr.—One male above Gaschurn at 5000 ft. 
From the dark blue ground colour of the upperside and the prominence 
of the discal spot, together with the geographical position of Gaschurn, 
we assume this is baton rather than vicrama. 

S. orion, Pall.—One male on the Seeberg Pass near Hisenkappel at 
3500 ft. in moderate condition. 

Plebetus argus, L.—Fairly common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn 
and abundant at Mallnitz where they were just emerging on 13th July. 

Callophrys rubi, L.—Isolated worn specimens were seen at Hisen- 
kappel, 2750 ft, and at Gaschurn, 5500 ft. 

Hamearis lucina, li.—At Hisenkappel both new and very worn 
specimens. 

Papilio podalirius, L.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. 

P. machaon, Li. Common at Kisenkappel and Gaschurn. 

Parnassius apollo, .— Common at Gaschurn at the Ganeu Alpe. 

P. mnemosyne, L.—Rather worn at Kisenkappel. 

Aporia crataeyi, L.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. 

Pieris brassicae, 1. Common everywhere. 

P. rapae, L.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. At the 
latter place it occurred at the Madlener Hutte at 6000 ft. 

P. napi, L.—Everywhere the usual second brood males, with 
females trans ad bryoniae, Ochs.; already quite worn at Hisenkappel 
at 2500 ft. but quite fresh at Mallnitz at 5000 ft.; none were of a 
yellowish tint. 

Pontia callidice, Esp.—Two newly hatched females at Ferbellen 
near Gaschurn at about 5700 ft. 

Huchloe cardamines, L.— Common at Hisenkappel. 

Leptosia sinapis, li.—Usual summer forms at Hisenkappel and 
Gaschurn. 

Colias phicomone, EKsp.—At Gaschurn the males were common 
from 4800 ft. to 6000 ft. ; one female was caught on 27th July. 

CU. palaeno, u.—At Gaschurn six males were taken 25th-27th July 
and three females on 26th-28th July. They were found from 5000 to 
6500 ft. with C. phicomone. 


72 HNTIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1934 


C. hyale, 4. Common at Hisenkappel. 

C. croceus, Four.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. 

Gonepteryx rhamni, Li.—Very worn at Hisenkappel; found also at 
Gaschurn. 

Dryas paphia, L.—One newly hatched at Gaschurn at 5000 ft. on 
31st July. 

Argynnis aglaia, L1.—Fresh at Hisenkappel, 5th July. 

A. niobe, ab. eris, Meig.—Males only at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. 

Issoria lathonia, L.—Fresh at Hisenkappel. Common everywhere 
of the ‘ post-lathonia’ type. 

Brenthis euphrosyne, L.—Common everywhere from 3800 to 6500 ft. 

B. selene, Schiff.—At Gaschurn on the Ganeu Alpe at 5000 ft. and 
also at Ferbellen at 5700 ft. ; very local. 

B. amathusia, Esp—Common at Gaschurn on the lower levels, 
8-5000 ft.; of both sexes. 

B. thore, Hb.—One from 5000 ft. at Gaschurn is very melanic 
with all the markings very blurred. 

B. pales, Schiff.—At Mallnitz we took one female at 6000 ft. and 
at Gaschurn females and one male at 5700 ft. 

Melitaea cynthia, Hb.—At Mallnitz both sexes were common at 
about 5500 ft. but were very local, all coming from one small area on 
the moors. 

M. merope, Prann.—Found at Mallnitz in the same area as the 
preceding; one was also taken at Gaschurn at Ferbellen, 6700 ft. 

M. athalia, Rott—From all three localities; those from 
Hisenkappel are somewhat different from the rest in that the central 
orange band, especially on the hindwings, is more strongly developed 
and wider than normal. 

M. phoebe, Knoch.—One from Gaschurn. 

M. dictynna, Ksp.——Common at Hisenkappel on the plains at 
2000 ft. ; one specimen from Gaschurn on the plains. 

Araschnia levana, L.—At Hisenkappel on 7th July we took one of 
the spring brood in the Ebriachtal, where two years before at the same 
date the summer brood was weli out; this shows the lateness of the 
season. 

Pyrameis cardui, L.—At Mallnitz and Gaschurn, one at the former 
place being taken at 6200 ft. 

l’. atalanta, L.—At the same places. 

Huvanessa antiopa, L.—Common and worn at Hisenkappel the first 
week in July. 

Vanessa to, L.—At Kisenkappel. 

Aylais urticae, L.— Common everywhere up to 6200 ft. 

EHugonia polychloros, L.—EKisenkappel. 

Polyyonia c-album, L.—At Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. 

Limenitis populi, Li.—Fairly common at Hisenkappel. 

L.. camilla, Schiff.—Common at Hisenkappel. 

Pararye maera, Li.— Common everywhere. 

P. megera, L.— Common everywhere. 

P. aegeria, L.—Common at Hisenkappel. 

Epinephele jurtina; L.—Common at Gaschurn. The females have 
the orange brown patch on the upper side of the forewing very 
ill-defined inwardly and extending towards the base; they are exactly 
like ones we possess from Macedonia. 


RHOPALOCERA IN AUSTRIA. 73 


Aphantopus hyperantus, 4—Common at Gaschurn. 

Coenonympha arcania, L.—Only at Hisenkappel from 2-3500 ft. 

C. satyrion, Esp.—At Mallnitz on the plains and up to 4700 ft. in 
the fir wood clearings both sexes. At Gaschurn both sexes were out 
at Ferbellen, 5200-5700 ft. 

an, pamphilus, L.—At Hisenkappel common at 3500 ft. and at 
Mallnitz on the plains at 8800 ft. 

Oeneis aello, Hb.—At Mallnitz the males were already worn but the 
females were just emerging from 5500 ft. up with Hrebia lappona and 
other Hrebia. At Gaschurn the males were taken very worn at the 
Madlener Hutte at 6200 ft. In a marsh there was a large dry stone in 
the middle of the water which was a favourite haunt of these insects 
and as soon as one was taken, another replaced it. This happened 
twice. 

Hrebia eptphron, Knoch.—Only at Gaschurn very localized on one 
boggy spot beyond Tavamont at 5500 ft. 

H. melampus, Fssl.—At Mallnitz common up to 5300 ft. where one 
female was taken. At Gaschurn common from 3-5300 ft. including 
several females. 

E. arete, Fabr.—At Mallnitz on 19th July at a certain spot we found 
this rare butterfly emerging freshly in quantities on a rough grassy 
slope covered with bilberries etc. amidst clumps of spruce. Two days 
previously there had been no trace of them. They ranged from 4750- 
5500 ft. This locality is about sixty five miles west of the well known 
spot on the Sau Alpe and I know of no record of captures in between 
but no doubt it could be found all along the southern slopes of the 
Tauern, The specimens (all males) differed from those we took two 
years ago on the Zirbitz Kogel, the Northern end of the Sau Alpe, in 
that the silver spots on the underside of the hindwings are generally 
reproduced on the upperside as a row of white spots. Those from the 
Zirbitz usually only show these white spots in the females. 

EF. eriphyle, Frr.—At Mallnitz they were taken occasionally at about 
5800 ft. along with pharte, yorge, and tyndarus. At Gaschurn a few 
were taken about 3500 ft. below the Tubinger Hutte. 

FE. pharte, Hb.—At both Mallnitz and Gaschurn a rather feebly 
marked race was seen, males only, from 4500 to 6500 ft. In one spot 
however at Gaschurn above Parthenen a very fine female of var. fasciata, 
Spul. was taken. 

EK. manto, Ksp.—At Mallnitz just appearing at 5500 ft. alone with 
yorye and tyndarus. At Gaschurn they were taken very locally at the 
Ganeu Alpe. all males till 30th July when the first female was taken. 

E. ceto, Hb.—At all three places up to 4000 ft., both sexes. 

H. medusa, Pabr.—At Hisenkappel they were very abundant, very 
worn on the plain in the first week of July, still fairly fresh higher 
up. 

FE. oeme, Hb.—At Mallnitz very common up to 5700 ft. in the 
firwoods. ‘Those lower down already very worn. 

K. styyne, Ochs.—At Gaschurn very common of both sexes very 
locally at one spot beyond Tavamont. 

EF. nevine, Krr.—At Hisenkappel we took one newly batched male 
on 11th July, presumably var. loiblit. 

BE. euryale, Yisp.—In Austria south of the Tauern the type seems 
to be a modification of isarica, Heyne. in the direction of ocellaris, Ster. 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.19384 


Thus on the hindwing of the males the brown band tends to break 
up on the upper surface into brown spots. This type is found every- 
where south of the Tauern; as one gets further west, the ocellaris 
element gets more predominant. At Hisenkappel real ocellaris seems 
unknown ; in Mallnitz and at Heiligenblut it is found quite often, 
while at Lienz in Ost Tirol, ocellaris forms 50% of those seen. Var. 
euryaloides, Tengst., is taken and aberrations are common. 

At Gaschurn the type is the usual adyte, Hb., though there are a 
few of an isarica facies, which would seem to show the boundary of 
adyte, on the North Hast passes somewhere along the Montafon valley. 

E. livea, Li.—At Hisenkappel there is a fine large but feebly marked 
race, presumably var. permayna, Fruhst. At Gaschurn the usual 
strongly marked Swiss type prevails. 

E.. gorge, Hsp.—At Mallnitz the males were beginning to appear 
about 20th July in the same locality as manto and tyndarus at 5500 ft. 
One is var. triopes, Splr., with white centred spots on both fore- and 
hindwings, the others are transitional to this, the usual Eastern type. 
At Gaschurn the same type was taken, newly hatching at Ferbellen. 

FE. tyndarus, sp.—At Mallnitz newly hatching about 20th July; 
at Gaschurn the same. 

FE. lappona, Ksp.—At Mallnitz and Gasehurn everywhere above 
the firwoods, of both sexes, up to 7800 ft. 

In conclusion our thanks are due to Brig.-Gen. B. H. Cooke for 
kindly identifying various insects. 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from page 60.) 
Kugonia, Hb., polychloros, Li. becomes Nymphalis, Kluk. polychloros, 


Vanessa, Fb., to, L. becomes Nymphalis, Kluk. io, L. 

Evvanessa, Scud., antiopa, L. becomes Nymphalis, Kluk. antiopa, L.. 

Poor old Linnaeus is gradually being ousted from his high position. 
Nymphalis was a Linnaean creation. ‘The “ discovery”’ of the author 
Kluk (1802) 4Zweerz. Hist. nat. pocz. gospod, seems to have caused a great 
deal of troublesome revolutionary gymnastics. It would have been far 
better to have cleared the way before revision by excluding any fresh 
authority to those which had hitherto been used in nomenclature 
(granted, a difficult matter). Without some such reservation we shall 
be liable to further ‘‘ revision’’ when fresh ‘ discoveries ”’ are made, all 
naturally now very obscure publications. 

Scudder gives more than a page in his Historical Sketch to the 
consideration of this name, but with, to say the least, doubtful results. 
In fact there always seemed a difficulty in the application of this name 
and for some 60 years it has been used but sparingly, if at all, by 
modern authors since Kirby, who used it in 1871 but abandoned it 
later. 

In 1850 Stephens Cat. Brit. Lep. 12, uses EHugonia for antiopa, 
polychloros and urticae, thus restricting the choice of the type, and 
Grote’s action in 1878 in choosing c-awrewm is incorrect and Hugonia 
is apparently correct for those who wish to use a genus name for 


polychloros. 


CURRENT NOTES. 15 


Polugonia, Hb. c-album, Li. remains Polygonia, Hb. c-album, L. 

Apatura, Fb. iris, L. remains Apatura, Fb. iris, L. 

Limenitis, Fb. sibylla, L., becomes Limenitis, Fb. camilla, L. 

(The correct spelling of sibylla should be sibilla.) 

It was shown long ago that our British species was wrongly named 
and should be camilla, but, strangely, we all forebore to make the 
necessary change, just as we have done in other cases, e.g., jurtina, L. 
for janira, L.; croceus, Frr. for edusa, Kb. and possibly electo, L. for 
croceus, Krr. 

Nemeobius, St. ducina, L. becomes Hamearis, Hb. lucina, L. 

For some time we have used Hamearis in this magazine. 

Lampides, Hb. boeticus, Li. becomes Cosmolyce, Toxop. boeticus, L. 

The founding of a new genus for boeticus is a natural development 
from our increase of specific knowledge. The highly specialized scale 
characters of boeticus are not found in any other species, hence the 
adoption of Cosmolyce, Toxop. Itis a pity that Hemming’s proposal 
of Lampidella could not stand, as it showed a hason with the former 
genus Lanpides. 

Cupido, Schrank minima, Fuess. becomes Cupido, Schrnk. minimus, 
Fuess. 

Evveres, Hb. argiades, Pall. remains Hveres, Hb., aryiades, Pall. 

(Lo be continued) 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


Parts 47, 48, 49, 50 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Macro- 
lepidoptera have just come to hand. ‘The two first of these complete 
the Bombycid and Sphingid Section of the Supplement with the 
Index, Title-page, etc., and finishes the Sup. to Vol. II. Additional forms 
are added to the following species which occur in Britain as well as notes 
on other forms already dealt with in the main volume. Arctia villica, 
Callimorpha dominula, Oryyia antiqua, Lymantria dispar, lorthesia 
similis, Malacosoma naustria, Gastropacha quercifolia and Odontes 
carmelita. There are most interesting remarks about Nomenclature. 
After pointing out that the Index contains almost as many names as 
there are in that of the Main Volume, Dr. Seitz notes that the increase 
of names is due mainly, not to an increase of newly discovered species 
but to ‘‘ the giving of names to any slight variation from the normal 
type.” He further remarks that ‘“‘ This obsession of denominating 
such specimens and claiming the right of priority for the author of 
every new denomination, has become almost intolerable.” ‘The 
inclusion and description of all these aberrations of the one Genus 
Zygauena comprises 73 pages and over 300 illustrations, ¢.e., one quarter 
of the entire Volume.’”’ We will quote Dr. Seitz further remarks in 
our next number. 


An Unexprecrep Resutt.—The following item is culled from the 
Journal of the ‘‘ Cactus and Succulent Society of America,” recently 
issued. ‘* Cactoblastis cactorum, the little imported American grub, 
that has reclaimed more than 8,000,000 acres of prickly pear infested 
land in North-eastern Australia, by the simple process of eating down 
the pear and killing the roots, is winning additional fame in some 


76 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. ES WAL By! 


districts as the slayer of the Queensland adder. The adder regarding 
the grub as a pest, eats* it and dies from its meal. It is passing with 
the pear at a surprising rate. One explanation is that the adder’s 
motive for eating the Cactoblastis is not hunger, but revenge. The 
destruction of the vrickly-pear cactus is robbing the snake of his 
shelter, and he regards the grub as a home wrecker.”’ 


EnromotocicaL Chup, Verratt Supper.—The Verrall Supper 
Meeting was held at the Holborn Restaurant on 16th January, 1934. 
A conversazione before supper was held in a large room specially 
provided for the purpose and gave ample opportunity for the meeting 
of friends and discussion of entomological and other subjects. Mr. 
Jas. HK. Collin as usual was responsible for the organization of the 
meeting and must be -heartily congratulated on the success of the 
gathering at which the record number of 166 attended. Supper was 
served at 7.30, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair. After the toast of the 
King the Chairman made reference to the memory of the founder of 
this meeting, Mr. G. H. Verrall, who was elected a member of the 
Kntomological Club in 1887 and as time went on his meetings were so 
largely attended that at his death the function was continued in his 
memory. ‘This reference was as usual received in silence, the guests 
standing. After supper groups of friends again congregated and this 
very successful meeting terminated about 11 o’clock.—H. WitLoucHBy 
Exurs, Hon. Secretary. ; 

[The pressure on our space is so great that we are unable to give 
the List of those present.—H.J.T. | 


By chance we went into the public Insect Gallery at the Natural 
History Museum (B.M.) where for the most part very excellent 
expositions of Insect Life and Variety are presented to the general 
public. There we found that our colleague Mr. H. Donisthorpe had 
been at work putting a little neglected corner into presentable condition. 
A small section has now been devoted to a display of Ant-life, and 
with the addition of descriptions, diagrams, dissections and specimens, 
a really serviceable and attractive collection has been staged in two of 
the large table-cases. Several cabinet drawers are devoted to selected 
examples of notable exotic species systematically arranged, and in the 
wall cases one finds larger exhibits of ants’ nests, ete., now correctly 
named and located. The policy of the Museum authorities to get 
eminent specialists in the more difficult and less generally known 
branches of animal life to arrange and revise their treasures is very 
commendable and generally useful. We compliment Mr. Donisthorpe 
on the results of his work. 

We have received small separates from Dr. H. Zerny and Furst A. 
Caradja, also various separates from Herr M. Draudt on Noctuidae, of 
which he is making an intensive study for Seitz Swpplement, in place 
of the late Dr. A. Corti, whose death was a great loss to all who are’ 
interested in the Agrotidae in particular. 


* This reads like another case of ‘‘ Newspaper Herpertology.’’ What evidence 
is there that the viper eats the larvae of Cactoblastis? It seems to be unlikely.— 
T. B.-F. ; 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications 1DENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InnusrRavions are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. hey should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘** Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhowse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,” 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Excuanaes.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Huropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-sir. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae : please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. October 3rd. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
June 28th, July 12th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘' Ditchling,’’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Hssex. 


URUGUAY. Iwant to sell Lepidop- 
tera, Coleoptera, and other insects from 
this country and am seeking connections 
with collectors. H. ScunempErR, Correo 
Libertad, depto. San José, BUsCHENTAL, 
Rep. Uruguay. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communieations to be addressed to :— 


VV, Mi GRAVVFORD; BA. :R-ES.; 25, talon. soecy. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. 
Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, 
Rey. G. Wheelar, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Capt. 
P. Q. Parsons, W. D. Hincks, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epwuda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Mrnanism AND Metanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Artieles on 
Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generi¢ nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, VYanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
fo whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


Nos. 7-8 


JULY-AUGUST, 1934, 


ENTOMOLOGISTS_ RECORD 
oo AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


t 


Eprrep R. S. BaGnatt, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DontstHoren, F.Z.8., F.R.4.S. 
ith the Matcoum Bore, D.Sc., F.R.#.S. T. Barnspricce FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.£.8. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
sistance of |. A. Cockaynn, a.m., p.M., F.R.E.s., | H. Ei. Pagan, v.R.E.8. 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.B.1.S. 
J. EH. Conran, J.P., ¥.R.1.8. Rev. G. WHErLER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Breraune-BakER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S8. 
By Henry J. TURNER, ¥.R.£.8., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 

Odonata [Ferangusopier#)! from Peru and Colombia, W. D. Hincks, M.P.S., 

F.R.E.S., ; : 17 
The Cottian Alps and Turin in June- es 1933, Rev. H. B. ey 

HER Ss5 BL. S2= os 81 
Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Se se 83 
Nores on CoLLectIne. .. sh Se ‘Ss oe Ps at 5 85 
Current Notes .. os ie sé ie e aie so es 85 


SuPPLEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (333)-(336) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (21)-(24) 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free 
TEN SHILLINGS, 
to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


& 
* 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 


CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 


by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.0. Box. No. 126, TELE PHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


ey eee Ob ‘i ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET 
A J ° in | Al & SO N, MANUFAGTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Insect Gahbinets; also Cheap Storage Gabinets for 
Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ‘Phone: WitiEespen 0309. 


THE VASCULUM 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITED BY 
The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R-S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. 
The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 
and should be sent to 
WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


NOW READY 


BRITISH BEETLES 


Their Homes and Habits 
BY 
NORMAN JOY, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. 
(Author of ‘‘ A Practical Handbook of British Beetles.’’) 


Illustrated with 4 full-page photographic plates, 27 plates of repre- 
sentative Species and numerous text diagrams. Size 8 in. by 52 in. 


Cloth Gilt, 5/- net. 
FREDERICK WARNE & CO, LTD., 1-4, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. 


‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S. pe Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kunneru J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. 1s. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) e3 .. 3s. Od. 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

AnpREWs, F.R.E.S 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37- “45 of Ent. Record, new series ; ineluding ‘Special 

Index. ae Jo Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be obtained post free from H. W. eee 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. 


ODONATA FROM PERU AND COLOMBIA. 17 


Odonata (Paraneuroptera) from Peru and Colombia. 
By W. D. HINCKS, M.P.S., F.R.E.S. 


J. A®SHNIDAR. 


The present note is the first of a series in which it is proposed to 
deal with a large collection of Odonata made in Peru and Colombia. 
The papers will appear in any order in which the material becomes 
fully worked out. 

The splendid Odonata fauna of Central and South America has, of 
course, been the subject of a number of important memoirs during the 
present century of which Dr. Calvert’s monumental work (1901-08) in 
the Biologia Centrali Americana series may be said to be the pioneer. 
A subsequent contribution by that author (1909) and a large paper by — 
the late Dr. F. Ris (1918) have added much new and important 
information. More recently the late Mr. EK. B. Williamson and his 
co-workers have published a series of very important and well written 
papers dealing with the region. In all of these, however, the Peruvian 
fauna is the least adequately treated though Ris (1918) contains a 
number of records from this country. As some of the species in my 
collection have not been recorded from Peru and as some of them 
are of more than ordinary interest it is hoped that a preliminary faunal 
list will prove useful. 

Ris (1918) bas dealt with a considerable number of Colombian 
species and gives a list of those then known to occur. My own 
material from Colombia is not very extensive but is derived from more 
southerly localities than that of Ris and contains several interesting 
additions to his list. 

The material was collected—(1) Peru: Iquitos and Mishuyacu near 
Iquitos. (2) S. Antonio, Yumbatos and Balsapuerto in the Huallaga 
region of North Peru on or near the Rio Huallaga. (3) Colombia: 
Umbria and Florida in §.E. Colombia in the neighbourhood of the 
Upper Putumayo River. 

All these localities are on the Atlantic watershed and the material 
studied may therefore be regarded as derived from the head-waters of 
the Amazon and offers useful data for comparison with the better 
known lower Amazon fauna. 

The present notes relate to the Aeshnidae, the first family of which 
my material is fully worked out. 


Aeshnidae. 


1. Coryphaeschna adnewa, (Hagen) 1861. 

Calvert, (1901-08) : 188 (shna). [Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, 
Keuador, Brazil, West Indies.| —Martin (1908-09) : 75-76 (Aeschna). 
(Mexico, Honduras, Ecuador, Amazons, Brazil, Cuba, Haiti.] —Ris 
(1918) : 170. [Mexico, Panama, Brazil. | 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 30.x11.30; 1g, 20.1v.81. 

Both specimens are much discoloured. A widely distributed 
species but apparently never taken in numbers. This appears to be 
the first record of specimens from Peru. 

2. Triacanthagyna ditzlert, Williamson, 1923. 

Williamson (E. B.) (1928): 19-21. [Guatemala, Colombia, 
Venezuela, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Brazil.] 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 28.x11.30. 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V11.1934 


My single exponent of this interesting species is not in good 
condition but Mr. K. J, Morton inclines to the view that it is 7. ditzlert 
with which I agree aftera careful examination. Appears to be hitherto 
unrecorded from Peru. 

Length of abd. (excl. apps.) 40mm., hindwing 35mm. 


8. Triacanthayyna satyrus, Martin, 1909. 

Martin (1908-10) : 177-178 (in part)—Williamson (E.B.) (1928) : 
25-26. [Costa Rica, Venezuela, British Guiana. | 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 19, 18.x1.30; 19, 14.11.81; Iquitos. 1¢, 
8.vi.31. 

Williamson points out that Martin mixed 7. septima and T. trifida 
in his series of this species and in examining the type material cites 
the true satyrus, from Peru and Brazil. Besides Martin’s specimens 
Williamson had only 8 3 g and a doubtful ¢ before bim when 
writing (1923). 

The second and third of my specimens are very advanced and the 
wings are throughout suffused with brown. All three have the same 
measurements. Abd. 42mm., hindwing 42mm. 


4. Gynacantha tenuis, Martin, 1909. 

Martin (1908-09) : 175-176 (in part ?). [Amazons, Peru, Surinam. | 
—Williamson (E.B.) (1923) : 28-30. (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, 
Fr. Guiana. | 

Peru: Mishuyacu 1g 192, 8.viii.80; 19, 21.v.81—Yumbatos. 
LS elxeooe 

Originally described by Martin from 2g g and 39 @ in de Sélys’ 
collection which Williamson suggests represents more than one species. 

The female above recorded is probably correctly allocated to this 
Species. 

5. Gynacantha auricularis, Martin, 1909. 

Martin (1908-09) : 176-177. [Surinam] —Williamson (I.B.) 
(1923) : 84-86. [Costa Rica, Venezuela, British Guiana, French 
Guiana, Brazil. ] 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 1¢, 28.11.31. 

Not, I believe, previously recorded from Peru. Closely allied to 
the next, G. klagesi, which is a smaller and more slender species. 


6. Gynacantha klagesi, Williamson, 1923. 

Williamson (E.B.) (1923) : 86-37. [French Guiana. | 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 19, 10.viu.80; 2¢ ¢, 20.vii.80; 1,4, 
29.vii.80; 19, 25.vii.80; 19, 27.vii.80; 19, 8.vill.80; 19, 2.111.381 ; 
LA (Sl SU Ovo cy Mean. voile sme Sauna Osvecila Nemeth, 
14:v.81) 29 So 28iv-31 319), 2ivi.8il- lquitos 1g 1i7iw.3. 

An interesting series of this little known species hitherto recorded 
from French Guiana and based on 2g 19. : 

Length abd. $,46-47mm. ?,50-51mm. Hindwing 9 ,47-48mm. 
?, 51-52mm. 


7. Gynacantha nervosa, (Rambur) 1842. 

Calvert (1901-08) : 198. [Southern U.S., Mexico, Guatemala, 
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, 
W. Indies.| —Martin (1908-09) : 169-170. [Sovth America, Cuba, 
Porto Rico.] —Williamson (E.B.) (1928) : 40-48. [California, Florida, 
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Canal zone, Colombia, HKcuador, Bolivia, 


ODONATA FROM PERU AND COLOMBIA. "9 


Venezuela, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil, 
Trinidad, Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica. | 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 25.vi.80; 13, 20.vil.80; 13, 25.vii.30 ; 
La, PDAS” TB BG > WEL) Biche? LUG Frais) S'la es 
Gsvill- sO Zag demll.30)) 1 gd Oe Sivi1. 380 1g ol Oe 15:vii1.30); 
TA ZOsviInE SOR Ra gas | ZO eviblkOO lege SOsviliza Olah eAnixeoO) 52 1 gy, 
Gix.30 Lo 201x305 4g GaiixoOsn lig 28-v20 le 

This is the most abundant Aeschnid in the material before me yet 
it appears to be hitherto unrecorded from Peru. As indicated by the 
records above it is a very widely distributed species from the Southern 
States to Brazil. It will be noticed that almost all my specimens 
were taken in July, August and September, the largest number being 
captured in August. 

8. Gynacantha litoralis, Williamson, 1928 ? 

Williamson (EH. B.) (1928) : 44. [Dutch Guiana and Brazil ?] 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 19, 27.ix.830—Yumbatos 1 9, xi.32. 

IT am doubtful of this determination as Williamson gives hardly any 
characters for the @ of his species. ‘These examples appear to be very 
close to G. nervosa, indeed it was to this species that I originally 
referred them, but they differ in having the 8rd segment of the abdomen 
slightly constricted, with the lateral carinae distinctly approaching 
the ventral carinae at the level of the transverse carina. This character 
brings the specimens to litovalis in Williamson’s key. The details 
given there were drawn from one of the aberrant specimens which 
Williamson doubtfully refers to this species. My examples agree with 
his in having two rows of cells between M, and Rs adjacent to the 
fork of Rs, as would specimens of nervosa. Williamson describes the 
wings of his Brazilian examples as uniformly brown tinged whilst 
mine have the subcostal space somewhat darkened basad with the 
costal and to a less extent the subcostal space brownish distad from 
the nodus. The constricted segment 3 precludes croceipennis which 
has been recorded from Peru and were it not for this character I would 
refer my specimens to nervosa. 

Length of abd. 9 53-54mm. MHindwings ? 54mm. 


9. Gynacantha gracilis (Burmeister), 1839. 

Martin (1908-09) : 167-168 [S. America] —Williamson (H.B.) 
(1923): 47-48. [Costa Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, British 
Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Brazil. | 

Peru: Iquitos, 19, 8.vi.8l1—Mishuyacu, 1%, 6.vill.80; ig, 
Six SOs lie caves 

These appear to be the first Peruvian records. 


10. Gynacantha membranalis, Karsch, 1891. 

Calvert (1901-08) : 194-195. [Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, 
Guiana, KEecuador, Peru, Brazil.—{Martin (1908-09) : 168-169. 
[Panama to the Amazons.]—Ris (1918) : 155." [Colombia, Ecuador, 
Venezuela, Brazil.] —Williamson (H.B.) (1923) : 48-50 [Costa Rica, 
Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, British Guiana, French 
Guiana, Brazil. | 

Cotrompia: Umbria, 1g 19, 1.xi.80; 1g, 9.xi.80; 1g, 11.xi.30; 
Lg, 4.xi.80; 19, 14.xi1.80; 19, 18.xi180; 19, 31.xi1.80; 32, 
6.1.31; 29, 161.31. 

Peru: Mishuyacu, 1g, 10.11.31; 19, 8.iv.81; 19, 14.v.31. 


80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECOKD. 15.VII.1934 


The following other Gynacanthas are recorded from Peru but are 
unrepresented in my material. 

G. adela, Martin, 1909, G. croceipennis, Martin, 1909, and G. 
interioris, Williamson, 1928. 


11. Neuraeschna producta, Kimmins, 1933. 

Kimmins (1983): 226 [Peru]. 

Peru: Mishuyaeu. 19, 22.vii.380; 1¢, 25.1x.30; 19, 8.x.30 
(paratypes) 1g, 20.1x.80; 1¢, 14.iv.31. 

I had separated this interesting species as new when I heard from 
Mr. Kimmins that he was about to describe it from material from the 
same source as my own. I therefore sent him what material I had 
available which he incorporated in the paper above referred to. It is 
evidently closely allied to N. harpya, but 1s at once separated by the 
longer inferior anal appendage. The remarks of Williamson (1980) 
when describing his N. mina ave of interest with regard to the habits 
of the genus, and his statement that all the known species are beauti- 
fully distinct in the form of the g appendages, still holds good. 
Williamson says ‘‘ very probably hardly a beginning has been made of 
our knowledge of the species of Newraeschna.” 


12. Staurophlebia reticulata, Burmeister, 1839. 

Calvert (1901-08) 178-9 {Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, 
Guiana, Surinam, Brazil.| Martin (1908-09): 210-211  {[5. 
America] —Ris (1918): 156 [Panama, Heuador, Guiana, Brazil, 
Argentine. | 

Cotompra: Umbria. 2¢ 39, 9.xi.80; 19,19.xi.80; 19, 28.xi.80; 
DE TOU OTERO Om alee OG leodecune ge LO snes 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 1¢,  18.vii.80; 2¢ 9, 30.vii.380; 13, 
Dex DORM Geld XPOO RMA gig hoax GOeD Suse OexroO mma He4oxeaOr 
Dion IBS gO) s IL G4 PAsvecleal0)2 IL ais IOS aninet), 

Yumbatos. 1,9, 1x.382. 

I cannot find this widely distributed, powerful dragonfly recorded 
from either Colombia or Peru. 


13. Staurophlebia gigantula, Martin, 1909. 

Martin (1908-09) : 211. [S. America, particularly the Amazon 
region. | 

Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 20.viii.30; 19, 8.x.80; 39 g, 21.x.30; 
13, 24.x.30: 13, 18.x1.80; 19, 6.xii.30; 19,274.81; 19, 10.ii.31 ; 
1g, 14.11.81. 

These specimens constitute the first definite Peruvian record I am 
able to find. The species is closely allied to the preceding but is 
readily distinguished on sight by its smaller size. 

Besides the above 138 species and the 8 additional Gynacantha 
mentioned, the 6 species under mentioned appear in the literature I 
have at hand as occurring in Peru. 

Aeshna peralta, Ris (1918); viyintipunctata, Ris (1918); difinis, 
Ramb. (1842); brevifrons, Hagen (1861); tntricata, Martin (1909), 
and Rhionaeschna marita, Forst, (1909). 

In conclusion I should like to express my thanks to Mr. K. J. 
Morton for valuable assistance in naming several of the species herein 
included. 


COTTIAN ALPS AND TURIN IN JUNE-JULY, 1933. 81 


Literature referred to : 
Burmeister, 1839. Handb. Entom., Odonata, 11. 
Calvert, 1901-08. Biologia Canal Americana, 11. Neuroptera. 
ue 1909. ‘Contributions to a knowledge of the Odonata of 

the Neotropical Region, exclusive of Mexico and Central America.” 
Ann, Carnegie Mus. Pittsburgh, vi. 

Hagen, 1861. Synopsis Neuroptera, North America. 

Karsch, 1891. Kritik des Systems der Aeschniden. Hunt. Nach. 
Xvil. 273-290. ; 

Kimmins, 1938. A new Species of Neuraeschna (Odonata). 
Eutomologist, xvi. 226-8. 

Martin, 1908-09. Coll. Zool. de Sélys: Aeschnines. 

Rambur, 1842. Historie Naturelle des Nevropteres. 

Ris., 1918. Libellen (Odonata) aus der Region der amerikanischen 
Kordilleren von Costarica bis Catamarca. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. 1916. 
1918). 
Hea E.B., 1928. Notes on American Species of Triacan- 
thagyna and Gynacantha. Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool. Miseell, Publ., 
no. 9, 1923, pp. 80. 

Williamson, E. B. & J. H., 1980. Two new Neotropical Aeshnines 
(Odonata) Occ, papers Mus, Zool., Univ. Michigan, no, 218, 1980, 
pp. 1d. 


The Cottian Alps and Turin in June-July, 1933. 
By Rev. E. B. ASHBY, F.B.E.S., F.Z.S. 


I left London the night of June 18th and arrived at Oulx the 
following night at 9.16 p.m. Snow was falling in the Alps of Savoie 
and in the Mt. Cenis district en route and I experienced very cold 
weather in the Oulx district until 27th June, when the weather became 
fine and continued so for the remainder of the three and a half weeks 
I was there. I stayed all the time at the Albergo Commercio, an inn 
immediately by Oulx station. The motor-buses for the mountain 
resorts start by the station entrance. 

I wish at the outset to express my thanks to Dr. Verity for the 
.very interesting series of articles he has written, from time to time, in 
the pages of this magazine on the ‘ Zygaenae, Grypocera and 
Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with other races,’ I have 
found these articles of immense interest, they represent an enormous 
amount of research, and they make our collections of infinitely greater 
interest. 


1. Sruprinict Woop, Turin. 800 ft. 


I visited this old haunt of mine on June 20th and 26th. Asa 
result of the two visits I took the following insects. 

Ruopatockra.— brenthis dia; Aryynnis cydippe, var. cleodoxa, a 
few with the typical form; A. aglaia; Strymon ilicis var. aescult, O., 
fresh; S. w-albwm, abundant, but rather worn; Melitaea pseudathalia 
race celaduzza, Fruh. with transitions to melathalia, Rocei.; Plebeius 
argus =argyroynomon, Berg., mostly worn; Polygonia c-album, 
abundant ; Melanargia yalathea, race pedemontii, Vty., abundant and 


82 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15. VI1.1934 


fresh ; Rumicia phlaeas, abundant and fresh very dark and towards 
var. elews; Hugonia polychloros, very fresh and appeared fairly 
common, settling to rest on the Acacia italiana; Pieris daplidice ; 
Aphantopus hyperantus, race maxima, Vrty.; Lycaenopsis aryiolus. 
Hetwrocera.—Nemotois scabivsella, Scop.; Leucoma (Stilpnotia) 
salicis, Li., extremely abundant in both sexes; L. chrysorrhoea ; Nygmia 
phaeorrhoea ; Zygaena transalpina, race emendata, Vrty.; Z. stvechadis, 
race dubia, Stder.; Omphalophana anterrhini, Hub.; Hetropis crepus- 
cularia, Hub. ; Peronea boscana, Fab. 
_ Drietera.—Ocyptera bicolor, Oliv; Chrysops caecutiens; Pangonius 
haustellatus, I’. (with reference to this fine Dipteron, will collectors 
remember that the Brit: Museum, 8. Kensington, would be very glad 
of some specimens from Italy). The one specimen I caught on 26th 
June, was very fresh, and I found it settling on thistle blossoms in a 
large clearing 1n the heart of the wood, on the south side of the main 
road to Stupinigi mee 


ESauecEa. he ee elena Kvaniidae, Foenws assectator, 
By 

OxtHoptERa.— Blattella germanica, L. 

Neuroprera.—Chrysopa perla. 

Cotroptera.— Mavsoma lusitanica, 


2. Lakes or Aviauiana. Above 1108 ft. 


On 22nd June, as the weather at Oulx was still too cold, I went 
down to Avigliana by train and walked out in about three quarters of 
an hour to the lakes of Avigliana and then taking the road which 
separates them and which leads to the best ground to the west of the 
second lake. Unfortunately there was little sun. I found the follow- 
ing insects. 

Ruopatocera.—Colias croceus, Fourc.; Coenonympha arcania; A. 
hyperantus, race rufilins, Frhst. 

CotrortEra.—Rhayonycha fulva, Scop.; Leptura melanura, L., 
Colaspidema atrum, Ol. ; Haosoma lusitanica ; O9edemera flavipes ; 
Haltica coryli, Al.; Cryptocephalus hypochaeridis, L.; and C. varieyatus, 
Fab. 

N&rUROPTERA.— Vanorpa communis. 

Hymenoptera.—Halictus maculatus 9 ; Prosopis confusa, 9 Nyl.; 
Hylotoma cyanocrocea. 

Herrrocera.—Pryausta sanguinalis, L. 


8. CuHromente. 2525 ft. 


On 29th June I went by train after pranzo (déjeuner) from Oulx 
down the line to Chiomente. Arriving there I took the path which 
leads parallel to the line towards a bridge. Crossing the line under- 
neath this bridge a steep ascent begins, and although I did not get 
very far, lam told there is good collecting for a long distance by 
following this road. Shortly after passimg under the above bridge a 
path through cultivated land opens on right for some distance. Along 
this path I took some Burnet Moths which were flying in great 
number and in prime condition. ‘The insects taken at Chiomente 
were : — 


NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 83 


Raopavtocera.—M. pseudathalia race celaduzza, Fruh.; MM. galathea, 
race pedemontit, Vrty.; Polyommatus eschert, race balestret,, Frhst.; P. 
(Cyaniris) semtargus, race montana, M.D. 

Heterocera.—Larentia dotata, L.; Amphidasis betularia, L., two 
specimens taken at rest on the walls of Chiomente station; Zyyaena 
stoechadis, Bkh., with race dubia, Stdgr.; race alpiumgigas, Vrty. 
(=major, Frey. nom. praeoce.) ; 7%. lonicerae, Esp., race alpiwmn-gigas, 
Vrty.; 2%. trifolit, Esp. Dr. Verity says this is probably alpiumnana, 
Vrty. resembling superficially a form of lonicerae; Z. scabtosae race 
orton, H.S.; 4. transalpina race alpicola, Vrty. =alpium, B.; Z. 
lavandulae var. consobrina, and the typical race; Syntomis phegea. 

Cotroptera. —Molytes glabratus, F.; Rhizotrogus vernalis, Brullé. 

Hymenoprera.—/lalictus laevigatus, K., 9 ; H.albipes 9 ; Andrena 
nigroaenea, Kirb. @ ; Psithyrus rupestris, Fab.; Acanthomyops 
(Chthonolasinus) wnbratus, Nyl., 2 ; Camponotus (Tanacmyrmea) aethiops, 
Latr. 


4. JOUVENCEAU. 


There is an excellent collecting ground just above this village ; 
leaving the roadtrack, and taking a path to left which runs parallel toa 
stream for some distance. Jouvenceau can be reached on foot through 
the main village of Oulx ; ask the way and lunch should be carried if 
the whole day is given to this excursion. I ascended there on 30th 
June. After passing the first village there is a bridle-path on right, 
which shortens the walk and gives some shade, but is rough in places. 
I took the following insects. 

Ruopatocera.—Brenthis amathusia, Ei. race titania, Ksp.; Issoria 
lathonia, L., race emiflorens, Vriy.; Erebia ceto, Hub. ; Leptosia sinapis, 
race magna, Vrty., 1 Gen.; Pararye maera, L., race herdonia, Frhst. ; 
M. cinawia, race arelatia, Frhst.; P. (C.) semiargus, race montana, M.D.; 
M. pseudathalia race celaduzza, Fruh. M. aurelia race imitatria, Vrty. 
M, dictynna, race subalpina, Vrty.; Chrysophanus hippothoé, race eurybia, 
O.; Plebeius argus race philonomus, Bergstr ; Aricia medon, K.; Plebeius 
idas, L.=aryyroynomon, Bergstr.; Heodes virgaureae, race inalpinus, 
Yrty., one very large male amongst others. 

(To be concluded.) 


Nomenclature. The List. 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.EH.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from page 75.) 


Plebeius, Li. aegon, Schiff. becomes Plebezus, Kluk argus, L. 

We now come to the main section of the Family which hitherto 
has been called the Lycaenidae. Whether this family name will stand 
in future depends upon the Zoologists’ Code apparently. 

The main genera have hitherto been Plebeius, L., Polyommatus, 
Latr. and Lycaena, Fb. These have become in modern times very 
unwieldy from the number of species included in each, in fact 
continental authorities, following Staudinger, had come to use Lycaena 
alone for these three groups ; a convenient way of burking difficulties, 
but not at all satisfactory ; ¢.y. Seitz Palaearctic Rhopalocera. Many 
genera were carved out from these three by those working on special 


84 HNLOMOLUGIST’S RWCORD. 15.V1II.1934 


species or small groups, as did Tutt and his helpers. Then Mr. 
Bethune-Baker with his comprehensive knowledge of the ‘ blues” of 
the world, took up the task of sorting out the Palaearctic species by 
gaining an intimate knowledge of their genitalia. As a result he 
placed the following species in the genus Plebetns (sens. lat.) : 
aegon, (argus, Li.) Schiff:, insularis, Leech, argyrognomon, Bergstr. 
(argus, 1.), aegidion, Meisn., barine, Leech, tancrei, Graes., cleobis, 
Brem., eversmanni, Stder., grumt, Stdgr., lucifera, Stdgr., themis, Gr.- 
Gr., eurypilus, Err., pylaon, Fisch., zephyrus, Friv., lyctdas, Trapp., 
allardii, Obthr., ferghana, Stdgr., martini, All., staudingert, Christ., 
christophi, Stdgr., alaina, Stdegr., steversi, Christ., hyrcana, Led., bellona, 
Gr.-Gr., alcedo, Christ. (all the above sens. strict.) with medon, Hufn. 
and donzelii, Bdv. (part of the genus dricia, R.Ju. of Tutt, etc.) with 
orbitulus, Prun., pyrenaica, Bdy., aquilo, Auriv., elvira, Ey., aegragrus, 
Christ., edlist, Marsch., pheretiades, Kv. (the genus Latiorina, of Tutt, 
etc.) with pheretes, Hb., chrysopis, Gr.-Gr., omphisa, Mr., felicis, Obthr. 
(the genus Albulina of Tutt etc.). See Hnt. Record 1914, p. 138, ete. 

He further stated that he was unable to differentiate between the 
three last groups and the Plebeius (sens. strict.) group, and hence sinks 
them (Aricta, Albulina and Latiorina). 

Kirby, Hand, Ord. Lep. (1896) IL. 87, points, out that Cuvier Tab. 
Elém a’ Hist. Nat. (1799). 591, fixed the type of Plebetus as argus, L. 
(aegon) though he only used-the plural for Plebett. 

Our Nomenclators make a lot of capital out of this singular and 
plural business although there is nothingin it. The old entomologists 
were brought up on the Classic languages and aired their knowledge or 
ignorance at every OHO and those who were not so trained 
perforce copied them. 

Scudder rejects this action of Cuvier, see Hist. Sketch Pref. on 
quite untenable grounds. 

The genus name Plebeius occurs in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758. 
Plebejus is only a fancy spelling: j was often used for 7 in old literature 
and savours of pedantry. Such gymnastics are condemned by the 
zoologists’ code which is supposed to be followed. 

We do not agree it is generally accepted that the correct specific 
name of the only British species of this genus is aryus. The arqus- 
aegon question has sickened one by its ineffective prolixity; Rev. G. 
Wheeler has shown in this magazine more than once that aegon must 
be the name of our British “‘ silver-studded blue.” Others, particularly 
Courvoisier, have championed the other side. The confusion of using 
the one name argus for two almost identical common species causes 
the utmost confusion which the use of aegon avoids. Seitz bas made 
the best suggestion for the solution in Vol. I. p. 300, Palaearctic 
Rhopalocera. He says ‘‘ From a practical point of view the simplest 
solution would be arrived at, if the names aeyon, Schiff. (=argus, L.) 
and argus, Schiff. were employed for the two species.” We would 
add that, to settle all further confusion, these names used in this 
application should be submitted for preservation, to prevent the utter 
confusion which has arisen from the misuse of the name argus, and 
which will continue if argus be accepted to replace aegon. 


(To be continued) 


CURRENT NOTES. 85 


J) OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


A correspondent of the Times reports the occurrence ofa ? specimen 
of Dicranura vinula from Barra, an island of the Outer Hebrides, 
which emerged there from a wild gathered cocoon, on 23rd April. I 
believe there are no records of this species from the Orkneys or Shet- 
lands, and have no definite knowledge of its previous occurrence in 
the Outer Hebrides. Sallow bushes grow there upon which the larvae 
would feed. The date of emergence is unusually early.—Hy.J.T. 


Disrripution or Hirgepia aRETE.—On p. 73 ante the authors state 
that they have met with Hrebia arete at Mallnitz about 65 miles west 
of its well known locality on the Sau Alp and are not aware of any 
record of captures between these two areas. 

Our correspondent Herr Warnecke very kindly refers us to an article 
in the Wnt. Zeit. (1920-1) pp. 77 ete. of vol, 84 where EH. arete is 
reported as common generally in the Turracher Alpen, the upper part 
of the Gurk-tal, on the western boundary of Stiermark. 


Burrerriies anp Eiepnants.—The following observation is worth 
recording. It is by my friend Lt.-Colonel L. H. Bethell, who is not 
an entomologist, but an observant traveller. Apropos of the ‘“ sapro- 
phytic tendencies of the butterfly,” he writes, ‘‘ the same thing struck 
me, with the same amazement, that such a delicate thing could be 
such a foul feeder, in the jungles of the Assam hinterland. I had 
charge of a battalion of Gurkhas there; and, being jungle-stationed, 
part of my regimental fit-out was a team of nine pack-elephants, 
whose job it was to connect us with our ration-boxes on the river. 
They tramped a narrow path which we, for lack of a better, also 
used, leading up to the stockades. The elephant, as you know, when 
he defaecates, leaves a monumental piece of work. I never saw a 
butterfly in all those jungles normally, but every one of those colossal 
heaps (over which one had to step in the narrow path; there was no 
way round), was literally covered with myriads of butterflies, all shapes, 
sizes and brilliant colours, till you simply could not see what lay 
beneath. Where they came from, I’ve not the least idea; but the 
presence of foul feeding of that sort must have attracted them, in 
inconspicuous ones and twos, from every direction. Has a butterfly a 
sense of smell? It could not have been sight. Visibility in those 
dense rain-forests was normally about six feet, and not always that.” 
—M.B. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


Four further parts of the Lepidopterorum Catalogus have recently 
been issued. Part 58: continues the references to the Saturniidae, of 
the subfamilies Saturniinae and Ludiinae; Part 59: contains the 
Notodontidae; Part 60: continues the Pieridae by G. Talbot ; Part 61: 
continues the Geometridae by L. B. Prout. As usual Mr. Prout’s work 
is wonderfully complete; he has carefully noted even summarized 
reports of the meetings of Societies as published in magazines (See 
page 82 fora 8. London Socy. reference). We cannot refrain from 
again pointing out the incorrect method of specific reference in the 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V11.19384 


Pieridae part. Butler did not write vestalis vestalis but vestalis, and if 
the first reviser wishes to double the name it certainly should be written 
vestalis, Btlr. vestalis (first reviser’s name). Butler's name naturally 
included the species as a whole, whereas the first reviser who pointed 
out its comprehensiveness limited the inclusion to aspecified form. It 
is also a pity that the format of this section differs from the whole of 
the rest of the Catalogue, in empkasizing the subspecies as species by 
heavy type. On p. 258 of this family are two references we have been 
unable to verify even in the B.M., viz., aestiva and borealis forms of 
napt-oleracea, names said to have been described in The New Enyland 
Farmer by Harris in 1829, vol. VIIL? (or VII). One finds oleracea in 
Vol. VII. p. 402 in this newspaper. Even Kirby does not give these 
names in his System. Cat. nor do they occur in Sherborn. The 
utility of these wonderful lists of references must be unlimited. 

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Caracas, Ditton 
Hill, on 8th March, 19384, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the Chair. Members 
Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. Horace 
Donisthorpe, Prof. HE. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, Mr. Jas. 
E. Collin, and Dr. Harry Eltringham. Visitors Present :—Capt. N. D. 
Riley, Mr. C. N. Hughes, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Maj. R. W. G. Hingston, 
and Mr. Frank A. Oldaker. The guests were received at 6.30 onwards 
by Mr., Mrs. and the Misses Kaye. The Chairman’s comprehensive 
collections of Rhopalocera were on view. ‘he house was decorated 
with some beautiful specimens of orchids of which the Chairman for 
many years has been a most successful grower. Supper was served at 
8 o'clock and after a most enjoyable evening the guests dispersed at a 
late hour.—H. Wituoucuey-Euus. 

Herr G. Warnecke of Kiel has sent us a reprint of his articles 
collected from the Int. Hnt. Zeit. on the connection of Ants and 
Lycaentdae; in which he summarises all that is known of this curious 
and interesting relationship. He gives particulars of some 65 species 
of 24 Lycaenid genera, with 8 plates and several text figures. All 
references are given and Lists of the chief works on the subject. A 
very valuable summary. 

The same author has also sent us a number of separates of the 
articles he has contributed to various magazines on entomological 
subjects during the past few years, containing numerous plates and 
text figures. They deal with the micro-lepidoptera of the middle 
Rhine area, an Arctic relic of Germany, Lepidoptera of S.W. Arabia, 
the distribution of Lampides bveticus in mid Kurope, ete. 

Wherever Sig. Orazio Querci stays he does a large amount of 
entomological research and his results are published locally. Some 
while ago we referred to his work on the Rhopalocera of Spain 
which was published in Barcelona. Now we have to record a 
compilation of the Bibliography of the Rhopalocera of Portugal, which 
was published at Lisbon in the Arquivos do Musen Bocage. It 
consists of 112 small quarto pages and deals with 117 species, 
giving the name with reference to figures, the original description 
and the distribution in Portugal, with occasional notes of interest. 
References are added to literature before Linnaeus, e.g., Moutfet, 
Ray, Aldrovandus, Petiver, Wilkes, Roesel, etc. Much of the 
distribution notes were obtained from Wattison’s notes of 1928-9. 
Such a work is very useful to those who collect in Portugal. The 


CURRENT NOTES. 87 


descriptions are all reproduced in the language in which they were 
originally made, often with an expanded description when the original 
is too brief for modern work. 


CommittEe For THE Prorection oF British Insecrs.—An appeal 
is made to all Entomologists and others interested in the Protection 
of our Insect Fauna to subscribe to the Protection Fund of the above 
Committee. It is not the object of the Committee to restrict legitimate 
collecting for research purposes provided that a portion of the area to 
be protected can be kept as a sanctuary. These sanctuaries require 
looking after. A certain amount of mowing and thinning must be done 
consistent with the interests of the species to be protected, otherwise 
the sanctuaries become overgrown and the food-plants choked. In 
some Cases it is necessary to provide a watcher during the breeding 
season and sometimes to contribute to the rent of the sanctuary. 
Donations and subscriptions should be sent to H. M. Edelsten, Hon. 
Secretary, Committee for the Protection of British Insects, Royal 
Entomological Society of London, 41, Queen’s Gate, S.W.7. 

Parts 49 and 50 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Noctuae are 
very important for British entomologists interested in variation. In 
the 3 sheets (24 pages) the variation of no less than 36 species occurring 
in Britain is considered. The species concerned are those in the genera 
Polia, Harmodia, Aplecta, Tholera, Monima, Hyphilare, Sideritis, ete. 
(our old Dianthoecia, Hadena in part, Taeniocampa, and Leucania), and 
considerably over 100 variations are dealt with. Marmodia (Dianthvecia) 
caesia, Monima (Taeniocampa) yothica, M. stabilis, M. gracilis as well as 
the tangle luteayo-barrettii-andalusica are given more in detail. The 
result of the work of British entomologists that barrettit is a form of 
andalusica a separate species from luteago, is accepted. On the 3 
plates there are no less than 163 figures, 

Three parts of the Main Volume of Seitz American Bombyces, ete., 
have just been issued and contain 3 sheets and 6 plates. This huge 
volume still wants about 200 pages and 20 plates to complete it. Nine 
of the seventeen volumes projected in 1906 have been completed and 
also two volumes of the Supplement to the Huropean portion, with 
918 coloured plates and many thousand figures. 

We have received the Volumes containing the account of the Fifth 
Congress of Kntomology held in Paris in July, 1932. The Report 
contains the Papers received by the Congress, many of which there 
was no time to read and discuss. The volumes consist of some 1000 
pages with 37 plates and many text figures and dealing with the various 
aspects and activities of the science allocated in the following Sections : 
General Entomology; Morphology, etce.; Ecology, ete.; Applied 
Entomology ; Medical Entomology ; Forest Entomology ; Apiculture ; 
and Nomenclature. No less than 106 papers are printed of which 
more than half were in French and more than a quarter were by Kinglish 
speaking authors ; about a dozen were German. Hconomic and applied 
entomology form the bulk of the subjects discussed. One of the most 
interesting papers is that of Dr. Pictet, A consideration of the mongrel 
population of the Lepidoptera in the zone of contact between the 
habitats. It is illustrated with four plates and numerous diagrams. 
The area dealt with is that of the Swiss National Park in the Engadine 
and the species studied Hrebia pronoe and its form pitho, Hrebia nerine 


88 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15. VII.1934 


and its form vreichlini, EHrebia cassiope, Argynnis (Brenthis) pales, 
| Nemeophila plantaginis, Hrebia gorge and its form triopes. Prof. Poulton 
assembles a mass of evidence to show that the attempts made during 
the past quarter of a century to disprove the theories of Mimicry, 
Warning Colours and Protective Resemblance in Insects are without 
foundation ; a really delightful paper. The subject of Mimicry is 
again discussed in a paper by Franz Heikertinger of Vienna, with 
three plates. Jf space permits we will mention some of the more 
outstanding papers in this volume later in the year. 


May we remind our readers of two things to keepin mind. 1. To 
remember what has been requested about the Colorado Beetle; 2. To 
keep an eye on, and to record all species suspected of immigration. 
We might also ask for reports of second broods this year ; as the spring 
and early summer have been so abnormal and vegetation has matured 
much earlier, the appearances of many species are sure to be affected. 
In some Sussex areas the oaks are very badly attacked by Tortria 
viridana larvae. . 


Dr. Seitz, in his Preface to the Supplement of the lalaearctic 
Bombycids-Sphingids (Supp. Vol. II.), referring to the obsession of 
naming says, ‘‘ Some method must be found of preventing the small 
number of indispensable and scientifically valuable names being sub- 
merged by this flood of dispensable denominations.” ‘‘ The main object 
of this work is to enable collectors to find a definition and description 
of every name that may be found in literature, in any Museum or 
private collection, in descriptions of fauna, etc.” ‘The editor was 
forced to consider the wishes of his subscribers and disregard the 
strictly scientific standpoint, which would have appealed to only about 
5% of his readers. The other 95%, that study entomology as a matter 
of sport, or as a hobby, frequently take more interest in a denominated 
aberration of some local indigenous species than in an exotic rarity 
from far off lands.’ In fact the whole preface gives one much food 
for thought and is well worth perusing. 


We regret to see the announcement of the death of another of the 
small band of French entomologists who have for many years devoted 
their attention to the micro-lepidoptera, M. Chétien. It was not two 
years ago that M. Joannis passed away, another of those who were 
great students of the micros. M. Chétien was in his 88th year and 
with M. Joannis was one of the founders and strong supporters of the 
fine little paper L’ Amateur de Papillons. 


The Royal Entomological Society have announced that they will 
hold a Conversazione on Thursday, 13th September, in their rooms at. 
41, Queen’s Gate, S. Kensington during the Third International Locust 
Conference. 


Corrections :—p. 76 “ herpertology ”’ should be of course ‘‘ herpeto- 
logy.” 
f p. (881) Brit. Noct. “ tarawici”’ should be ‘ taraxact.” 
p. 64. ‘‘ Flinders ”’ should be “ Vlinders.”’ 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Tornin, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor lo send us communications DENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable aa if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require Innusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’” West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. VW’. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—h. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ dwrago,”’ 
Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Ditfinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desideratu.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercus. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
sriseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—d. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7. 
8 p.m. October 3rd. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
July 12th, 26th, August 9th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Hssex. 


URUGUAY. I want to sell Lepidop- 
tera, Coleoptera, and other insects from 
this country and am seeking connections 
with collectors. H. ScHnrIpER, Correo 
Libertad, depto. San José, BuscHEnTAL, 

ep. Uruguay. 


ee 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.0O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Wecaiad Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


VV M. CRAWFORD, BA., F-RE.S5 12's; Inonagseey. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. 
Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, 
Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Capt. 
P. Q. Parsons, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
“ TLatemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taenitocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrogpect of a Iepidopterist 
for 1890—Nifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. Il. 


Menanism anpD MertanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VARIATION (many)—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. 


{To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


fo 


te Sei ee 


SEP 28 1934 


Vol. XLVI. 


ENTOMOLOGISTS | RECORD 
AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


R. S. BAGNALh, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.R.E.8. 
Matcoum Burr, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BarnsriccE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 


Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, r.R.u.s. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
hsistance of E. A. Cockayne, a.mM., D.M., F.R.E.S., | H. EH. Paan, F.R..S. 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
J. KH. Conn, J.P., ¥.R.1.8. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R-.E.S., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Breraune-Baker, F.Z.S., F.R.E.8. 
By Henry J. a ee ¥.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


Dutch Forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland, B. J. Lempke .. ee 89 
Landscape Memories, G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.R.H.S., F.Z.8. ap oe 90 
Nomenclature, The hist, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S., F.R.H.S. se ats 92 


Notres on Conuectinc.—D. vinula in the Outer Hebrides, R. Adkin, 
F.R.E.S. ; Abundance of M. vulgaris in Windsor Forest, H. Donisthorpe, 
F.R.E.S.; Diprion polytomum - in Windsor Forest, Id.; Further Notes 
from Torquay, Capt. C. Q. Parsons ; 8. Devon Notes, Td. ; Irish eee 


Com. Wyndham Forbes, F.R.E.S. So 94 
Current Nortzes .. ‘ : ate a ae 66 of 95 
Reviews.—Proce. and Take: Ss. eee Ent. SAY: as ae Sve 3¢ 99 
Oxzituary.—Wm. Frederick Johnson .. ve 100 


SuprLeEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Der F. R1 E.S., P. UR. H. 8. (337)-(340) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (25)-(28) 


Subseription for Complete Volume, post free 
TEN SHILLINGS. 
to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


Val 


we 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 


CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full — 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the Wor!d.”’ 


' 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., Engiand 


| |) BO. (Bax. \ne. APBD Fy) THLEPHCONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


. aT (ven ENTOMOLOGIGAL GABINET 

J. J ag Hi | LL & SO N, MANUFACTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Insect Gabinets; also Cheap Storage Gabinets for 
Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WitumspEen 0309. 


PHE VASCULUM 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITED BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland. 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. VV. Temperley. 
The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 
and should be sent to 
WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


AN IMPORTANT NEW WORK 


BEES, WASPS, ANTS, AND ALLIED — INSECTS 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. 


With 44 Plates in Colour showing 470 figures, and 67 half-tone Plates showing 
170 photographic reproductions. 


Prospectus available Price ics net. 


FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. 
Chandos House, Bedford Court, London, W.C. 2. 


“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. 


List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 

Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. is Price, one copy, 1s. 0d. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kunnety J. Haywarp, F.R.H.S. Is. 3d. 7 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. EB 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) ss Paros: : 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. ‘ 
Anprews, F.R.E.S 6d. / 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37- -45 of Ent. Record, new series ; including ‘Special q 
Index . 06 an Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. ; 

q 


To be oa post free ee H, W. ae 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. 


DUTCH FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 89 


Dutch Forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland. 
By B. J. LEMPKE. 
(Concluded from page 66.) 
Correction.—On p. 64 for ‘‘ Flinders ’’ read ‘‘ Vlinders.”’ 


11. Aricia medon, Hun. (astrarche, Brgstr.) ab. snelleni, ter Haar, 
Onze Vlinders, p. 13, 1899 (or 1900). <‘Is constituted of examples in 
which the black points in the middle of the forewings are wholly or 
partially surrounded by a white ring.” 

Ab. albiannulata, Harrison, Hint. Rec., xvili., p. 286, 1906, falls as 
a synonym. 

12. Aricia medon, Hufn., ab. graafii, ter Huell, Sepp’s Nederl. 
Ins., vol. VIL., preface, p. i1., fig. on frontispiece, 1855. ‘ With white 
instead of orange marginal points.” 

13. Rhyacia orbona, Hufn. (comes, Hb.) ab. pronubina, de Graaf, 
Sepp’s Nederl. Ins., vol. vii., p. 189, 1843-55. <‘‘ Forewings of a grey- 
ish olive colour, markings less clear. Hindwings without the black 
lunule.” 

In Bowwst., I. p. 250, note 1, 1858, de Graaf writes: ‘“‘connuba, 
Hb., 680, is, if not another species, certainly another variety.” 

Connuba, Hb., fig. 680, has the forewings yellowish-brown with 
markings, so it is impossible to treat pronubina as a synonym. 

14. Cosmia (Xanthia) fulvago, Li. ab. togatoides, Snellen, Vijdschr. 
v. Mut., vol. 58, p. 816, Blet. Dec., 1910. ‘‘ The ground colour of the 
forewings is not sulphur yellow, but vividly citron yellow as in toyata 
(lutea, Stro6m.|. Head and collar as well as the markings are however 
as in the type of the species.” 

15. Conistra (Orrhodia) erythrocephala, F., ab. caeca, ter Haar, 
Onze Vlinders, p. 215, 1902 (or 1903). “ The lower half of the reni- 
form stigma is usually sharply filled with black, but not always. 
These sub-varieties could be named caeca.” 

Ab. impunetata, Splr., Schm. Hur., L., p. 254, 1907, is a synonym. 

16. Conistra ligula, Esp. ab. auroniyra, Heylaerts, Tijdschr. v. 
Hut., vol. 88, p. xxxvill, 1889. ‘‘ An example was found by me, near 
the Speelhuis [Breda], which had the anterior wings deep black, a 
basal point, the orbicular and reniform stigmata, the outer line and the 
fringes of a magnificent golden yellow.” 

17. Constra rubiginea, F., ab. wnicolor, Heylaerts, op. cit., vol. 
33, p. xxxvill, 1889. ‘‘ Among a large number of specimens of this 
species, reared ab ovo, I have obtained some examples without the 
ordinary markings and spots.” 

Ab. unicolor, Tutt, Brit. Noct., IIl., p 7, 1892, falls as a 
synonym. 

18. Sarrothripus revayana, Scop. ab. grisea, ter Haar, Onze 
Vlinders, p. 65, 1900 (or 1901). ‘Has a grey ground-colour and is 
otherwise as var. V.”  [=ramosana, Hb.| 

An example of this aberration, of which only very few have been 
taken in Holland, is excellently figured by Oudemans, Tijdschr. v, Hint. 
vol. 39, pl. 8, fig.5, 1895. Sheldon (/ntom., vol. 52, p. 101, plt. I. fig. 8, 
1919) names the forms paler than the type of ramosana, Hb. : cladodes, 
Sh. His name can stand for all the forms paler than »amosana, but not 
pure grey. ‘The figure of Barrett, quoted by Sheldon, greatly differs 
from the one of Oudemans by its ground colour. 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.1984 


Sagittata, Sh., which has a grey ground colour, differs in the 
form of the dark streak, which has a normal ramosana-form in grisea. 

19. Cybosia mesomella, L., ab. flava, de Graaf, Bouwst., 1. p. 2384, 
1853. ‘Var. fava.—Hb. 266.—Eneram. vi., fig. 304, a, b. The 
upper wings are instead of whitish, strong yellow ; otherwise as in the 
type.” 

Ab. flava, Preiss., Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges., Vol. 59, p. (283), 1909, 
is a synonym. As there is some confusion about the type form of 
mesomella, 1t will be well to quote Linne’s original description (Syst. 
Nat., X. ed., p. 535, 1758) : “ P. Tinea alis supra albis, subtus luteis, 
interne nigris. Habitat in Gramine.” So the form with whitish 
forewings is the type (=eborina, Hb., Beitr. I., 3, pl R., fig. Q, 1786, 
and Samml. Hur. Schm., Bombyces, fig. 104; =albida, Catherine, Amat. 
de Pap., I, p. 242, 1923) and not the form with yellow forewings, as 
Catherine and d’Aldin write. (Is this form predominant somewhere 
in France ?) 

20. Miltochrista miniata, Forst., ab. flava, de Graaf, Bouwst., L., 
p. 284, 18538. ‘‘ Differs from the typical form only by the deep yellow 
ground-colour of the wings.” 

Ab. crocea, Bignault, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1880, p. 105, and flava, 
Meyer, Insektenbdrse, vol. 23, p. 88, 1906, are synonyms. 

21. Pelosia muscerda, Hufn., ab. tmmaculata, Oudms., Vijdschr. v. 
Eintom., vol. 42, verslag [report] p. 20, 1899. Here Oudemans 
proposes to name the ab. without the points on the forewings: ab. 
immaculata. The form was figured op. cit., vol. 40, pl. 12, fig. 2, by 
Snellen (without naming it). 

Ab. concolor, Schultz, Mnt. Zettschr., xxii., p. 183, 1900, falls as a 
synonym. 

22. Trochilinm crabroniformis, Lewin, ab. credanensis, Heylaerts, 
Tijdschr. v. Ent., vol. 26, p. CLI., 1883. ‘‘ The thorax shows a tuft 
of deep yellow hairs at the base of the anterior wings; the scutellum 
of the mesothorax has two rather large yellow lunules, the inner sides 
of which are turned to each other. The first abdominal ring is yellow 
and covered with rather long hairs of the same colour, the second is 
black with bronze reflection ; the third is yellow; the fourth is shining 
reddish orange and, as all the others, which are yellow, with a very 
narrow black border; the anal tuft is also of a yellow orange colour 
and shining. Antennae, palpi, feet, etc., are typical.” 

February, 1934. Amsterdam. 


Landscape Memories. 
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Memories come and go like clouds in a summer sky, they float in 
the blue and disappear only to form again and soar above you. 

It is well over half a century ago since 1 made my first visit to 
Switzerland. There was then no railway up the Visp valley, and my 
friend and I were off at seven o’clock in the morning for Stalden, and 
then on to St. Nicholas, where we put up for the night. Up betimes 
in the morning we ascended and still ascended, then suddenly the first 
elimpse of the Matterhorn came in sight, and a little later the full 
view of that stupendous, and ever entrancing mountain, came into 


LANDSCAPE MEMORIES. 91 


sight, a vision of snowy whiteness. Its terrible precipitous face is 
rarely so seen in summer, for the snow never lies there, but there 
happened to have been a heavy fall that had not had time to melt in 
those upper regions in spite of the sunshine in which we and everything 
were bathed. But even more beautiful still than the superb mountain 
ip its snowy coldness, lay a dazzling scene of exquisite blue almost at 
our feet, for there in front of us shone an acre or more of Gentiana 
verna in such profusion and brilliance as I have never again seen; a 
memory never to be obliterated. Apart from runs to catch, or try to 
eatch, Pieris callidice, the capture, that remains in my mind, is that of 
Naclia punetata, of which we caught several in the early morning 
between Visp and Stalden. 

Another reminiscence, again starting from the Rhone Valley, was , 
a tramp up the Orsiéres-Dranse valley, over the Great St. Bernard to 
Aosta. We took refuge at the Hospice for the night, and it was a little 
alarming, as we approached its hospitable doors, to be greeted by a 
score or more of great St. Bernard dogs, all baying around us. They 
were, however, quite respectful to strangers. Snow was everywhere 
and deep. Continuing our way the next morning, a little distance 
below the ridge of the pass, the snow was melting on a shoulder 
exposed to the full power of the sun’s rays, and here we found hundreds 
of the larvae of Zygaena exulans on the grassy slope. Some of these 
I sent to Buckler, and his figures of them were those given in his work 
on the Larvae of British Moths. The contrast of Aosta, with its 
vineyards and rather dried up vegetation—it was very hot—.compared 
with the luxuriant and flowery hay-fields a couple of thousand feet 
higher up, was very marked. 

It is a long cry from there to the Pyrenees, but I recall my first 
visit, over twenty-five years ago, to Gavarnie; Hugh Jones was with 
me, and my old friend Colbran Wainwright joined usa week later. It 
was a walk with the latter over the Vignemal Pass to the Lac de 
Gaube that I recall. We had been collecting too long and were 
beginning to push on when as we suddenly rounded a sharp mountain 
bend in the track, a scene of such exquisite beauty met our gaze that 
both of us spontaneously stood transfixed with the single, softly uttered 
‘Oh!’ coming from our lips as we stood and gazed, and gazed. For 
there, just before us, arose two mountains side by side, separated only 
by a very narrow grassy valley that was thickly carpeted with rich 
ultramarine blue Iris, not purple but rich true blue, extending half 
way up the sides of both mountains; the vast mass of heavenly blue 
mingling with the deep green of the foliage, formed a scene of beauty 
that will ever remain a joy to think of. 

Now, the pinnacles and aiguilles and turreted embattlements of the 
Rosenlaui float before my eyes. ‘These seen from Weisslahnbad, 
bathed in the delicate early sunset rays are again a very happy memory ; 
as the sunset colours deepen, the silvery grey of the range with its 
entrancing peaks and towers becomes deep erimson in hue, and in its 
darker tints transform the early delicate aspect into one of rather 
terrible and forbidding splendour. This is a beautiful neighbourhood 
(and up to the Pordoi Pass and beyond) for the rocky flower denizens 
that love these limestone mountain crannies, and many precious 
specimens changed their habitat, and seemed quite happy in so doing. 

It is not far, comparatively speaking, from here to the Engadine, 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1984 


Pontresina, the Queen of the Alps; her wonderfully varied mountain 
forms and scenes entrance me more, each time I revisit them. My 
last visit, with two old friends, was eight years ago; we arrived there 
on 2nd July, a very late season, for the snow had only left the valleys 
a few days previously, and the entire district was brilliant with all the 
early flowers. Here, in earlier days, I made my first acquaintance 
with the Nutcracker Crow, the Great Black Woodpecker and with the 
Black Squirrel, and they were all observed again. The fine Palu and 
its glacier come vividly back to memory as we gazed on them from 
Alp Griim, as also the sequence of blue lakes that unfold before you 
from Muottas Murail. But amid all the other varied beauty spots the 
Roseg Valley with its stream and woods and wonderful snowy back- 
ground must ever remain a lovely reminiscence of happy days in 
Europe’s playground. 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from page 84.) 


In his revision of the Palaearctic “‘ Blues’? Mr. Bethune-Baker 
placed the following in the genus Polyommatus, Latr.— 

eros, Ochs., eroides, Friv., venus, Stder., stoliczkana, Eldr., superba, 
Stdgr., daymara, Gr.-Gr., actinides, Stdgr., candalus, H.-8., icarus, 
Rott., devanica, Mr., sarta, Alph., amandus, Schv., myrrha, H.-S., hylas, 
Esp., meleager, Esp., eschert, Hb., amor, Stdgr., and loewti, Zell. (sens. 
strict.), with dis, Gr.-Gr., idas, Rmbr., psylorita, Frr., chinensis, Murr., 
kogistana, Gr.-Gr., ewmedon, Esp., hyacinthus, H.-S., phyllides, Stdgr., 
anteros, Frr., isaurica, Stdgr. (part of the genus Aricia, R.L. of Tutt 
and others), with thetis, Rott., coridon, Poda, thersites, Cant., aragonensis, 
Vrty., marcida, Led., gravesi, Chap. (the genus Agriades, Hb., of Tutt, 
etc.), with damon, Schiff., dolus, Hb., hopfferi, H.-S., phyllis, Christ., 
admetus, Kisp., mithridates, Stdegr., erschofii, Led., aedon, Christ., glaucias, 
Led., damone, Ev., iphigenia, H.-S., actis, H.-S., poseidon, Led., dama, 
Stder. (the genus Hirsutina, Tutt, etc.), with optilete, Knoch., cyparissus, 
Hb., iris, Stder., rutilans, Stdgr. (the genus Vacciniina, Tutt, etc.), with 
coelestina, Hiv., persephatta, Alph., semiargus, Rott. (the genus Cyaniris, 
Dalm., of Tutt and others). See Hnt. Rec. 1914, p. 138, ete. 

He further states that he is unable to find any stable structural 
character to differentiate the species placed in Avicia, R.L., Agriades, 
Hb., Hirsutina, Tutt, Vacciniina, Tutt, and Cyaniris, Dalm. from 
Polyommatus, Latr. and therefore sinks all five of them. 

Polyommatus, Latr., astrarche, Brestr. becomes Aricia, R.L. agestis, 
Schiff. 

In his British Butterflies Tutt substituted Aricia, R.L. medon, Hutn. 
which we have used since that time. Aricia, R.L. as used by Tutt 
has long been accepted, but by the stupid misapplication of the 
Zoologist’s wretched homonym rule, medon, Hufn. 1766 is displaced. 
Another species in no way whatever liable to be confused with our 
species, in fact a Nymphalid, had been named medon by Linnaeus. It 
is simply disgusting to view the gymnastics which takes place in this 
way. Having brought the priority name into use for some time, 
someone butts in and displaces it; a nice scientifie (sic) game. 


NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 938 


Such a rule we feel sure, was never intended to be applied in every 
name repetition, but only where confusion was liable to arise. 

Polyommatus, Latr. icarus, Rott. remains Polyommatus, Latr. icarus, 
Rott. 

Polyommatus, Latr. corydon, Poda, becomes Lysandra, Hem. coridon, 
Poda. 

Following Tutt in his Brit. Butt. for some period, Agriades, Hb. 
was used in this magazine. But some while after Bethune-Baker’s 
study of the genitalia of this group of Lycaenidae, in the main Polyom- 
matus has been used. A reference to Poda showed us long ago that y 
in coridon was an unwarrantable insertion. There appears to be no 
adequate and scientific reason for a new generic name here, except, 
perhaps that the number of species included in Polyommatus (senst lato) 
is inconyeniently large. 

A large genus is always difficult to grasp and one naturally and 
unconsciously divides it in one’s mind into groups, by some conven- 
tional character, e.g., the damon group with the vitta on the underside, 
the semiargus group with distinctive underside spotting, the very 
brillant thetis-coridon group, ete. 

Polyommatus, Latr., bellargus, Rott., becomes Lysandra, Hem., 
bellargus, Rott. 

It was subsequently pointed out by Tutt that this species was the 
thetis, Rott. (1775). Now again comes in that wretched homonym 
rule for it has recently been found that Drury in 1773 two years 
previously had used the name thetis. But it is absolutely ignored that 
the two species were at the time and for long subsequent years 
adequately separated by the systematic classification of the age. The 
thetis, Rott. was a “ Papilio Plebeius Ruralis,” while the thetis, Drury 
was a ‘ Papilio Danaus Candidus.’’ There is only page difference 
between thetis and bellargus in Rott., the former being No. 11 on page 
24 and the latter No. 12 on page 25. These were redescribed and 
well figured by Esper, Abbdild. I(1). p. 332, 333, plt. XXXII., by which 
it is apparent that Rott. gave the name thetis to a 9, and the name 
bellargus to a g of one and the same species. The case is comparable 
to that of the Satyrid jurtina, L., 9, and janira, L. g. 

Nomiades, Hb., semiaryus, Rott., becomes Cyaniris, Dalm., semi- 
argus, Rott. 

Subsequently in the Hnt. Rec. XVIII. p. 1381 (1906) Tutt dropped 
Nomiades, Hb. and noted 

“1816. Cyaniris, Dalman.—Only argianus (=semiargus) cited in 
the generic synopsis (Vet. Ak. Hand. p. 63) therefore this is the type.” 

Since the Revision by Mr. Bethune-Baker this magazine has used 
Polyommatus. Apropos of this use we quote from the Note of the 
“List.” 

‘The extent to which it is desirable to split up the Palaearctic 
and Nearctic ‘‘ Blues”’ into different yenera is a matter on which 
opinion may well differ.’ ‘Those who dislike the subdivision of 
genera, even though that sub-division is based on structural characters, 
will probably wish to sink the genera Aricta, R.L., Lysandra, Hem., 
and Cyaniris, Dalm., as synonyms of Polyommatus, Latr.” 

(To be continued.) 


94 KNTOMOLOGISY’S REOORD. 15.1X.1984 


WOTKES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


DickaNURA VINULA IN THE OuTER Hepripes.—Referring to the note 
on this species in the July-August number (ante p. 85), it may be of 
interest to put on record that when the late Harry McArthur spent 
the season of 1901 collecting in the Isle of Lewis he brought me, in 
the Autumn of that year, four pupae of Dicranura vinula from larvae 
that he had obtained in the neighbourhood of Stornoway, and that I 
bred moths from them between 11th and 28rd June, 1902. Stornoway, 
it may be noted, is not far short of a hundred miles north of Barra 
and probably near the northern limit of the species.—Roperr ADKIN. 


AsunpancE oF MetontonrHa vuuearis, F's., ry Wrixpsor Korest.— 
Last May the common “ Cockchafer’’ occurred in good numbers in 
the Windsor Forest area. It also appeared earlier in the year than 
usual. Up to this year I have never seen it in any numbers there; 
and generally only a few specimens when beating. This year, however, 
was quite different. Along one road, about a mile and a half long, 
leading to part of the Forest, these beetles were present, literally in 
thousands. Many lay dead on the paths, and in the gutter; others 
were crawling along the road; some in cop.. On one very tall oak 
tree, clusters of them occurred on every branch, and almost on every 
leaf (the centre of the cluster being a pair in cop.) as high as the eye 
could see.—Horace DonistHorPE. 


Diprion potytomum, Hre., 1n Winpsor Forest.—On 6th May, last, 
when beating Spruce trees, a specimen of this Sawfly was taken. There 
have been, I believe, only two other examples found in Britain; one 
of them was bred by Miss Chawner from a larva taken in the New 
Forest. 

It is a well known European species, and has recently been 
introduced into Canada. There if has become a pest, and is doing 
vast damage to the spruce forests. The Canadian Government has 
voted a large sum of money to be devoted to getting rid of the sawfly. 
They are employing an entomologist to study it on the Continent. 
Parasites of the sawfly larvae are collected, and sent to Farnham Royal 
to be tested, and reared in some numbers, and are then sent out to 
Canada. Fortunately it is extemely rare in this country at present.— 
Horack DonisTHoRPE. 


Furraer Nores From Torquay.- Referring to my remarks on 
Cerigo matura, on p. 58. I have to-day 12th June turned out the tin 
which has been kept in a damp cellar since last autumn when the 
larvae appeared to be full fed, but without supplementary damping of 
the earth covering the living larvae. I found about 20 larvae mostly 
shrivelled up; two or three when dipped in water just showed slight 
signs of life. There were no pupae. In the autumn I took out about 
a dozen larvae nearly full fed and placed them in an earthenware 
vessel half filled with earth and covered with perforated zine in the 
garden. This batch has remained there ever since. I! ceased 
feeding them in November, and on turning out the earth to-day found 
9 healthy pupae. They had the appearance of being newly formed, 
being somewhat soft, though brown. In view of the remarks of 


CURRENT NOTES. 95 


Guenée quoted by Barrett, where he says the larvae are tender and 
few reach the perfect state, I thought it worth mentioning.—(Capt.) 
C. Q. Parsons, ‘‘ Alma Marseau,’’ Seaway Lane, Torquay. 


Sours Devon Norrs.—On the night of 12th May after a thunder- 
storm the following species came to light :—Notodonta trepida, 1; 
Drymonia chaonia, 1; Demas coryli, 9; Lithosia sororeula, 2; and 
Cabera pusaria, 1. There were no commoner species. On 9th May I 
noted Leptosia sinapis and Polyyonia c-albwn.—lIp. 


Irtsh Nores.—On arrival at Milford, Co. Donegal, on the 9th June, 
I wrote to Mr. Thos. Greer asking about localities and dates of 
Melitaea aurinia, and on Monday morning, the 11th, got a wire from 
him giving the nearest place he knew and saying that the butterfly 
was now flying. So I went out to look at a field I had noted close to 
Milford, and immediately found it there. Greer says that as far as he 
knows it is a new locality. 

On the 16th I drove over to Co. Tyrone and spent a couple of very 
pleasant days with Greer. He took me to a Coenonympha tiphon 
locality 8.W. of Loch Neagh, where we spent some happy hours 
catching the butterfly and discussing the local flora and fauna of the 
deep bog lands we were on. The whole country there is being drained 
and the peat cut, so that I fear O. tiphon is doomed there. He showed 
me a patch of cranberry where the ground was pink with the flowers. 
I should not have expected it at such a low level, only sixty feet above 
the sea. We sat down there and presently found some of last year’s 
fruit, still quite eatable. This also was a surprise; I should have 
expected so delicate a fruit to have rotted long since. 

I have not done much entomologizing since, my time being 
employed in fruitless fishing and sketching. However, on the 5th 
July I drove up into the hills towards Gweedore to look for (. tiphon, 
which | found at the first spot I thought likely, and failed to find in 
another place which [ thought looked much more hkely. On 8th July 
I went to some sandhills on the Fanad peninsula to look for the blue 
females of Polyommatus icarus. I caught four black ones, about as 
much blue as Dorset chalk summer brood, and ten males five of which 
had black marginal spots on the upperside hindwings. 

On 9th July I went to Rosapenna, where | found the blue females, 
and six out of 17 males had the black spots above mentioned; one 
also on the forewings—and one a few orange scales at the anal angle, 
upperside.—WynpHam Fores (F.R.H.S.). 16th July, 1934. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 

The annual volume of the London Natural History Society has 
recently appeared. It consists of 142 pp. with 10 plates, of which 20 
pp. and L plt (including valuable notes on plant galls) are devoted to 
Entomology; somewhat more than usual. The members of this 
flourishing Society are largely devoted to the study of Birds, Botany 
and Archaeology. The Society is divided into sections, each with its 
own sectional officers, which adds to its efficiency. There is a 
very useful paper on the Glow-worm by R. W. Pethen, a year’s records 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1934 


of British Butterflies and numerous valuable notes on the occurrence 
of plant galls with remarks on the economy of their makers. In the 
Dragonfly note Aeschna should be spelt Aeshna. (See Fabricius Gen. 
Insectorum, p. 147.) 

The Southampton and Hampshire entomologists, under their new 
title ‘‘ The Society for British Hntomologists ” are gradually attracting 
members all over the country by their unbounded activities. The 
Society has recently issued No. 1 of Vol. I of a new issue of their 
Journal, a List of Members and a new set of bye-laws, together with 
their balance-sheet and a very valuable Part I of Vol. I of a new issue 
of Transactions. Let us hope that titular finality has at last been 
reached. The Balance-sheet is simple and most encouraging; the 
running expenses are at their lowest with annual commitments 
practically nil; the balance carried forward on a gross total of £246 
being £154, a proportion which, if kept up, will enable the Society to 
develop its object the ““Improvement and Diffusion of Entomological 
Science as exemplified in the study of British Entomology.” 

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Hastbourne on 
16th June, 1984, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair. Members present in 
addition to the Chairman :—Prof. EH. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby 
Ellis, Mr. Jas. E. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye. 
Visitors present:—Mr. B. W. Adkin, Mr. H. W. Andrews, Dr. R. 
Amstrong, Major E. Ii. Austen, Mr. KE. C. Bedwell, Dr. K. G. Blair, 
Mr. G. V. Bull, Dr. Malcolm Burr, Dr. EH. A. Cockayne, Prof. D. G. 
Hale Carpenter, Capt. Dannreuther, Mr. H. M. Edelsten, Mr. T. R. 
Eagles, Mr. I. W. Frohawk, Mr. J. C. F. fryer, Mr. C. N. Hawkins, 
Col. F. A. Labouchere, Mr. Hugh Main, Mr. A. Li. Rayward, Mr. 
Edwin D. Sharp, Mr. E. EK. Syms, Mr. J. R. Le B. Tomlin, Mr. 
C. G. M. de Worms, Rev. Geo. Wheeler. ‘The members and guests 
assembled at the Grand Hotel and were received by the Chairman at 
12.45 for 1 o’clock luncheon which was served in a private room. 
In the afternoon the usual excursions were made to the Crumbles and 
to the Downs. ‘The weather was very fine and hot and the vegetation 
was badly parched by the continuous drought. 

The Entomological Supper was held at the Grand Hotel at 6.0 in 
the private room and 381 sat down. After supper Mr. Jas. Collin 
exhibited a rare Empid, Rhamphomyia vesiculosa, Fln., which was 
taken by him as new to Britain in 1912 and has never been taken 
since. The species is notable on account of the remarkable genitalia 
of the g. The species is generally found under cold conditions in the 
Arctic regions. The present specimens were taken at Aviemore and 
the Bridge of Brown. A most entertaining and very pleasant evening 
was spent after which many of the company took trains for London 
and elsewhere and the remainder of the guests who were able to accept 
the Chaiman’s invitation to stay over the weekend, were provided with 
accommodation at the Grand Hotel. On Sunday, 17th June, cars left 
the Hotel immediately after breakfast for a collecting trip at White- 
field Wood in gorgeous weather. Insects generally were not plentiful 
but a considerable number of species of butterflies including larvae of 
Limenitis camilla (sibilla) were seen, and the Coleopterists captured a 
large number of beetles including Pyrochroa coccinea, L., and other 
interesting species. Mr. Rayward also presented the writer with a 
beautiful @ specimen of Macrocephalus albinus, L., which has for 


CURRENT NOTES. Ser 


many years been a denizen of these woods. It was taken on birch on 
the 5th September, 1983. The return journey to the Grand Hotel was. 
made at 1 o’clock where luncheon was served and during the afternoon 
a visit was paid to the Chairman’s house, ‘“‘ Hodeslea,’ Meads, when 
Mrs. Adkin dispensed tea. The gardens were much enjoyed, the 
shady places offering ideal repose for pleasant converse. 

The Chairman gave a dinner party at the Grand Hotel in the 
evening and the company dispersed on Monday morning after a most 
successful and enjoyable weekend.—H. Wittovensy Huis. 


In the more recent numbers of the Hint. Zeit. is an interesting 
paper on the Biology of Phragmatobia fuliginosa, the writer having 
obtained three generations in one year. The lst generation in size 
and shape was normal and measured g 29mm. 2 33mm.; the 2nd 
gen. was considerably larger, 34-37mm., no doubt due to the larvae 
having fed on luscious spring vegetation; the 8rd brood was partly 
normal in size and partly small 27-80. Another good article is one 
dealing with the Rhopalocera of Central Tunis, the area lying between 
the wooded north-western portion, and the Steppe zone south of the 
Atlas Mountains, and numerous new local forms are differentiated. 
Another important article to British collectors is that by Herr Warnecke 
on Cymatophora or, with 19 figures of various forms of the species. 

We note that Prof. Dr. Arnold Spuler died during June. He will 
be remembered as responsible for that most useful work Schmetterlinye 
Huropas, in 4 volumes with a large number of plates on which the vast 
majority of the Macrolepidoptera of Europe are figured in both imaginal 
and larval stages and including a good proportion of the Mieros as 
well. 


In the more recent numbers of the Wnt. Rund. Prof. M. Draudt is. 
dealing in detail with the genus Dianthoecia, with figures of the 
genitalia of each species. A useful paper for our continental collectors. 
is that on the Macrolepidoptera of the Riesengebirge mountains. 
Another long article is continued on the Increase of Insects, dealing 
with various species and with the various factors which effect the 
increase or otherwise of the Lepidoptera. 


The current number of the Spanish entomological journal Fos is. 
particularly interesting to those lepidopterists who intend to visit N. 
Africa in the coming years. Prof. Dr. Darck and Herr Hans Reisser 
have commenced a very informative article on the Lepidopterous Fauna 
of the Rif Mountains of Spanish Morocco, consisting of a general 
account of the character of the country for observation and collecting 
with 3 plates of photos of localities; a few general remarks on the 
Fauna itself with a good annotated Bibliography come next, and this 
is succeeded by a section dealing with each indigenous species to which 
there are added six plates of figures of particular forms, and of their 
genital structure. Another article deals with the Spanish species. 
representative of the athalia group of the genus Melitaea comprising 
the four recognised species, viz., M. detone with its subsidiary forms 
nevadensis, hispanica, stynata, aranensis and royot (ab. nov.); Al. athalia; 
M. parthenie with forms codinoi and vernettensis. It is illustrated with 
2 plates and a very complete bibliography. A further article deals. 
with the Collembola of the Republic Argentina, with 5 plates and 


98 ENTOMOLOGIS‘’’S RECORD. 15.1X.1933 


figures illustrating about 90 species. In fact the whole part is a very 
valuable contribution to entomological science. 


To those entomologists interested in the Melitaea species we would 
refer a very detailed and well illustrated article in the valuable 
publication produced by the Deutsches Entomologischen Institut, 
entitled ‘‘ New Observations on the didyma group of the genus Melitaea 
from the material in the Deut. Ent. Ins.,” by Herr G. Belter. It 
is illustrated by a number of figures of imagines and of structure, 
bringing our knowledge up to date, and describes a new species and 
three new subspecies. The immense amount of original entomological 
matter on all orders of insects collected in the publications of this 
Institut under the able initiative and continued assiduity of its Director 
Dr. Walther Horn and his helpers is quite phenomenal. 


We have received an account of the “ Material of the Micro- 
lepidoptera group collected in the Kwangtung Province of China by 
Dr. Mell from 1908 till 1921,” by A. Caradja and EK. Meyrick. Over 
4000 example are dealt with and a very valuable record has been made 
of new material for our study of the ‘smaller fry ” of a little known area 
of the world. ‘I'he authors are to be congratulated for their pioneer 
work in this thorough investigation. 


We have received a reprint of an article by F. M. Jones and D. W. 
Farquhar on the Psychid Fumea casta as observed in N. America, near 
Boston in Massachusetts, where it has been introduced and apparently 
become well established, since it has been procured from there in large 
numbers for experimental purposes. ‘There are two plates and a map 
to illustrate the biological notes. 


W.S. Blatchley, who is well-known for his works on the Coleoptera 
and Rhynchota of parts of N. America, has sent us further notes on 
the species of Heteroptera taken in the winter near Los Angeles, 
California, between 25.vii. and 15.iii., 1927-8. It is intended as a 
supplement to Van Duzee’s ‘‘ Preliminary List.” 


In the Zeit. Oesterr. Ent. Ver. recent numbers contain contributions 
by Dr. H. Rebel on “‘ New Lepidoptera from Macedonia’’; by Dr. H. 
Zerny, “A new Zygaenid from the Atlas Mts.”; by L. Sheljuzko, 
‘‘ New Lepidoptera from the North Caucasus”’; by Dr. Zerny, “‘ New 
Heterocera from the Atlas Mts. in Morocco.”’ Several plates are given 
in illustration making 8 in all for the first six months of this year. 


We have received a Catalogue of second-hand Kntomological works, 
issued recently by Messrs. Wheldon and Wesley of New Oxford Street 
which lists many works of interest and useful to present day 
entomologists, mostly at moderate prices. 


Some three years ago we mentioned in these pages the admirable 
small volumes on the Butterflies and Moths of Hastbourne written by 
that great friend of all entomologists Mr. Robert Adkin. Now there 
has appeared the 1st Supplement of about 16 pp. of Additions and 
Corrections (few) largely due to the continued systematic working of 
a light trap by the indefatigable author and supplemented by records 
of recent captures by Mr, A. L. Rayward. 


Two meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford on 
30th June and 1st July, 19384, Prof: EH. B. Poulton and Dr. Harry 


REVIEWS 99 


filtringham respectively in the Chair. Members present:—Mr. Robert 
Adkin, Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Prof. E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. 
Willoughby Ellis, Mr. Jas. K. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham. Visitors 
present :—Dr. Malcolm Burr, Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter, Dr. F. A. Dixey, 
Mr. EK. B. Ford, Dr. B. M. Hobby, Mr. E. Bolton King, Capt. N. D. 
Riley, Mr. G. Talbot, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, 
Comm. Jas. J. Walker, Dr. C. A. Wiggins. On the afternoon of 80th 
June, the members and guests assembled at the Hope Department and 
were received by Prof. and Mrs. Poulton and Dr. Harry Eltringham; 
tea and light refreshments were provided and a very pleasant and 
instructive afternoon was spent at the Museum. This pleasant annual 
conversazione which is always looked forward to with much pleasure 
was as usual most successful. Accommodation was provided for 
members and visitors in Jesus College. In the evening the company 
assembled at Jesus College where the first Club Supper was arranged 
for 8 o'clock, Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S. in the Chair. The reunion 
of old friends was as usual much enjoyed and a lengthy evening of 
entertaining conversation was spent, retirement being made at a late 
hour. On Sunday morning the guests visited friends in Oxford or 
made up collecting parties on their own account and returned to Jesus 
College at 1 o’clock for luncheon. In the afternoon an excursion was 
arranged in glorious weather in motor cars to Bagley Wood, and during 
the afternoon the company, which now included many ladies, roamed 
through the woods and returned to the Forest Room at 4 o'clock for 
tea, after which in the cooler evening the party drove back to Oxford. 
In the evening the second Club Supper was served at Jesus College at 
8 o'clock, Dr. Harry Eltringham in the Chair. Again the members 
and guests were entertained in the usual Oxford manner, and the 
pleasure of such gatherings will be a life-time remembrance. On 
Monday morning, for many, the Hope Department was again the 


objective, and the company generally dispersed during the day.— 
H.W.-E. 


FRWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Proceepincgs anpD Transactions oF THE SoutH Lonpon Entomo- 
LocicaL aANb Naturat History Soctwry, 1933-34. Pp. xx+148, 8 
tabs; price 12/6.—These Proceedings record meetings from 9th 
February, 1933 to 25th January, 1934 together with the Field Meetings 
during the summer of 1933 and include the President’s Address and 
several papers read before the Society. The Reports of the General 
and Field Meetings contain numerous interesting records of Insects, 
mostly of Lepidoptera, amongst which we may refer to the remarks on 
Aphouria gularts, on the species of Yponomeuta, and on a second brood 
of Hnarmonia pomonella. The papers read deal with the British 
Mecoptera (EK. E. Syms), Beetle Larvae (K. G. Blair), Gall Midges 
(M. Niblett), Prothoracic Glands of Drepanid and Notodontid Larvae 
(K. G. Blair), a Season in Arctic Russia (HK. A. Cockayne), and the 
Lifehistory of the Death-Watch Beetle (D. E. Kimmins), so it is 
evident that, as the President put it in his Annual Address, the Society 
had the good fortune to listen to some exceptionally interesting papers 
on a variety of subjects. From the same source we learn that the 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.19384 


state of affairs of the Society, both as regards numbers and its financial 
position, has continued to be very satisfactory and that it is particularly 
gratifying to note that the membership is being annually swelled by 
an increasing contingent of the younger generation, who are taking 
a very live interest in all the proceedings. This is good news. Field 
Meetings and rather informal General Meetings, at which the younger 
collectors especially are welcome and meet those with more experience, 
should have a real educative value in training up the coming 
generation of British Entomologists. It is needless to say that, as 
usual, these Proceedings are well produced and printed and provided 
with an excellent Index and it would be ungracious to draw attention 
to a few minor misprints.—T. Bainsriccr FLETCHER. 


@® BITUARY. 


William Frederick Johnson. (1852-1934). 
(Special Life Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society). 


By the death of the Rev. W. F. Johnson, at Rostrevor, on 28th 
March last, the study of natural history in Ireland has lost one of its 
foremost followers. Born at Travancore, India, on 20th April, 1852, 
where his father was in the service of the Church Missionary Society, 
his education was mainly private—hence perhaps his love of natural 
history was not curbed. Johnson appears to have taken up entomology 
early in life and in the British Naturalist for April, 1898, we are told 
that he collected Lepidoptera as early as 1862, while in 1884 his atten- 
tion was turned towards other groups of insects, especially Coleoptera. 
and Hemiptera, though he retained his interest in Lepidoptera till the 
end. 

Amongst Johnson’s chief papers dealing with Coleoptera must be 
mentioned that published in the first volume of the Irish Naturalist, 
1892, entitled ‘‘ The Coleoptera of the Armagh District,” in which are 
recorded many species not previously found in Ireland, including such 
rarities as the Jarge water-beetle Dytiscus ctreumcinctus, Pselaphus 
dresdensis and Hrirrhinus aethiops. In the survey of Clare Island and 
district, organised by the Royal Irish Academy, 1909-1911, Johnson 
took a leading part and besides collecting all orders of insects for other 
recorders, contributed the part which dealt with the Myriapods, a new 
line of research which he had taken up at the request of the organising 
committee of the survey. 

When it comes to be considered that Johnson worked practically 
alone, and far from any reference library or named collections, his work 
amonest the Irish insects will always stand out as a remarkable achieve- 
ment; nor was his study confined to insects, nor even to zoology, for 
there are few groups in which he has not left some records bearing his. 
name. He may be described as an old time naturalist, interested in 
all branches of natural history, but one with all the specialist’s ability 
to take up and to study intensively the groups in which he became 
most interested. 


Correction.—p. 88 “ Chetien”’ should be ‘“ Chretien ”’ in the second 
paragraph from the bottom of the page. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IpHNTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InLusrRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘I'hey should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desideratu.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. : 

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D.caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ 
 Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 

’ Lucernea, Neglecta, Ditfinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. : 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All\ British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Liying larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates. —Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae : please send list of species obtainable.—dA. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 

Cuancr or Appress.—K. J. Hayward, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. to Estacion Ex- 
perimenial del Ministerie de Agricultura de la Nacion, Concordia, F.C.H.R., Argentine 
Republic, South America. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W.7. 
8 p.m. October 3rd. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
July 12th, 26th, August 9th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘' Ditchling,’’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 


URUGUAY. I want to sell Lepidop- 
tera, Coleoptera, and other insects from 
this country and am seeking connections 
with collectors. HH. ScHnrrmpER, Correo 
Libertad, depto. San José, BuscHEenTatL, 
Rep. Uruguay. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.J.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


VV M. CRAVV FORD, (BA. iE -R.E.S. GZ Seatlonssecy. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. 
Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, 
Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Capt. 
P. Q. Parsons, P. Brodie, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘“‘ Latemar,’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Voli. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Gunus dAcronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a T.epidopterist 
for 1890 —hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Menanism AND Mrrnanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VaniaTion (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and dA. betwlaria—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generice nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Litfehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., efc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 


fo whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


No. 10 


OCTOBER, 1934 


yb 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 
| AND Soe 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Epirep R. S. Ba@naun, D.Sc., F.B.E.S. H. Donisruore®, F.Z-8., F.R.U.8. 
ith the Matcotm Bore, D.SC., F-R.E.S. T. BaInpRicGrE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., ¥ 
: Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, ¥F.R.0.S. ¥.Z.S., F.R.E.S. ee 
Ibsistance of HK. A. Cockaynr, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., H. Ei. Paas, F.R.£.8. ~ 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.1.S. 
| J. HK. Conuin, J5.P., F.R.E.8. Rev. G. WHEuLER, M.A., F.R.E.8., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BurHunr-BakERr, F¥.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.u.8., ¥.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 
Lepidoptera at Jaca, eee in ee 1931 and 1933, Wm. EOS: 


M.A., F.R.E.S. 101 

The ‘Cottian Alps and Turin in ae Jay, "1933, Tee Els Be _ aby, 
FRE S., FiZS. os ae je 105 
_ Geometers at Storrington, W. Sussex, G. S. Robertson, M.D, ae 56 107 
Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 5H ire 107 
Psylla ptarmica, Kieff., as British, R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. an 109 


Nortes on Contectine.—A Few Orthoptera from Stroud, @. Burr, D.Sc., 
F.R.E.S.; P. viridissima in Northumberland, Id. ; Immigrant Species, 
P. Brodie, B.A.; P. c-album in Sutton, Zd.; An Entomological 
Exhibition at Rouen, J. C. Hawker ve Fs a a ae 110 


Current Norrs .. 4 a 111 


SUPPLEMENTS.— British Woctine “Hy. I. Tur ner, F. Ra E.S., . R. HL: S.  (341)-(344) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (29)-(32) 


Subscription for Complete Volume, post free 


TEN SHILLINGS. 
to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 


6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.H.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 
CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. No. 126 THLEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 


1) tg ENTOMOLOGICAL GABINET 
hs J ° (| J | H | iD & SON, MANUFACTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 


Insect Cabinets; also Gheap Storage Gabinets for 
imsects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WituEspEeNn 0309. 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 


EDITED BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland. 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WV. Temperley. 


The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 
and should be sent to 


WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastile-on-Tyne. 


The Wayside and Woodland Series. 


MOTHS 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. 
late Editor of the * Entomologist.’ 


Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 
accurate y coloured examples, figuring every species and 
many varieties, also drawings of eggs caterpillars, chrysa- 
lides, and food-plants. Price 10/6 net per volume: 


FREDERICK WARNE & GO. LTD. 
1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.GC.2. 


“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. .. Price, one copy, ls. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kuynery J. Haywarp, F.R.E.§. 1s. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) ae sa Beh Ole 
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

Anprews, F.R.E.S. 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37-45 of Ent. Record, new series; including ‘Special 

Index . ge O6 Price, per vol. 12s. 6d.. 


To be bene post free e om. H. W. eee 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.%. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT JACA, ALTO ARAGON, SPAIN. 101 


Lepidoptera at Jaca, Alto Aragon, Spain, in August, 1931 and 1933. 
By Wm. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


Jaca is a small town of some five thousand inhabitants, situated in 
the foothills on the southern side of the Pyrenees, on the railway from 
Pau via Canfrane to Zaragoza. The compact lttle town with its 
ancient citadel occupies a plateau overlooking the river Aragon, and 
commands a glorious view of the Pyrenees to the north, where the 
Collarado towers up into the sky, and of the isolated Pena de Oruel to 
the south-east, while in every direction are mountains of greater or less 
height. The district offers a striking contrast to the northern slopes 
of the Pyrenees, where water flows abundantly and all the fields are 
fresh and green. Here in August rain is scarce, the river is reduced 
to a mere trickle, and the fields are dry and brown, save where 
irrigation makes them unnaturally green against their arid surround- 
ings. The Spanish slopes seem to the traveller, as he emerges from 
the Somport tunnel and begins the long descent to the plains, lke a 
barren stony desert, cut up by torrent beds, quivering ina haze of dusty 
heat. Small wonder that the insect fauna is very different from that 
of the northern slopes where climatic conditions are in such violent 
contrast. 

So far as I can ascertain, nothing whatever has been published on 
the lepidoptera of this part of Aragén. Dr. H. Zerny of Vienna 
published in Hos in 1927 ‘* Die Lepidopteren-fauna von Albarracin in 
Aragonien,’ in which he includes all the published researches of his 
predecessors and gives a Bibliography up to that date of the literature 
concerning the lepidoptera of that part of Aragén. Alfred Weiss had 
published in 1920 his ‘‘ Contribucié al coneixement de la fauna lepi- 
dopterologica d’Arago,”’ in which he gives records for Panticosa, La 
Val d’Ordesa, and Zaragoza, all of which localities are at a greater or 
less distance from Jaca, although Panticosa and the valley in which it 
lies should produce much the same species as Jaca and the valley of 
the Aragon. ‘There is an interesting article by Dr. A. Seitz, ‘ Insekten- 
leben in den Pyrenien ” (Hntomologische Rundschau, XL., 1928), which 
deals chiefly with the insect fauna of the Val d’Ordesa to the north of 
Barbastro; and Ilitschelt, ‘‘ Sammelergebniss in den spanischen 
Zentralpyrenien” (Int. Hnt, Zeitschrift, Vols. XXVI. and XXVIL., 
1938), gives a long list of Lepidoptera observed by him in the province 
of Huesca on the southern slopes of the Pyrenees from Puerto de 
Bujaruelo in the west to Puerto de Benasque in the east, though he 
seems not to have noted the ‘“‘micros.’’ Nothing further appears to 
have been published dealing with the north of Aragon, and the con- 
siderable number of species noted by Dr. Zerny as being new either for 
Aragon or for the [berian peninsula shows how little is yet known of 
the lepidopterous fauna of this region. Of course it is not to be 
expected that one searcher can explore a whole vast region, nor can he 
hope to do more in one short month than just scratch the surface. 
But even the scanty results obtained may be useful when the whole 
problem of distribution comes to be considered, and that is the excuse 
for this article. 

My first visit to Jaca lasted from 30.vii.81 to 8.1x.81, and was 
unfortunately rather marred from an entomological point of view by 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1984 


the poorness of the season and by the fact that I spent the whole of 
the mornings in the study of Spanish at the Summer Course organised 
by the University of Zaragoza. Moreover there is no summer time in 
Spain and dinner is never earlier than 9 p.m., so that the nightwork 
was seriously hampered by the necessity of returning to dine about one 
hour after dark. The heat too in August, even at Jaca, can be very 
oppressive, and it is by no means easy to walk far by day unless one 
waits until about four o’elock by which time the sun is less fierce. 
Fortunately the butterflies continue active until the sun has actually 
disappeared, and some species are quite willing to fly until it is practi- 
cally dark. It is almost impossible to stir up many moths until quite 
late in the day, and there is usually a coolness round about 11 p.m. 
which discourages them from coming to the lamp. Sugar seems to be 
practically useless, as indeed it nearly always is in August among the 
mountains. 

My second visit lasted from 30.vii.83 to 5.ix.83, and was devoted 
more to entomology and less to linguistic study, though the polite 
curiosity of the Jacetanos—and more especially of the Jacetanas, many 
of whom remembered my previous visit, provided me with ample 
conversation practice. The season was rather later and infinitely 
better, so that I was able to gather up sufficient data for a respectable 
article, and also to settle a few points that had been left unsolved on 
my first trip to Spain. I had the advantage too of knowing the 
district, and therefore needed to waste no time in searching for the 
best localities. Nobody who has not experienced the incredibly stony 
muletracks that lead up to the slopes of Oruel, or the barren hillsides 
to the south and west of Jaca, where only a particularly spiteful gorse 
(Genista scorpius, well named) survives the persistent attacks of sheep 
and goats, can have any adequate idea of the fatigue involved in 
hunting in this region, so different from anything to be found in 
England. ‘Trees grow only where planted and not always there; huge 
areas of hilltop are covered almost by another pincushion-like gorse 
(Genista horridus, again well named): every other shrub almost seems 
to have developed prickles ; the sun is relentless and the roads thick 
with dust; and there is never a friendly café by the roadside nor even a 
cooling spring. Yet butterflies abound all over the hillsides and the 
most unlikely localities produce interesting species. Indeed, I never 
remember to have seen such large numbers of individuals as there 
were, for example, on the sloping ridge of Oruel in early August, where 
Satyrus actaea, Kisp., and several other species were in real abundance 
with numerous others quite common. And on Ist August, just below 
the col above the cement works on the Canfranc road there were such 
vast numbers of Hpinephele jurtina, L., H. lycaon, Rott., Satyrus 
alcyone, Schiff., S. statilinus, Hufn., Melanaryia japygia, Cyr., M. 
galathea, L., and of the Neuropteron Ascalaphus longicornis, that the 
whole hillside seemed in quivering, shimmering motion. It is a real 
pleasure to see such swarms of insects wherever the Spanish Govern- 
ment is trying to replant the mountain sides and protecting the seed- 
lings from the all destroying herds of sheep and goats. 

I hope I may be forgiven if here I record a strange observation 
quite foreign to entomology. On Wednesday, 5th August, 1931, 1 was 
walking along the canal that brings from the mountains water both 
for drinking purposes—after chlorination—and for irrigation. This 


LEPIDOPTERA AT JACA, ALTO ARAGON, SPAIN. 108 


canal is about five feet wide and averages two feet deep ; it winds along 
the mountain side above the Canfranc road and above the railway, and 
is mostly open to the sky, though covered over in places especially 
where carried over the aqueducts that bridge the numerous gullies. It 
is an excellent hunting ground, for all the insects on the mountain 
side seem to congregate on its banks for shelter or moisture. One 
may see there large numbers of Coenonympha dorus, Esp., at flowers of 
Eryngium, Polyommatus coridon, Poda, and P. aragonensis, Gerh., P. 
dolus, Hb., P. admetus, isp. var. ripperti, Boisd., among swarms of the 
common Satyrids and a good sprinkling of less common species. 
Walking along beside the swiftly flowing water, I saw to my surprise 
on the stream bed and struggling against the current, a thin snake 
about twenty inches long with a writhing fish from five to six inches 
long crossways in its jaws. It seemed to perceive me and attempted 
to make headway against the stream and so escape the fancied danger ; 
but it soon gave up the attempt, turned with the current and disap- 
peared under a covered part of the canal. I do not knowif many such 
observations are on record and cannot say what species of snake is here 
referred to, but it seemed an interesting note, for which I ask the 
reader’s indulgence.* 

Naturally, it was on the ungrazed and unfrequented hillsides that 
the best hunting-grounds were to be found. The slopes of Oruel are 
clothed with a fairly thick pine forest, but the ridge itself, though 
grazed occasionally by a few cows and in places covered with a dense 
carpet of Genista horridus, 1s exceedingly rich entomologically. 
Parnassius apollo, Li. was quite common there, Coenonympha iphioides, 

Ster., occurred in moderate numbers with Coscinia striata, L., P. coridon 
and @ var syngrapha, Keferstein, Hrebia styyne, Ochs., Hesperia carthami, 
Hb. and many other species. Larvae of Anthocharis euphenoides, Ster. 
were found widely distributed, and in 1933 a few belated imagines of 
this species were captured. A most surprising capture was that of a 
single Libythea celtis, Fuessly, taken at flowers of Hryngium on 10th 
August, 1933, for I could find no trace of its foodplant anywhere in the 
district. Satyrus fidia, L., very large and in glorious condition, occurred 
freely on the hottest and stoniest slopes, and I managed at last to 
complete a good series of this insect, which in my experience, is always 
difficult to get in really good order. Along the canal P. dolus flew 
commonly during the first fortnight in August, and with it, though 
not nearly so commonly, flew P. admetus, Esp. var. ripperti, Boisd. I 
was always under the impression that these two insects nowhere flew 
together, but here they were, and the problem of separating their 
respective females is for me quite unsolvable. I have a lone series of 
var. ripperti from Digne where they flew in company with P. damon, 
Schiff., whose females are distinguishable easily enough, but this was 
the first time I had met with P. dolus.  Herse convolvuli, L. flew 
nightly in dozens at flowers of Nicotiana in the Residencia gardens—a 
lovely sight in the lamplight for an English collector—with an 
occasional Celerio lineata, Fb. var. livornica, Esp. The larvae of Mimas 
tiliae, Li. simply swarmed on the elms bordering the roads, and their 
frass lay thick in the dust under many a favoured tree, but specimens 


* Not so strange, Tropidonotus natrix sometimes eats fish and so does T, 
--viperinus, which occurs in Spain and might be the species referred to here.—T.B.-F. 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST S$ RECORD. 15.X.1934 


bred-in 1982 showed no difference from English specimens. In the 
tunnels under the railway Catocala elocata, Hsp. and C. nupta, L. were 
found commonly with a few CO. puerpera, Giorna, and C. conversa, Esp. ; 
while Mania maura, L., often occurred in great clusters of forty or fifty 
individuals with overlapping wings, in the darker parts of the stone 
roof. Dr. Zerny (loc. cit. page 379) notes the species seen thus in a 
cleft in the cliff in hundreds. Very few species of Noctuae were taken, 
probably because few were flying at this time of the year. Sugar was 
found to be useless in 1931, only an odd specimen of the very common- 
est insects being seen. Every possible night during both visits I went 
out with the lamp and sheet to the western edge of the plateau over- 
looking the river valley and the mountains beyond, a favourite evening 
promenade with the Jacetanos. Unfortunately many of those nights 
when the moon did not make lamping impossible were rather windy or 
cold, so that the results were not as good as one hoped for, but fair 
numbers of Geometers and micros were taken in this way. 

A few odd Sarrothripus revayana, Scop. were beaten from oak in 
the middle of August, forms indistinguishable from Hampshire speci- 
mens, but a few days earlier on a species of narrow-leaved willow 
growing in the dry torrent-beds larvae were found, very small, spinning 
together with quite a lot of silk the leaves of the terminal shoot, 
especially where it trailed almost on the ground. All these larvae 
produced only S. degenerana, Hb., of which 1 bred fourteen during the 
second week of September. This insect was for long believed to be 
a form of S. revayana, until its specific identity was established in 1907 
by Klos and Meixner (Verhandlungen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft, 
Wien, LVIII. 1908, page 178), after examination of the genitalia. 
The different habitat, different foodplant, constant facies, and much 
lighter hindwings all support this view though | cannot find any 
decisive difference. The dates given above also seem to suggest that 
degenerana may have more than one brood in the year, and I might 
add that I have not yet seen this insect from any English locality. It 
is widely distributed in France for ] have beaten or bred it from 
different species of willows in the Basses-Alpes, the Gironde and 
Haute-Loire. 

One of the rarest insects taken was Apaidia mesogona, God., 
of which four were taken in 1931 and six in 1933. All were beaten in 
the late afternoon from box shrubs growing in very rocky places, and 
an immense amount of labour was necessary for their capture. The 
insect is small and very inconspicuous, and this makes its capture all 
the more difficult. Probably if one could set up the lamp and sheet 
close to its haunts it would be found to be much less rare than is 
generally supposed. Another interesting find was made in 1931 during 
a visit to the world famous monastery of St. Juan de la Pena, where, 
by the bye, there is a very flourishing colony of P. coridon with females 
almost without exception of the form syngrapha, Keferstem. There, 
in very old thick stems of juniper, were found galls of Synanthedon 
spuleri, Fuchs., from which a few moths were bred in 1932. Notes on 
this interesting species will be found in this Journal for 1931 page 384, 
and for 1982 page 58. Lepidopterous galls have always had a special 
interest for me, so that I was very pleased to find a curious gall on 
hawthorn, since kindly identified by Dr. Heslop Harrison as one stage 
of the juniper fungus Gymnosporangium, which alternates between 


COTTIAN ALPS AND TURIN IN JUNE-JULY, 1933. 105 


hawthorn and juniper, in which a lepidopterous larva was feeding. 
Old galls were fairly common on the hawthorn bushes and easy 
enough to find, but this year’s galls were scarce and needed careful 
search. Even then only a small percentage contained a larva, and it 
is doubtful if I shall succeed in breeding any moths. At present I 
have three small reddish Tortricid larvae that have spun very slight 
cocoons in the folds of tissue paper and evidently intend to pass the 
winter without change. Of course these larvae are gall-eaters not 
gall-makers, but the habit is curious and interesting and deserves 
further attention. 

The complete list of captures which follows is given in the hope 
that it may be of use not only to future visitors to Jaca—and they are 
likely to be more numerous now that the summer University offers 
such excellent facilities—but also to those workers interested in distri- 
bution. The nomenclature and arrangement are those of Dr. Zerny’s 
work already mentioned, and species not found in that list are marked 


with an asterisk. 
(To be concluded.) 


The Cottian Alps and Turin in June-July, 1933. 
By Rev. KE. B. ASHBY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S8. 
(Continued from p. 83.) 

Hererocera.—Zyyaena achilleae, race alpestris, Burg. (=alpina, 
Obth., nom. praeoce.); Z. filipendulae, exerge stoéchadis, race medica- 
ginis, Hb. 

Hymenoprera.—Ammophila hirsuta, Scop. ; Nomada lateralis, Panz.; 
Aylocopa violacea. 


5. Crsana. 4455 feet. 


I made my only visit to Cesana by motor-bus on 3rd July. On 
arrival there I tried to find my way to the ‘‘green marble quarries,” 
mentioned by Dr. Verity in Hnt. Record, Vol. XX XVIII. (new series), 
Nos. 7 and 8, p. 101. Alas, I was told that there were 3 different 
marble quarries in the environs, and thus I was unable to. find the 
ground. 

Crossing the bridge over the river I ascended through the town in 
the direction towards Clavieres, for some distance, and then leaving 
the road, ascended by a steep track parallel to a rushing stream to 
higher levels. During a long day’s hunt after heavy rain of the 
previous day, I took the following insects. 

RuopaLocera.—Muchloé ausonia, race marchandae, H.G.=simplonia, 
Fr.; Anthocharis cardamines, L., race montivaga, Trti. and Vrty. ; 
Aporia crataegi, race basanius, Frhst.; P. apollo, race pedemontanus, 
Frhst.; M. pseudathalia race celaduzza, Fruh.; M. phoebe race sylleion, 
Frhst.; Hesperia carthami, Hb.; H. carlinae, Rmbr.; Lycaena alcon, 
F.; P. argus, race philonomus, Bergstr.; M. galathea, race pedemontit, 
Vrty.; A. amathusia, Esp.: A. aglaia, race emilocuples, Vrty.; P. 
mnemosyne, 1 g rather worn; M. dictynna=diamina, race alpestris, 
Fruh. trans. ad. magnaclara, Vrty.; Li. sinapis, race magna, I. Gen. ; 
M. aurelia, race imitatrix, Vrty.; C. hippothoé, race eurybia, O., and ab. 
2? nigra, Fav.; C. iphis, race bertolis, de Prun.; B. ino, race adula, 
Fruh. 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1934 


Hererocera.— Melanippe montanata, Bork. ; 7%. stoechadis, Bkh. 
Dierrra.—Strationys furcata, F. 


6. Cravimres. 5801 ft. 


This mountain village close by the French frontier is reached by 
motor-bus from Oulx via Cesana. I was only able to visit this good 
locality once, on 10th July. I worked that part of Claviéres beyond 
the village to the left of the main road, following up the left side of 
the stream, passing a pond and later a marsh, below a golf course 
across which I wandered. I took the following insects :— 

RuopaLocera.—Colias phicomene, race pulverulenta, Vrty.; Huchloé 
ausonia, race narchandae, Hb.=simplonia, Fr.; P. apollo, race 
substitutus, Roth.; Hrebia tyndarus, race subcassioides, Vrty.; Hrebia 
eptphron, race cydamus, Frhst.; B. pales, race palustris, Frub., ab 9 
napaea, Hb.; A. niobe, Li. race pinguis, Vrty.; M. dictynna=diamina, 
Lang., race alpestris, Fruh., on marsh; P. mnemosyne, race eacelsa, 
Vrty. (2), one quite fresh; H, alciphron, race ultrayordius, Vrty.; H. 
hippothoé, race eurybia, Och. 


led 


7. SeEsrrizres. 6690 ft. 


This good locality and the Albergo di Sestriéres is reached by 
motor-bus from Oulx via Cesana. I visited Sestriéres on 6th, 8th, and 
12th July. Dr. Higgins had kindly given me a map of the best ground, 
which is situated beyond the hotel, past the golf links, and bearing to 
the right along a pathway under trees and bordering the peaty 
ground on which the alpine rose was in full flower. Further on 
descending to the main stream, I found an excellent ground for P. 
delius, which was in good number and fresh, on either side of this 
mountain stream. The insects taken were :— 

RuopaLocera.— Gonepteryax rhamni, L.; C. phicomene, race pulveru- 
lenta, Vrty.; C. palaeno, race ewroromene, Och., with 1 yellow female ; 
E. ausonia, race marchandae, Hb.=simplonia, Fr.; P. delinus race serenus, 
Frhst.; P. apollo, race substitutus, Rothsch., on peat bog in company 
with P. delius, P. napi, race bryoniella, Vrty.; MH. arcanta exerge 
gardetta, de Prun.=philea, Hb.=satyrion, Esp. ; race yardetta, de Prun. ; 
C. tphis, race bertolis, de Prun.; I. epiphron, race cydamus, Frhst.; FP. 
euryale, race itobyma, Fruh; EH. tyndarus, race subcassoides, Vrty.; E. 
lappona, Ksp.; H. carthami, Hb.; H. carlinae, Rmbr.: H. viryaureae, 
race zermattensis, Fallou.; P. semiaryus, race montana, M.-D.; 
Vacciniina optilete, race cyparissus, Hb.; A. medon, Huin.; Plebeius 
aryyrognuomon, Bergst., race calliopides, Vrty.; 1). glandon=orbitulus, 
Prun.; M. cinaia, a small race; &. pales, race palustris, Fruh., and ab. 
2 napaea, Hb.; P. mnemosyne, race eacelsa, Vrty. (?), 1 fresh gf ; B. 
amathusia, race titania, Esp.; A. niobe, L., race alpium-stricta, Vuty. ; 
A. ewmedon, (chiron, Rott.) ; M. varia, M.-D. 

Herrrocera.—Zyyaena achilleae, race alpestris, Burg., (=alpina, 
Obth. nom. praeoce.); L. montanata, W.V., large form;  Selenia 
bilunaria, EKsp.; Zygaena exulans race subochracea, White; Apamea 

-secalis, Li. 

Cotroptrera.—Clythra quadripunctata, L.; Chrysomela  vernatlis, 


~-Brull. 


NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 107 


8. Monrot. 3210 ft. 


I did not get to this locality, which I should think is best reached 
via Jouvenceau by continuing the road which skirts that village. I 
recommend a whole day. I understand Dr. Verity got Hrebia ligea 
there. | think Monfol would be even more primitive than Jouvenceau. 


9. Norre Dame pes Broussarttes. 7368 ft. 


I did not get as far as this. There is a chapel here, and a mule 
track leads up to it from Jouvenceau (ask the way), and I understand 
there is good collecting en route. An early start, carrying lunch 
necessary. 

(To be concluded.) 


The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex. 
By G. S. ROBERTSON, M.D. 
(Continued from page 64.) 


Horisme (Phibalapteryx) vitalbata, Schiff—Common on the Downs. 
H. (P.) tersata, Schiff.—Common on the Downs. Abraaas grossulariata, 
L.—Common everywhere.  “Lomaspilis marginata, L.—Generally dis- 
tributed. Common. Varies greatly. Ligdia adustata, Schiff. —Gener- 
ally distributed. Fairly common. Bapta tenerata, Schiff. —Common. 
B. bimaculata, Fb.—Not common. Cabera pusaria, L.—Very common. 
C. ewanthemata, Scop.—Very common. <Anagoga (Numeria) pulveraria, 


L.—Not common. Campaea (Metrocampa) margaritata, L.—Fairly 
common. Generally distributed in woods. Ennomos querctnaria, 
Hufn.—Fairly common. /. alniaria, L.—Common at light. FE. 


fuscantarta, Steph.—Scarce.  Selenia bilunaria, Ksp.—Very common. 
f. wlunaria, Esp. (guliaria, Haw.)—Common. Phalaena (Hygrochroa) 
syringaria, L.—Fairly common. Well distributed. Gonodontis biden- 
tata, Cleck.—Common. Generally distributed. Colotois (Himera) 
pennaria, Li.—Crocallis elinguaria, L.—Common.  Ourapterya sam- 
bucaria, L.—Common.  Plagodis (Hurymene) dolabraria, Li.—Searce. 
Opisthograptis luteolata, L.—Abundant. Hpione repandaria, Hutn. 
(apictaria, Schiff.).—Common. E. vespertaria, Fb. (paralellaria, 
Schiff.).—One male 23.i1x.30.  Pseudopanthera (Venilia) macularia, L. 
—Very common, Semiothisa liturata, Clreck.—Not common. 


(To be continued) 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.B.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from page 93.) 

Notrs.—On page 98 it was pointed out that the name thetis, Rott., 
occurred on p. 24 and bellargus, Rott. on p. 25 and that the former, as 
Hsper pointed out was a’ @ and the lattera g. Dr. Verity points out 
a fact, which all writers have hitherto failed to note. In the paragraph 
devoted by Rottemberg to thetis it is stated to occur in August, while 
in the paragraph devoted to bellargus it is stated to occur in June, 
hence one must infer that the former denotes the 2nd generation and 
the latter the first. Thus it must be assumed that the species name 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST S COROT 15.X.1934 


is bellargus and the name thetis can be used as that of the 2nd gener- 
ation and avoid the forced use of the Zoologist’s homonym rule. 
Rererence :—Naturforscher V. pp. 24-5 (1775). 


Lycaena, Fab. arion, Li. becomes Maculinea, van Wecke arion, L. 

Tutt and those who collaborated with him showed with much 
detail that arion was the type of the genus Lycaena, and it is only by 
discarding the authorities they used that Lycaena, after long universal 
use for the “ blues*”’ is displaced. 

Those who wish to see for themselves the bases for the adoption of 
Lycaena for the “ blues”’ would do well to follow out the whole argu- 
ment as displayed at length by Tutt in Vol. VIII. (vol. I. of the 
Butterflies) from p. 808 onwards. 

The summary of the article is thus: 

“1807. liycamna, Fabricius. Heterotypical, containing ‘“ blues”’ 
and “coppers.” Restricted to the untailed “ blues” by Latreille in 
1809, and to the “ blues”? by Oken in 1815. In 1838 Thon fixed the 
type as arion. In 1824 Curtis wanted to make phlaeas as the type of 
Lycaena, but this was impossible in face of the restriction of Latreille 
and Oken. 

On p. 80 of the ‘“ List’’ it is stated that Oken did not restrict 
Lyeaena to the “ blues.” With a copy of Oken before me I cannot 
agree with that statement. In his diagnosis of the genus Lycaena, 
Oken allows of only the “‘ blues” to be included. He recognises 17 
species (Art.) under which he assembles all the names which have 
been applied to what he takes as forms of each species, many of them 
occurring in works now only considered as curiosities. Many of these 
names Bergstrasser had given in his work, and which Kirby in 1871 in- 
cluded in his Synonymic Catalogue. In all there are considerably over 100 
names. Some of the names occur more than once having been applied 
to forms of different species by illinformed authors. As an example 
of Oken we quote his diagnosis of the Genus (Gattung) and the details 
of the first species (Art.) bearing in mind the absence of real know- 
ledge, and the paucity of workers and the few, very few, specimens 
available for any one worker to study and compare, with the difficulty 
of intercommunication at that period. 

“T, Gattung. Lycaena. Cupido; Fusse gleich, Ufl. nicht gezahnt 
oder geschwiingt. 150 Arten. 

‘‘ Hochschildraupen. Raupen schild- oder asselformig, fast oval, 
csleich breit, schéngefarbt, nur unten glatt, Kopf und Fusse sehr klein. 
Verwandlung an Pflanzen stengeln, bisweilen halb unter der Erde: 
P. langlich, nacht weislich, mit einigen Flecken. 

‘« Bielaugige [alter ; Fl. rundlich, oben meist blau (W. oft braun 
mit rothgelben Flecken) unter grau, nur vielen schwarzen, weisseinge- 
fassen Dupfen. 

‘‘a, Unterseite der hinterflugel ohne rothgelbes Band. 

“ Fl. ungezahnt. 

“J Art. L. arion, telejus, telegonus, Randpunct; Fl. oben braun 
mit blauer Scheibe, schwarzen Flecken, unter graue Aeugelpuncte: 
alcon, argiades, arcas, proteus, telejus, mamers; Fl. blau; eéuphemus, 
diomedes, arctophylax, arctophonus, Leipzig, erebus, nausithous.” 

In Kirby’s Synonymic Catalogue all but one (proteus) can be found 
on pp. 374-5 allotted to the various species to which the forms were 


PSYLLA PTARMICAE, KIEFF., AS BRITISH. 109 


subsequently found to belong. The “protée” of Ernst and 
Enegramelle is proteus. 

At that date, 1815, it will be noted that alcon, ewphemus and arcas 
now treated as true species were not at that date considered as such, 
but united more or less loosely with arion: e.g., Hisper strongly sus- 
pected arcas to be a variety of arion; Fabricius placed it as a name 
synonymous with alcon which no doubt Oken copied. Huphemus is 
not mentioned by Fabricius. Ochsenheimer, Godart and even Stephens 
were quite indeterminate as to the specific value of these four names. 

Similarly Oken deals with each of the other Art (Species), all of 
which are still recognised as ‘‘ blues”’ by every authority. The fact 
remains that Oken did definitely ‘‘ restrict,” segregate, collect, place 
together, ete., all the “blues” known to him under Lycaena by which 
name Fabricius had designated the section B of Schrank’s Cupido 
(1801). To say that there is no such process as restriction is ‘ultra 
vires,” as it-is called, for even the selection of a type is restriction in 
the most restricted sense of the process. 

It is rather curious that, the statement in the List that ‘the only 
species Thon mentioned ” in his article in 1888 ‘in connection with 
that genus was not arion but chryseis,” is so diametrically opposed to 
the statement of Tutt, Brit. Lepidoptera X1. 802, that “ In 1838, Thon 
in his article Lycaena, in Hrsch. and Gruber’s Allgem. Encyclop. a. 
Wissens. « Kunste 8rd ed., vol. VI. p. 139, cites only arion as an 
example of the genus, and so restricted it to the special little group of 
which arion is probably the best known species.” 

The real fact is that the above extract in Tutt’s book is a series 
of misstatements. The reference should be Hirsch u. Grube, Allgem. 
Encyclop. d. Wissens. u. Kunst. IILd. Section. Thl. XI. 139 (1888). 
The article is ‘‘ Paptliones.” Thon makes no statement of his own, 
but gives a summary of the classificatory systems of Linneus and others 
down to Boisduval. Only once does the name arion occur, and that is 
in his consideration of the system of Ochsenheimer as a follower of 
Schiffermuller and he quotes their avion as being under Lycaena. He 
(Thon) writes no article headed Lycaena. In his Natiurg. 1837 Thon 
treats of the genus Lycaena as containing ‘“ blues,” “ hairstreaks ’’ and 
‘skippers’ just as Fabricius, and gives accounts of several species in 
all sections without discrimination or restriction. 

Tutt could not have seen the above work but must have trusted to 
someone who did not note the context and the purport of this article 
of Thon’s. In this respect Thon’s work must be absolutely discarded 
for good. 


(Lo be continued.) 


Psylla ptarmicae, Kieff., as British. 
By RICHARD S. BAGNALL, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. 


It is many years since Harrison and I found a clump of sneeze- 
wort (Achillea ptarmica) in Langdon Beck, Upper Teesdale, Co. 
Durham, exhibiting the rolled and distorted leaves attributed to Psylla 
ptarmica, Kieff., but just upon discovery and before we had run down 
the insect itself or its larval forms, a cloud-burst put an end to further 
research. We did not therefore put the occurrence on record. 

On the occasion of a field-meeting of the Gall-section of the 


110 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.X.19384 


London Natural History Society at Effingham, Surrey, last month we 
discovered patches of Achillea ptarmica exhibiting the very tightly 
rolled but not discolored leaves, mostly in the upper part of the plant 
which Burkill has already described as being caused by Eriophyes sp., 
whilst lower down in the same plants the leaves were less tightly 
rolled, discoloured and more or less curved or distorted. After the 
party had passed on | spent an hour or more on the site and ultimately 
found numerous examples of the Psyllid gall-causer itself—it was 
present in large numbers—wherever the gall occurred, but I did not 
succeed in beating out any from numerous patches of wngalled plants. 

It is the Psylla ptarmicae of Kieffer and the ‘ Psyllide’”’ 5710 in 
Houard’s Zoocecidia, p. 984, where it is recorded from Germany only, 
and this, so far as I am aware, is the first British record. 


Y)OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


A Few Orrtnoptera From Srroup.—On a brief visit to Dr. 
Hltringham at Stroud, I found, of course, the common little grass- 
hoppers of the fields abundant on the hillsides, that is, Chorthippus 
parallelus, Gett., Chorthippus bicolor, Charp., and the slightly less 
universal Omocestus viridulus, L. On the tops of the hills there is also 
Stenobothrus lineatus, Panz., a rather localised species, which I have 
always associated with chalk, so was interested to find it here on the 
Great Oolite. 

Mr. T. B. Fletcher showed me a few grasshoppers which he had 
picked up locally, and among them was a female Gomphocerus rufus, 
L.* This species is very localised with us, and I have noticed that it 
is also periodic. One year, | think it was 1896, it was swarming at 
the Folkestone Warren, but in other years it is infrequent, or even 
apparently absent. It is a distinctive species, with its strongly clavate, 
white-tipped antennae, and lght brown colour, so perhaps collectors 
will keep their eyes open for it and extend our knowledge of its distri- 
bution in this country. That is probably wide enough, as it ranges 
as fav north as the Lena in north eastern Siberia, where | have taken 
it. Lucas gives a previous record for Gloucestershire. It frequents 
grassy and scrubby hillsides. 

Meconema thalassinum was already putting in its customary appear- 
ance indoors. This pretty little Phasgonurid, pale green, with long, 
spidery antennae, and a long ovipositor in the female, like a very small 
Ph. viridissima, is a tree-hopper, frequenting especially oaks and limes. 
It is often seen on the trunks, going to sugar. It is a free flyer, and 
it is common on windows in country houses in the summer, continuing 
as late as November. 

It is not often that one sees the House Cricket on the wing, so I 
was interested to see a female, with its characteristic swinging, dashing 
flight, land on a lampshade. In spite of long years of domestication, 
it has retained its powers of flight, which accounts for its sudden 
appearance in fresh localities. Gilbert White has described its 
migratory habit.—Matcoum Burr. 


* Gomphocerus rufus has been abundant on grassy slopes at Rodborough 
throughout September and is still common.—T.B.-F., i.x.34. 


CURRENT NOTES. 111 


PuHasGonura viripissima IN NortHumseRLanp.—Dr. Eltringham 
tells me that he has a vivid and perfectly distinct recollection of the 
Great Green Grasshopper at Hexham in Northumberland when he was 
a boy. Northerly records of this striking insect in this country are so 
few that this is well worth recording. The only other | know of from 
the northern counties is from Cumberland, mentioned in Stephens’ 
‘« Tllustrations.”—Mancotm Burr. 


Notes or [muieratinG Spectes.—Plusia gamma, L., fresh specimens 
at Salt Head Island, N. Norfolk, at the end of June—not very common. 
But common at Aberdavon, N. Wales, the first week in August. 
Macroglossum stellatarum, Li., larva was taken on Galiwmn verwn, Aberd- 
avon, N. Wales, 8th August, and has since pupated.—P. Bropm. 

I caught one Polygonia c-album, typical form, in the house, Sutton, 
Surrey, this morning, 28.viii.84. I have never seen this species here 
before.—Patmer Bropis. 


A visit To THE E}nTomoLoGicaL Eixarpition at Rouen, 21.vili.84.—I 
passed the Natural History Museum at Rouen, and to my joy, I saw a 
notice saying that there was an exhibition of ‘“‘papillons” on view. 
On entering I found that the exhibition filled a fair sized room on the 
first floor, and was comprised mostly of Lepidoptera. At one end there 
was a collection of the 800 species found in Normandy; then the 
central case had a collection of Lepidoptera found in other parts of 
France and some of the more typical (and most beautiful) exotic insects, 
with a collection of partly named micros. Around the walls of the 
hall were cases showing the ditference between the various orders of 
Insecta, and their life-histories ; there were also diagrams showing a 
beginner how to set, preserve larvae and such like. 

The Normandy Rhopalocera attracted me most, but the collection 
was of no great value as none of the insects had any data, and all that 
was on the label said that the collection was the gift of a certain 
* Abbé.’ 

With regard to the other exhibits :—the cases showing Mimicry 
were well arranged, and were quite interesting, but, as I have said 
before, the rest were there only for beauty. The micros on the whole 
I thought were badly arranged and so few were named. The hints on 
larva preserving and the difference between the orders of Insecta were 
by far the best points of the exhibition.—J. C. Hawker. Kingsgate 
House, Winchester. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


May we call the attention of some of our readers, happily a very few, 
to our Treasurer’s desire to hear from them forthwith. 

As the Notes on the British Noctuae Supplementary to Vol. I. of 
Tutt’s work on the same group are now almost concluded, the author 
would be very pleased to hear of any forms which have not been 
included that they may come in the Appendix. Also he would be 
pleased to have any errors pointed out, that they too may be in the 
Appendix. 

We have received from the Ministry of Ayriculture and Fisheries a 
Selected and Classified List of Books relating to Agriculture in all its 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.X.19384 


branches. Books on Entomology by authors such as Curtis, Lefroy, 
Ormerod, Swanton, Theobald, of course on the economic side, Plant 
and Animal Breeding, Genetics, Mendelism and Heredity including 
authors Bateson, Punnett, Thomson, Babcock, Crew, Fryer, etc. There 
are about 20 pages with some 30 titles oneach. Bulletin No. 78, Price 
6d. net. 

We have received the following personal separates recently. Some 
half a dozen leaflets from Capt. Dannreuther, R.N., F.R.A.S., the 
energetic Secretary of the Zoological Section of the South Hastern 
Union, dealing with the work undertaken for the collection of fact of 
the Migration of Insects. Included is the admirable Presidential 
Address read by Dr. C. B. Williams, F.R.E.S. on this subject in July 
at the Reading Congress of the Union. The concluding portion of 
the ‘‘ Lepidoptera of the Northern Lebanon ”’ district by Dr. Zerny and 
others dealing with the Pyrales, Tortrices and Tineina as far as known. 
Herr Warnecke of Kiel describes new Geometrid species and forms in 
the Zoological Museum at Hamburg with a plate of 14 figures. Count 
Turati continues his investigation of the Lepidopterology of Cirenaica 
and has recently issued part IV of his Notes, with a plate of 30 figures. 
of new species and forms besides several text figures. The same author 
deals in a very intensively worked out paper with a few species of a 
section of the old genus Leucania which Warren in Seitz has abandoned 
and split up into Sideritis, Hyphilare, and Hyperiodes. The species 
belong to the group zeae whose members are found in the countries 
around the central and eastern arms of the Mediterranean Sea. There: 
are many diagrammatic figures. 

In recent numbers of The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, the San 
Francisco Journal of Entomology, is running a paper which is well 
worth reading by other than entomologists. It is entitled ‘‘ The 
Historical Background of Entomology in Relation to the Early Deve- 
lopment of Agriculture in California,’ and attempts to trace from 
contemporary publications of all kinds when, where and how the 
introduction of many non-indigenous insects first took place, 
commencing with the “Spanish or Mission Period 1760-1877.” 
Incidentally it 1s noted that ‘The first insect described from the 
Pacific Coast was a beetle, Carabus taedatus, F'b., taken by one of the 
members of Capt. James Cook’s third voyage, about 1778, presumably 
at Unalaska, Alaska. It was later presented to Sir Joseph Banks, who 
deposited it in the British Museum, where it was later noted by 
Johann Christian Fabricius when he visited England in 1801. 
Fabricius described it in 1806.” 

Dr. Burr sends us the following. ‘‘ When my friend Captain 
Arbuoin, formerly of the Shropshire Light Infantry, was quartered at 
Hong Kong, he was engaged on the construction of a rifle range on the. 
mainland. Fatigued by the heat, he had rested in the shade, leaving 
his topee on the ground. When he picked it up a little later, he did 
not notice in the lining a batch of ova of a huge moth, locally known 
to the English as the Lantern Moth. The consequence was that when 
he put his helmet on to return to the island, the ova hatched out,* with 
the result that when he reached his quarters, his head was crawling! 
He found it even necessary to have it shaved, and was chaffed to death 
by his friends for a long time after.”’ 


* Quick work ! 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IbENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InLusTrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J: Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Excnaners.—Living Hgegs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles. —C. Zacher’ Hrfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of 
same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. 

Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, 
griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Tam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Truutenau (Bezirksbehdrde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowahische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—lLiving larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 

Cuancr or Appress.—K. J. Hayward, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8. to Kstacion Ex- 
perimental del Ministerie de Agricultura de la Nacion, Concordia, F.C.H.R., Argentine 
Republic, South America. H. Main, 9, Woodside Road, Woodford Wells, Essex. H. 
Willoughby Ellis, Friary Hill, Weybridge, Surrey. Capt. J. C. Woodward, The Red 
House, 10, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent. Dr. Malcolm Burr, 11, Ray Drive Mansions, 
Maidenhead. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Seciety of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
8 p.m. October 17th, November 7th. 

The South Londen Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
Oct. 25th (Exhibition), Nov. 8th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. 3 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Kditors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. 
Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, 
Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Capt. 
C. Q. Parsons, P. Brodie, J. C. Hawker, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
“ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BAGK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Voli. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Gunus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—HLifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., efc., 360 pp. 


CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Mrnanism and Mrnanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
Vanrrarron (many)—How to breed 4grotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., efc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S8.E. 3. 


to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.H.1. 


{ 
y 
4 


Ee 


stance of 


q 


ENTOMOLOGISTS | 


AND 


No. Il 


NOVEMBER, 1934 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


DITED R. S. BaGNAut, D.SC., F-R.E.S. 
Pe fhe Matcoum Born, D.SC., F.R.E.S. 
Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, ¥.R.1.8. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 


EK. A. Cockaynn, Aa.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., H. Hi. Paan, r.R.4.s. 
F.R.G.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 


J. H. Conuin, J.P., ¥.R.0.8. 


H. DonistHonPE, F.z.8., 
T. Barnspriaan FLETCHER, B.N., F.L.S., 


Rey. G. WHEELER, m.A., 


¥.R.E.S. 


FST sroisision 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BuTHuNE-BAKER, F.%.S., F.R.E.S. 
By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.u.8., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. 


F.Z.S. 


CONTENTS. 


Names, Mere Names, 7’. Es ae Tigi JOB ion Jha eel da 
F.Z.S. Se 

The Cottian oe and Turin in ae uly, ios a FE. B. _ ty, 
IB IRI So IP aS one 5 

Aberrations of British Geavienidne: HA. Cockayne, D. ML. A.M, F, UR. C.P., 
F.R.E.S. : 

Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. pee F.LR.H.S., PR. i. S. 

Notes on Coccinellidae collected in the Barberton District, Eastern Trans- 
vaal, J. Sneyd Taylor, M.A., D.I.C., F.R.E.S. . ‘ tes 


Notes on Conurctine :—Marriage Flights of M. scabrinodis, Nyl, H. 
Benes F.Z.S., F.R.H.S.; The ‘‘ Blues’’ in Wilts in 1934, D. 
Haynes; P. e- Sipumt in Hssex, M. EH. Miller. x 


Current Norszs 


120 
122 


SuPPLEMENTS.—British Nociaae, ‘Hy. J. Taner FLR.E.LS., FB. aR. H. 8. (345)-(348) 


Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. ( 


Subseription for Complete Volume, post free 
TEN SHIELLINege Ss. 
to The Hon, Treasurer, H. Ww. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Witham, 8.1.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


ifs 


33)-(36) 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 


CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 


Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.” 


36, Strand, London, Vos England 


P.O. Box. nd 126 | ee eae BAR 9457 


ahh ede can ae ee 1  ENTOMCLOGICAL CABINET 

J. Opt H i LL & SON, MANUFAGTURERS, 
Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Imsect Gabinets; also Cheap Storage Gabinets for 


Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 
CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WitiuspEn 0309. 


THE VASCULUM = 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
KDITED BY 
The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 


D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 
A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. W. Temperley. 


The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 
and should be sent to 


WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


The Wayside and Woodland Series. 


BUTTERFLIES 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. 


late Hditor of the‘ Entomologist.’ 


Cloth, gilt, containing a coloured examp'e of every species 
and many varieties also half-tone illustrations of eggs. 
caterp llars, foo ‘-plants, ete,, revised nomenclature and 
index of scient fic names, 7/S net. 


FREDERICK WARNE & GO. LTD. 
1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.G.2. 


“ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD” Publications. 
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 
’ Hy. J. Tornr, F.R.B.S. .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenneru J. Hayvwarp, F.R.E.S. 1s. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) ee ao. Gls Otel 
British Piptenclosical Literature. An annotated list. Bye Ee We 

Anprews, F.R.E.S 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37- 45 of Ent. Record, new series ; including ‘Special 

Index . aes a Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be obtained post free a om H, W. Ree 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §8.E.9. 


NAMES, MERE NAMES. 113 


Names, Mere Names. 
By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


The recent publication of a list of the Names of British Butterflies 
seems destined to call forth numerous—but, let us hope, not acrimon- 
lous—discussions on the correct usage of some of these names. All 
Entomologists are perforce interested in the subject of Nomenclature ; 
whether they call their captures by English or scientific names, or even 
by names of their own invention, they are, consciously or not, employ- 
ing some system of nomenclature. The “ordinary collector” cares 
little what names he uses and knows little and cares less about the 
literature and rules on which such names are based ; what he wants is 
a name which he can use for his captures and which he is reasonably 
certain to find in the few text-books and journals which he owns and 
also to find in use by other collectors whom he meets. The more 
advanced student is not so easily satisfied: he requires to know, not 
merely that the name he uses is the current one, but that it is absolutely 
the most correct one and he is prepared to diseard—not without regret, 
as a rule—any name which he used yesterday in favour of another 
which he considers to be more correct to-day, and to scrap that again 
to-morrow if need be. At the same time, as each one, even of the most 
advanced students, has ‘to attain his results from a combination of 
knowledge and judgment varying with the individual, it is no matter 
for surprise that their results are not always concordant. 

In spite of the apparent diversity in requirements of the two classes, 
both are really aiming at the same thing, stability of nomenclature, 
and both are slowly attaining it. The corrected names, which are 
established by the more advanced workers, find their way into catalogues 
and journals and more popular text-books and are in current use by 
the ‘‘ mere collector’ before he realizes it or has really had time to 
erumble at ‘‘ these constant changes of names.’’ When I first began 
to collect British Butterflies, nearly fifty years ago, our commonest 
British Blue was called alexis and another one was called adonis ; any- 
one who referred to these two species under these names in a current 
journal would leave most of his readers in ignorance of his meaning. 
Even the vernacular names change in the course of time and most of 
the present-day collectors would be puzzled to know what common 
butterflies are intended by the following names, in use one hundred 
years ago: the Alderman, the Primrose, the Queen, the Wood Lady, 
the Yellow Crescent, the Silver Spot, the Prince, the Princess, the 
Golden Eye, the Lead Blue, the Great Streak Skipper, and the Clouded 
Skipper. 

Nomenclature is a complex and to most people a “dry as dust” 
study, but the student occasionally comes across a few cases which may 
raiseasmile. Some names convey an obvious meaning (e.g., Gonoptera, 
Coleophora), some are derived from classical or personal or geographical 
names or from foodplants or habits, and some are mere agglomerations 
of letters without any meaning at all. Many of Walker’s generic 
names, such as Duduwa, Hddara, Edosa, Maroga, belong to this last 
category. Walker seems to have prepared lists of such names and to 
have used them as required for new genera; sometimes he apparently 
forgot to cross out those which he had already used and used them 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.XJ.1934 


again; thus, Marisba and Tirasia, used by him in 1868, were again 
employed for other genera in 1864. ‘The classical expert who searches 
for a meaning in some of these names may come up against a snag at 
times ; thus, Dolidiria may appear to be a good classical name until 
one discovers that it commemorates ‘Dolly dear”! The pseudo- 
classical explanation of Heusimene, Stephens, may also be referred to; 
according to the learned authors of “ An Accentuated List of the British 
Lepidoptera, with Hints on the Derivation of the Names, published by 
the Entomological Societies of Oxford and Cambridge: 1858” it is 
‘derived from two Greek words meaning to burn and the moon: the 
forewing having an ashy lunule on its inner margin,” which seems a 
very convincing explanation until one finds that it was originally 
merely a lapsus for the name Hemimene, Hb. Stephens himself remarks 
(vd. Brit. Hnt., Haust. IV. 403) that his abstract of the British 
Lepidoptera extracted from Hibner’s Verzeichniss was “made very 
rapidly (having a very limited time to take it),” so that his lapsus in 
this case is comprehensible. Some names, such as Synia, Dup., 
Luperina, Bdv., Epunda, Dup., Hyppa, Dup., quite defeated the authors 
of the Oxford and Cambridge List, who, however, attempted to derive 
Olindia, Gn.; from “Olinda, a town of South America,” although 
quoting Guenée himself to the effect that this name was “sans 
étymologie.”” A list of new names, proposed by Kirkaldy in 1904 
(Hntom. XXX VIT. 279-280), included such gemsas Marichisme, Isachisme, 
Poiychisme, Dolichisme and Alchisme; here again the seacher for a 
classical meaning must remain satisfied with the quite non-classical 
‘Mary, kiss me,” etc. Such names are mere inexcusable frivolities 
and possibly in this case the Editor's eagle eye was blinded by the 
reflected glory of the name Southia proposed in the same list. Perhaps 
one may be permitted to speculate whether the name Ofatulena belongs 
to the same category as it is connected in origin with a group of names 
comprising Gwendolina, Barbara, Suleima, Sonia, Gretchena, Griselda, 
and others derived from feminine names. Himmelina, Tutt 1905, was 
nondescript and hence invalid and still-born, but was fathered by 
Forbes in 1924. 

Then we come across the so-called ‘‘ gibberish names’? which we 
owe mostly to Kearfott, who described a number of species under such 
names as bobana, cocana, dodana, fofana..., bana, dana, fana...; 
Mr. Meyrick has dealt with these (Hnt. Mo. Mag. XLVIII. 32-36: 
1912) and boldly renamed them and his action had at least the effect 
of stopping the spate of these nonsense-names. 

In forming new names some authors have favoured an anagram 
of a previous name; thus, Walker described the genera Datana and 
Nadata. French authors have been especially fond of anagrams, one 
of the most striking being Suwhpalacsa, which is merely Ascalaphus 
written backwards. 

Actually non-existent names sometimes get into literature and give 
a great deal of unnecessary trouble in running them down. Often 
these are due to some error in copying the original name, as in the 
case of Heusimene (Hemimene) noticed above; Darthula was printed as 
Dartrula in Waterhouse’s Zoological Index and as Darrhula in the 
Zoological Record. Sometimes they are due to the use of manuscript 
names under which specimens have been sent out or are standing in 
collections; if, as often happens, the manuscript name is suppressed 


NAMES, MERE NAMES. 115 


by its author, who may eventually describe the genus or species under 
another name, whilst the manuscript name is used by other writers, it 
is often difficult to connect the two names. 

Some names have been applied to specimens defective in some way. 
Although not an entomological exhibit, we may refer to the Bird of 
Paradise named apoda by Linnaeus, the skins brought to Europe in 
those days having no legs. In his Supplementary Catalogue of the 
British Tineidae (1851) Stainton described Elachista ? decimella, of 
which he remarks that <‘ the only specimen I have seen, having been 
skewered with a No. 10 solid-headed pin, has the head and thorax so 
distorted that their due investigation is impossible’’; hence we are 
led to suppose that the name decimella has reference to the size of the 
pin used for the specimen. ‘The species described by Linnaeus under 
Alucita seem to have derived their names rather from the author’s 
desire to have a series of names runnine from monodactyla to 
hewadactyla than from the actual structure of the insects described ; 
didactyla is a mere literary description of Ray’s account of hewadactyla 
and of Reaumur’s figures of pentadactyla, whilst tridactyla and tetra- 
dactyla are sexes of the same species. 

For convenience of consultation Lists of Generic Names are usually 
arranged in alphabetical order and in this connection one may note 
several attempts to secure the position of ‘“‘Head of the List.” 
Walker’s Abacena (from ABC) was an early effort and at present the 
record seems to be held by the Buprestid genus Aaata, Semenow. The 
Berlin Nomenclator has only slowly progressed as far as the letter P 
at present and the last name in Scudder is Zywomma ; possibly, how- 
ever, some ingenious author has since captured the wooden spoon with 
some combination commencing with Zyz. 

Owing to the fact that they are praeoccupied, some generic names 
which have currency are really homonyms and hence, according to the 
rule ‘‘ once a homonym, always a synonym,” should be synonyms, but it 
so happens that these genera have not yet been renamed and so have no 
valid names of which the current invalid names can be synonyms. I 
will not mention these names here in case some over-zealous nomen- 
clator should rush into print to rename them without having any idea 
of what the insects are or whether such genera are tenable and really 
require to be renamed. This has happened too frequently in the past 
and has merely resulted in eneumbering our Catalogues with a mass 
of useless and unwanted synonyms; for example, Spuler in 1910 
proposed the genonym COhapmania for semtpurpurella, Stephens ; 
Chapmania, Spuler, was nondescript and hence invalid and also 
redundant as semipurpurella was the type of Eriocrania, Zeller 1850; 
Chapmania being praeoccupied, Strand in 1917 proposed the name 
Allochapmania to replace it, the nett result being that Hriocrania was 
provided with two useless synonyms. 

Some well-known current names are incorrectly used. Thus, in 
1811 Haworth described the genus Fumaria but in 1812 (Trans. Ent. 
Soc. London I, 340) renamed it Fimea on the ground that the name 
Fumaria was already employed in Botany. Entomology takes no 
regard of Botanical Names and Haworth, having once published his 
name Humaria, had no special right to alter it. But such cases are 
perhaps too near the borderline of controversial Nomenclature to be 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1984 


pursued further within the limits of ashort article which only purports 
to deal with what may be called some Curiosities of Nomenclature. 

According to W. S. Gilbert “ the policeman’s lot is not a happy one,” 
but possibly it was brightened a little when Moore named a Phalera as 
parivala (pavawala, an Indian policeman) and followed this up a few 
years later by calling another species bobi (‘‘ Bobby ”’). 


The Cottian Alps and Turin in June-July, 1933. 
By Rev. EB. B. ASHBY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
(Concluded from page 107.) 


10. Ovxx. 3,500 ft. 


Except on the dates before-specified, I spent the rest of my holiday 
entirely at Oulx, my first day’s collecting there being on 21st June 
ana my last day’s collecting on 11th July. The two grounds I used 
were the Rifle Range by the bed of the river Dora Riparia, and the 
path which leads in a westerly direction past the two lakes. I refer 
my readers to Dr. Verity’s account of Oulx and environs in the former 
pages of this magazine (Vol. XX XVIII. new series, No. 7 and 8, July- 
August, 1926). For this particular season 1 used the ground by the 
lakes the more frequently, as I found it much the more sheltered 
this year. I took the following insects : 

Ruopatocera.— Polyommatus (Hirsutina) damon, race ausonia, 
Vrty.; P. hylas=dorylas, Hb. race micromargarita, Vrty.; P. eschert 
race balestrei, Frhst.; Agriades coridon race rufosplendens, Vrty. ; 
Oupido minimus, Fuessly; Klugia lynceus, Esp.=spini, Schiff. race 
_ major, Obth.; L. sinapis race magna, I gen., lathyri, Hb.; Huchloe 
euphenoides race alpium, Vrty.; P. daplidice, L.; Aporia crataegi race 
basanius, Frhst., a rather small and abundant race; P. apollo race 
oulwensis, Vity.; C. pamphilus, race postaustralis, Vrty. I gen. australis, 
Vity; Epinephele jurtina race phormia, Frhst.; M. galathea race 
pedemontti, Vrty., very fresh ; Nytha actaea exerge ferula, F. (=cordula, 
F.) race orsiera, De Prunner ; Hipparchia semele race cadmus, Frhst. ; 
Limenitis rivularis, race herculeana, Stichel, well distributed ; M. cinaia 
race arelatia, Frhst.; P. maera race herdonia, Frhst.; Powellia 
sertorius (sao) race aliotdes, Vrty.; H. carthami, Hb. ; Brenthis euphro- 
syne; B. amathusia race titania, Ksp., abundant and fresh by the lakes ; 
M. dictynna; M. aurelia race imitatria, Vrty., by lakes. (One fine 
var. with great increase of black markings). M. pseudathalia race 
celaduzza, Frhst.; H. serratulae, Rbr.; H. carlinae, Rbr.; Adopaea 
lineola race ludoviciae, Mabille; A. sylvanus, Esp.; C. semtargus race 
montana, M.D.; A. medon, Hiifn.; and var. salmacis; P. idas, L.= 
argyrognomon, Bergstr. race calliopides, trans ad alpina, Vrty. and 
Berce; P. icarus, Rott., I gen. A. aglaia race emiflorens, Vrty.; B. 
ino; A. niobe, L. race pinguis, Vrty.; M. phoebe race sylleion, I'rhst. ; 
P. argus race philonomus, Bergst. 

Hererocera.—Zygaena achilleae race alpestris, Burg. (=alpina, 
Obth.; Cerwra furcula, L.; Notodonta tritophus, §.-K.; Agrophila 
trabealis; Pyralis trabealis; Ino geryon, Hb.; Ino globulariae, Hb. ; 
Z. purpuralis race nubigena, Led.; Z. lonicerae race alpiumyigas, Vrty. 
(=major, Frey.);  Syntomis phegea, Heteroyynis penella, Hb. ; 
Acronicta megacephala, Fb.; Leucania conigera, Fb.; Omia cymbalariae, 


ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH GEOMETIDAE. 117 


Hb.; Idaea flaveolaria, Hb.; Scoria lineata, Scop.; Agrotis eaclama- 
tionis, L.; Coscinia eribraria, L.; Odezia atrata; Hrannis marginaria ; 
Z. stoechadis race dubia, Stdgr.; Z. trifolti, Esp.; Barathra brassicae, 
L. var.; Hupithecia linariata, Schiff.; Acidalia immorata, L. ; 
Perizoma albulata, Schiff.; Cnephasia argentaria, Ch.; Cabera pusaria, 
L.; Paedisca kollariaria, Hg.; Crambus dumetellus, Hb.; H. oleracea ; 
Hydroecia nictitans, Bork.; Miana strigilis, Clerck.; Diacrisia sannio 
(russuda) ; Boarmia punctinalis (consortaria). 

Hymenoptera.—Allantus arcuatus; Andrena morio;  Psithyrus 
barbutellus form maaillosus, Klug.; Allantus perkiast; Megalodontes 
klugi, each; Hylotoma cyanocrocea; Chalicodoma muraria ; 
Macrophya annulata; Tenthredella mesomella; Allantus marginellus ; 
Odynerus parietum, Li; Teuthredo rosstt, Panz.; Psithyrus rupestris, 
Fab.; Bombus ligusticus ; Amblyteles infractorius, Panz. 2 ; barich- 
neumon bilunulatus, Grav. g ; Campoplex angustatus, Thoms. 3 ; 
Protichneumon frscipennis, Wesm. 3. 

Paraneuroprera.— Libellula quadrimaculata ; Orthetrum eancellatum, 
McLach ; Anaa imperator, Leech, 1 male, sitting resting on herbage 
23.v1.33, wings a little worn ; there were others. 

Diprera.— Pamponerus germanicus, L.; Dioctria atricapilla, Mg. ; 
Strattomys furcata, F.; Hemipenthes morio, L.; Melanostoma mellinum, 
L.; Pachyrrhina crocata, L.; Volucella pellucens ; Volucella bombylans ; 
Anthrax velutina. 

Cotrorrera.—Molytes ylabratus, F.; Cryptocephalus aureolus, Sut, ; 
C. schaefferit, Schk.; C. hypochaeridis, L.; Grammoptera femorata, 
Fabr. ; Crepidocera ferruginea, Scop. ; Cicindela hybrida, L.; Hoplia 
philanthus Fiiss.; Hoplia farinosa, L.; Phyllopertha horticola, L. ; 
Cetonia aurata, L.; Henicopus ater; Trichodes alvearius, Fabr. ; Cebrio 
lepturotdes ; Orsodacna cerast, L.; Polydrusus lateralis, Sch. ; Acamaeops 
collaris, Li. ; Crytocephalus hypochaeridis. 

OrtHoprera.—Chorthippus parallellus, Gett., larva. 

Ruyncota.— Elasmucha ferrugata, F.; Lopus gothicus, L.; Trieco- 
phora intermedia, K.B.M.; Reduvius personatus. 

Autirupes.—The altitudes I give are, at best, approximate. 
Practically all guide books and maps differ. 

I left Oulx by through carriage to Paris the night of 18th July. 

In conclusion [| wish to express my best thanks to those many 
naturalists, who have helped me to make this article correct. 


Aberrations of British Geometridae. 
By E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S, 


The following mutations are all recurrent and so definite that they 
appear to me to be worthy of aberrational names. 


Abraxas grossulariata, L. ab. aurivestita, ab. nov. 

The two rows of postmedian black spots, which usually enclose an 
orange fascia are confluent and form a single band, and the whole of 
the ground colour of the forewing proximal to this band is deep orange. 
The black spots on the hindwings are elongated to a varying degree. 

My example was bred by J. Riches from a North London larva, and - 
I have seen three more specimens in the Tring Museum. 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1984 


Abraxas sylvata, Scop. ab. Slomerata, ab. nov. 

The postmedian fascia is displaced towards the base and the whole 
of the forewing proximal to it is completely, or almost completely, 
suffused with grey and rust colour, The grey markings along the 
termen are reduced or absent. The postmedian fascia on the hindwing 
is also displaced towards the base and sometimes united along the outer 
margin to the grey basal mark, while the discal spot is displaced away 
from the base and confluent or nearly confluent with the postmedian 
fascia. 

I have two examples from the Maddison collection, taken at Sled- 
mere in 1898, and another taken in Yorkshire by B. H. Crabtree, is 
figured in Barrett’s British Lepidoptera, Pl. 320. fig. 1.4. 


E’pione vespertaria, Fb. ab. fulva, ab. nov. Male. 

The ground colour of both wings is tawny (Ridgway) and without 
strigulations on either surface. The antemedian line and the border 
distal to the postmedian line is deep quaker drab (Ridgway), much 
more leaden in hue than in typical specimens. 

The form is a recurrent one at Strensall Common, Yorkshire, where 
my specimen was taken by A, Smith in 1917. The ground colour 
varies from deep dark chestnut-brown, as Barrett describes the 
one depicted on Plate 298. fig. 2 d., to a darker and duller brown like 
the one figured in the Hntomologist, 1878. Pl. 2. fig. 8. 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from page 109.) 


Returning to the restriction of Oken in 1815 in placing (restricting) 
all the ‘“‘blues” under Lycaena, we must take note of Leach who 
classified the Lepidoptera, in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, vol. IX. 
pt. 1, p. 129, in the same year 1815. In the latter List Leach included in 
Lycaena both “ coppers” and “blues” as follow :—Lycaena (a) dispar, 
chryseis, virgaureae, phlaeas, rubi. (b) covidon, adonis, dorylas, argus, 
idas, artawxeraes, alsus, argiolus, cimon. If Oken’s work was issued 
first Leach’s inclusion of the “‘coppers’’ was erroneous. If, on the 
other hand, Leach’s work was first, Oken’s restriction was perfectly 
in order, and the genus name Lycaena in either eventuality hence- 
forth must designate the blues. Still no type was chosen from among 
the blues” until Scudder in 1872 in Sys. Rev. 36, selected endymion= 
meleager, This however could not stand as meleager was congeneric¢ 
with icarus, which, under the name argus, had been selected as illus- 
trative of his genus Polyommatus by Latreille in 1804. However, 
Latreille in 1805 (Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. X1V.pp. 16-128) and again 
in 1809 (Gen. Crust. et Ins. IV.) showed that he understood by his 
genus Polyommatus the whole of the “ hairstreaks,” ‘‘ coppers” and 
‘‘ blues,” and thus the name Polyommatus was only a synonym of the 
name Lycaena of Fabricius. Kirby in 1896 Hand Lep. I. 90, dealt 
with this question but, treated Oken and Leach illogically and 
reasserted phlaeas as the type of Lycaena in error. We are thus 
brought down to Tutt in 1906, Ent. Rec. XVIII. 130, where he stated 
the position as he saw it and actually fixed the type as arion, but 


NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 119 


without references in support, until the Vol. IV. of his Brit. Butts. 
was published in 1918-14 where Wheeler (who completed the volume 
after Tutt’s death) gave them. 

We have for the first time fully established the type of the genus 
Lycaena as the species arion. Thus the above result follows logically 
on the true recognition and acceptance of the work of Oken, which 
was written in far more detail, and thoroughness, and clarity than the 
work of some of his contemporaries on whom more reliance is placed 
than their opinions deserve. 

Latreille was strongly opposed to Fabrician genera which he always 
considered both ill-founded and unnecessary. In all his writings he shows 
that his Polyommatus includes the ‘“ coppers,” “blues” and “ hair- 
streaks ”’ nor does he ever again select argus-icarus as an example (type ?) 
of his genus Polyommatus. 

On p. 186 of his vol. IV. Gen. Crust. ent. Ins. (1809) he writes 
«The celebrated Fabricius has very lately introduced very many genera ; 
a few I accept, a few more I am introducing, and I hope the opinions 
of the experts will show, with judgment and with care.” He really 
accepts only 4 of the genera of Fabricius (Cethosia, Thais, Colias, and 
Urania). He adds 5 himself. Every genus where Latreille accepts 
that of another author is indexed, but those only mentioned and not 
accepted are omitted from the index. For instance Lycaena is not 
indexed. 

When Latreille comes to his own genus Polyommatus on p. 206 he 
expressed strong condemnation of the action of Fabricius in introducing 
his genus Lycaena. He says, ‘‘Genera have been introduced by 
Fabricius on the most minute, unreliable and often fragmentary 
characters.” 

Latreille does not yet (1809) recognise subgenera,* but he does 
divide his genus Polyommatus suitably into diagnosed sections without 
ceiving them names, but endeavouring to fit in species selected from 
Fabricius list with his own additions and endeavouring to show that 
Fabricius’ genera were more or less illogical. I give the divisions and 
species but have omitted the diagnoses. 

[(1) betulae, spini, quercus, etc. from Fab., with cerasi added. 
=Genus Thecla, Fb. 
1(2) meleager, rubi, phlaeas, virgaureae, etc. from Fab., with boeticus 
added. =Genera Hesperia, Fab. and Lycaena, Fab. 
Il coridon, ete. from Fab., with argus (icarus), and alsus added. 
=Genus Lycaena, Fab. 
‘Cyaniris, Dalm., argiolus, L. becomes Lycaenopsis, Feld. argiolus, L. 

In 1907-8 Brit. Lep. 1X. 879, Tutt showed that Cyaniris could not 
be applied to argiolus, and introduced the genus name Celastrina. 
Prout had pointed out to him that Cyaniris was typified by semiargus 
with which argiolus was not congeneric. Tutt and his helpers over- 
looked that Felder, Reise Novara Rhopal, 257 (1865) had applied 
Lycaenopsis as a genus name for argiolus and its congeners. We have 
used this name for some time in this magazine. 


* In Cuvier Regne Animal, 1817, Latreille calls Papilio only a genus and 
other divisions subgenera, and even then does not use Lycaena. 


(To be continued.) 


120 ENTOMOLOGIS"’ S RECORD. 15.X1.1934 


Notes on Coccinellidae collected in the Barberton District, 
Eastern Transvaal. 
By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.I.C., F.R.E.S. 


Of the seventeen species of Voccinellidae mentioned in the following 
list, fifteen were observed by the writer, while the two species of otis 
were sent to him after he had left the district. 

The writer’s thanks are due to the Imperial Institute of Entomo- 
logy for the determinations. 

Halyzia variegata, F.—One specimen found on mulberry. 

Chilomenes lunata, F., Cydonia quadrilineata, Muls., C. geisha, 
Gorh,—Three very common species occurring in large numbers upon 
aphis-infested cotton, as well as other crops, and doing useful work. 
(Hint. Rec. dé Jr. Var. XLV. 119)) 

Chilocorus angolensis, Crotch.—Common on Citrus, feeding upon 
Pseudococcus sp. 

Chilocorus distigma, Goeze.—A very common species found feeding 
upon aphis on cotton, also upon Psendococcus sp. on Citrus. An 
attempt was made to work out the life-history under laboratory con- 
ditions at Pretoria. The egg, which was found in small groups in the 
ego-masses of the mealy bug, hatched in from 6 to 8 days. During 
the summer the larval period occupied some six days, while in winter 
it varied from 38 to 87 days. The duration of the pupal period varied 
from 7 to 9 days in summer, and from 12 to 18 days in winter. The 
maximum number of progeny reared from one female was 938. 

Platynaspis capicola, Croteh., P. kollari, Muls.—Both species were 
occasionally observed upon aphis-infested cotton. 

Hyperaspis senegalensis, Muls.—Common on Citrus, feeding upon 
Pseudococcus sp. Under laboratory conditions at Pretoria the duration 
of the ege and larval periods combined was found to be about 26 days, 
while that of the pupal period varied from 14 to 16 days. A species of 
Chaleid, Xenocrepis secundus, Crawf., was bred from the pupa. 

Scynmus trepidulus, Wse.—Common on aphis-infested cotton. 

Scymnus c-luteus, Sic—Common on Citrus, feeding upon /’sendo- 
coccus sp. 

Rodolia obscura, Wse.—One specimen found feeding upon Icerya 
purchast, Mask. 

Epilachna paykulli, Muls.—One specimen found upon Solanwn 
sodomaeum, Dunal. (Bitter Apple, or Apple of Sodom). 

Epilachna hirta, Thunb.—A common species; both adults and 
larvae found feeding upon the foliage of S. sodomaeum, and also upon 
that of potato. 

Lotis collaris, Wse., L. nigerrvima, Casey.—Both species found in 
cousiderable numbers upon aphis-infested Citrus. (I. J. Stoffberg.) 


J OTES ON COLLECTING. ete. 


Marriace Fricuts or Myruica scaprinopis, Nyz.—My colleague, 
Mr. A. W. McKenny-Hughes, handed over to me a number of 3d 
and @ ? of a Myrmica, which I found to be M. scabrinodis, Nyl. He 
informed me that they had fallen down the chimney in a hecuse in a 
field, 600 ft. above sea level, at Birchall Hill, Leek, Staffs., early in 
September; and that the owner had been much perturbed about it. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 121 


I have never heard of these ants falling down chimneys before, but 
the explanation no doubt can be found in the habits of the genus 
during the marriage flight. These we have described as follows :— 
‘“The marriage flight (in Myrmica) takes place in the autumn, and it 
commences in the air, but as soon as the couples are united they fall 
to the ground together, because the female is unable to carry the 
male when on the wing..... Much has been written about the 
marriage flights of these species. Dalglish noticed these ants swarming 
and dropping like rain on to a green-house; Crawley was on one 
occasion in a hammock in his garden reading, and thought at first it 
had begun to rain, by the pattering on the leaves of the trees, caused 
by Myrmica males and females falling down together ; Bond described 
a “combat ’’ of ants which occurred near Hornsey in the summer of 
1828: this however was clearly 2 marriage flight of Myrmica, as he 
says that they met in mid air and always fell to the ground in pairs, 
the one being black the other red—the former were, of course, the 
males, and the latter the females. 

The winged sexes sometimes occur in such numbers as to give the 
impression of a cloud of smoke in the air, and it was probably aswarm 
of these ants which caused the people of Coburg in 1866 to think that 
the tower of the church of St. Maurice was on fire.” [British Ants, 
2nd Edtn., p. 115 (1927)]. 

We thus see that a cloud of these ants might be flying around, and 
over, a chimney, and when the sexes become united they would fall 
down the chimney together.—Horace DonistHorpz, Department of 
Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, 
5. W.7. 


Tue ‘“ Bruss” iw Wits mw 1934.—I am afraid I cannot report 
on much excepting the “‘ Blues” as I did very little otherwise. My 
one and only visit to the Forest for Brenthis selene was an absolute 
failure. At Brockenhurst, where it usually swarms, we spent the 
whole day without seeing one. 

The drought and sun had left the place in the worst condition I 
have known it for 25 or 30 years and I am afraid the Forest collectors 
had a bad time. As a contrast the “ Blues” in our district were quite 
up to the average and plenty to work on. The first brood of 
Polyommatus icarus were very plentiful and my son-in-law and I picked 
up afew very good ones. Among the males we took several with 
elongated spots on the upper wings, the best being one with 6 heavy 
spots on both upperwings which form a border around it and the usual 
discoidal spots. It is a very fine form. We took beside these, 8 or 4 
of the Cinnus type, also heavily and sparsely spotted forms, which 
improved our series. The females, too, were most interesting and 
corresponded in markings very much to the males. An extremely 
nice series of ‘‘ Blues’ and other forms made the selecting a pleasure. 
At the same time we were working P. bellargus. Among these is a 
form, which, from information given me, does not seem to occur in 
any number at Folkestone. It is represented in both sexes quite 
commonly, the spotting is very minute on all the wings, approaching 
Cinnus forms in many of them, accompanied with a broad white 
chevron on the lower wings. Others are practically f. obsoleta, except 


122 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. TSS 1934- 


for a row of very small spots on the outer border. It is a most inter- 
esting form and appears quite common. We had about 100 in the 
two broods. 

Strange to say we did not come across a streaked form, which we 
had hoped for, 5 or 6 with the spots bunched in the upper wings were 
our nearest approach to it. 

We finished up our season’s work with P. coridon and as usual got 
a fair number of good things, including several cinnus the best being a 
true obsolete type of this form and which was immensely pleasing as the 
ground colour differs entirely from any of this form in my long series. 
of about ahundred examples. It usually tends toward a brown shading 
in the lower wings. This is more of a slate-colour being light on the 
upper and much darker on the lower wings: a very fine insect. Other 
forms taken included males with wedge spotting on the upper wings, 
a very fine male with the dark shading half way across the upper 
wines, another with very dark border of good width on all four wings, 
which is an unusual form, an asymmetrical male with the right under 
side much darkened, in fact putting all together not a bad lot. We 
were well pleased with the season.—D. Haynus. 


PotyeGonta c.-aLBuM IN EXssnx.—Tor the first time in my experi- 
ence in this neighbourhood of Chelmsford, Essex, I have to record the 
appearance of P. c-albwm. On August 27th last, in our garden a fine 
specimen in lovely condition was feeding upon a fallen Victoria plum, 
and was being jostled by hive-bees, wasps, and bluebottle flies. I 
watched for it again the next day, and several days after, but saw it 
no more. Perhaps it was a passing visit !—M. Ei. Minumr, The Croft,. 
Rainsford Lane, Chelmsford, Essex, October 26th, 1934. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

In the earlier half of the present year the following articles pub- 
lished in the French Journal L’ Amateur de Papillons are more worthy 
of note. ‘‘ Zoogeographical Observations on the Macrolepidoptera of 
France,” by Herr Warnecke, in which the probable governing influence 
of the glacial period in France is discussed with suggested ‘ relict” 
species, etc. Grenoble and its environs are described as a ‘‘ good 
locality ”’ for collecting, with lists of species obtainable in ten more 
restricted neighbouring parts. Two short articles by Guenée are 
reprinted, one on “ Individuals as Entomologists” and the other on 
‘« Names in Entomology.’ Another locality reported on and described 
is the Pyrenees where the writer of the account spent a few days at 
the end of July, 1938. 

The Jr. Soc. Brit. Ent. has just issued part 2, for the current year. 
It contains a large number of items on Lepidoptera and Diptera of a 
few lines each, which would have been far better published in our 
magazines, and the space occupied by short papers and articles of a 
few pages each, such as several which are included in the journal :— 
‘«« Predaceous Diptera and their Prey,” by Dr. B. M. Hobby; ‘‘ What 
is Phryyanea bicaudata of Linné ?” by K. J. Morton ; Araujia sericifera,. 
Brot. and its insect Visitors,” by C. Nicholson ; and ‘“ IXjected Dipterous 
Prey of Metacrabro quadvicinctus, F.,” by G. M. Spooner. These are 
fine additions to our entomological records. 


CURRENT NOTES. 123 


In the Hnt. News for May last is a statement backed up by a series 
of observations that the sex of tne migrating American Danaus archippus 
(pleaippus) is invariably male. One would like to know if all 
those which reach our own shores are also males. So far of the 5 
captured in 19383 2 were Ss andla °?. 

In the Int. Ent. Zt. for September is a plate of specimens more or 
less pronouncedly gynandromorphic; and in an August number a plate 
of varietal forms of Zyyaena fausta, 

In several numbers of the /nt. Hnt. Zt. during the past summer, 
Dr. Bytinski-Salz has been contributing a long article on the Lepidop- 
terous Fauna of the Island of Sardinia, and Dr. Hasebroeck of Hamburg 
has added further notes on Melanism in the Ruhr, Thuringian and 
Erze Mts. areas, with detail as to crepuscularia, bistortata, doubledayaria 
(carbonaria), albingensis, and other forms. 

In Vol. VIII. of the Bull. Soc. Hnt. Bulgaria (1984) is another 
article on the Vertical Distribution of Lepidoptera on the Albatus Mts. 
with enumeration of the species found at the altitudes of 1000m., 
1400m., 1600m. and 1800m. The author M. Drenovsky has previously 
written on this subject and some years ago a similar memoir on vertical 
distribution in Bulgaria appeared from the pen of, we believe, Dr. 
Buresch. The remaining articles in this yearly report are original 
contributions dealing with Coleoptera, Diptera and one on Ants. The 
matter, being new, is no doubt extremely valuable, but owing to the 
characters used they must remain a closed book to most of us. 

The new publication Arbeit. Morph. und. Tavon. Hnt. engineered 
by the indefatigable Dr. Horn at Berlin-Dahlem seems to have found 
its feet, for No. 3 has already come to hand; about 260 pp. filled with 
articles dealing with Coleoptera, Diptera, Ichneumonidae, and Hemip- 
tera with many illustrations. That is not the only issue from the 
same source for a Supplement (Beihefte) has come to hand, the 
Proceedings of the Annual Congress of German HEntomologists held 
in May last. Another volume of 146 pp. We are glad to learn that 
Dr. Horn is better and able to pursue his tasks with his usual un- 
bounded energy and ability. 


Overheard at Oxford. 
Lady Visitor: ‘‘ And what are you interested in?” 
Distinguished Entomologist : “ Flies.” 
L.V.: “Good Gracious! How Horrible! And what do you do 
with them ?” 
D.E.: “I breed them.” 
L.V.: “Good Heavens! Arn’t there enough already ?” 


In the June number of Lambillionea, M. J. Hackray describes a 
Melitaea aurinia in which on the fore-wings the black wavy line separ- 
ating the yellow median spots 1s absent and a wide yellow band is formed 
dividing the forewings vertically, as ab. flavofasciata. He also gives 
the name tenwifasciata to the form of Hrebia ligea in which the sub- 
marginal reddish band of the forewings is considerably diminished and 
that of the hindwings, exists only as fine circles around the ocelli. On 
the underside this example belongs to the ab. livonica, Teich., which 
shows no trace of whitish. 

In the July number of Lambillionea, Dr. Mezger names the 9 
Lycaenopsts argiolus, in which the forewings are black with a slight 


et ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X1.19384 


blue refiection, ab. anteatrata. And in the Aug.-Sept. number M. G. 
Durand names as ab. nigerrima, a “totally black” Dyscia fagaria 
(belyiaria\. 

In the Int. Ent. Zeit. for October is a very interesting article on the 
close association of Aglia tau with the beech. A map of this association 
indicating the areas of distribution of both is very suggestive. Whereas 
the beech tree is distributed over a very large area of Kurope exclusive 
of Russia, A. tau is found over the whole of Central Kurope exclusive 
of the British Isles, Spain, Italy, Greece and S. France, but extends 
its range over the Central part of Russia to the Ural Mts. where the 
beech is stated not to occur. 

Another item in an April number of the Int. Ent. Zeit. is an article 
with five plates illustrating and describing the small combs and hair- 
tufts of the Lepidoptera. 

Lambillionea continues each month to issue a photograph plate of 
aberrations, of species difficult to separate and of local forms of the 
Lepidoptera which have been recorded or observed mainly in Belgium. 
During the past six months the following have been so depicted= 
Xanthorhoé spadicearia, Schiff. (ferrugata, Stdgr.), X. ferrugata, Clrk. 
and its form unidentaria, Haw.; these 6 figures of double size will be a 
fine reference for definitely separating these species. A treble plate of 
30 figures of the upper sides of fifteen named forms of Plebetus argyrog- 
nomon, Brestr., 80 figures of their undersides, and a reproduction of 
Bergstrasser’s plate representing his type of the species; an assemblage 
which would be most difficult for most of us to collect together. ‘Ten 
figures of Ennomas quercinaria with ab. angularia, Hb. and ab. 
equestraria, Fb., with an asymmetrical form. Six forms of Melitaea 
didyma. Four forms of Issoria lathonia, and a form of Argynnis 
aplhirape. 

In recent numbers of Lambillionea Herr B. J. Lempke continues his 
thorough and intensive study of the various species of the Rhopalocera 
occurring in Belgium and the Netherlands. ‘Those species dealt with 
recently are Pieris rapae and Hpinephele (Pyronia) tithonus: the large 
number of references given, are very useful. 

The name ab. intermedia, has been given to the form of Huvanessa 
antiopa in which the forewings have the blue spots more extended and 
the border much darkened, while the lower wings do not show blue 
spots and the yellow border is much extended. Actually on the fore- 
wings it is ab. artemis, Fisch. and on the hindwings ab. hygiaea, Heydr. 
A red-brown-yellow form of the spring gen. vernalis of Heodes 
(Chrysophanus) dispar ssp. rutilus, has been named ab. brunnea. 
It is a union of the ab. radiata, Obthr. and the ab. obsoleta. 
Bartel. The name ab. prunctata, is bestowed on the same species when 
the upperside of the hindwings shows dots corresponding to the ante- 
marginal one of the underside. Dr. Mezger in Lambillionea, May. 

Tris for October contains an account of the life and work of one of 
the greatest traveller-collector of Germany the late Carl Ribbe, who 
was born in 1860 and made many journeys to the islands of the Malay 
from 1883 onward. He also made several collecting visits to Spain. 
Many of his records are to be found in the pages of Iris. 


Corrections.—p. 65 line 8 from bottom for crantsi read brantsi. 
p. 65 line 8 from bottom for ugeni read nyent. 
p. 90 for credanensis read bredanensis. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nov to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require Innusrravions are inserted on condition that the AuTHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ** Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Sireet, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ durago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Excuaneres.—Living Hegs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Tema’. Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata ae Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 386, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Mliinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. d. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—d. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 

CHANGE oF ApprEss.—Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Hssex : 
L. D. Wakeley, to 15, Berkeley Place, Wimbledon, S.W.19: B.C. S. Warren, F.R.H.S., 
to 3, Augusta Mansions, Folkestone, Kent. 


MEETING 48 OF SOCIETIES. 

Entomological! Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. November 21st, December 5th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, af 7 p.m. 
November 22nd, December 13th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natura! History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill; 
Essex. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.L.A., M.B.0O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, @/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


VV MM: CRAVVEORD, BA. ERE; EZ, blonwsee 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. 
Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, 
Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Capt. 
C. Q. Parsons, J. C. Hawker, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
“ Tatemar,’’ 25, West Drive, ee. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BAGK VOLUMES OF 
fhe Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXYVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Voi. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of MWelitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection — 
Parthenogenesis— Pauper ou T'aeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Lemperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890 —hifehistories of dgrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Mernantism AND Mrnanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VaRIATION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
theecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generie nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Myr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


Vol. XLVI. i sie 


No. 12 


DECEMBER, 1934 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 
AND | 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


R. S. BAGNAu, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonistTHORPH, F.Z.8., F.R.E.8. 
hoith. the Matcomm Bore, D.SC., F.R.E.S8. T. BaInspRicGE FLETCHER, B.N., F.L.S8., 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.4.8. F.Z.8., F.R.E.8. 


| 


|sistance of EK. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., H. E. Paas, F.R.4.8. 
F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
J. H. Couuin, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. 


Fiditor Emeritus.—G. T. Breraune-BakER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.8. 
By Henry J. TURNER, F.z.u.8., F.R.H.8., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


Three Diptera Records, H. W. Andrews, F.R.H.S. .. 20 oc 5G 125 
Lepidoptera at Jaca, Spain, 1931 and 1932, Wm. Fassnidge, M.4., F.R.H.S. 126 
Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex, Dr. G. T. Robertson . He oe 129 
Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. a a 130 


Notes on Contectine.—Second Broods in 1934, Capt. C. Q. Parsons; 
Our Visitors, Hy.J.T.; Migration Notes, R. S. R. Fitter be ais 131 


CuRRENT Notes .. gee Bi a ae a Sas sa ie 132 
INDEX, ETC... ae 8 we ns ae Bs a we hye 134 


‘Tittt Paau.. 


SuPPLEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S., F.R.H.S. (349)-(352) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (37)-(40) 


Subseription for Complete Volume, post free 
TEN SHILLINGS. 
to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. 


This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). 


Watkins & Doncaster 


(ESTABLISHED 1879) 
CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED 
by the Collector, at keenest Prices 
Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full 


Catalogue post free per return 
Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’’ 


36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England 


P.O. Box. Ne. 126 NUDE LIM eee = BAR 9451 

TTT a on Fe ee 

\ H | i ie & SO N, ENTOMOLOGIGAL CABINET 
MANUFACTURERS, 


Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany 
Insect Gabinets; also Gheap Storage Gabinets for 
Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone;: Wituzspen 0309. 


THE VASCULUM 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITED BY 


The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. VWV. Temperley. 

The Vaseulum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 

and should be sent to 


WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastile-on-Tyne. 


The Wayside and Woodland Series. 
MOTHS 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. 
late Hditor of the‘ Hntomologist.’ 


Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 
accurate y coloured examples, figuring every species and 
many varieties, also drawings of eggs caterpillars, chrysa- 
lides and food-plants. Price 10/G net per volume- 


FREDERIGK WARNE & GO. LTD. 
1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.G.2. 


‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. 


List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By 

Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. oes Price, one copy, 1s. 0d. ; two, 1s. 6d. 
Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennetu J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. Is. 3d. 
Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. 


Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) 25 .. 3s. Od.. 
British Dipgerclosical Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. 

AnprREws, F.R.E.S A 6d. 
Back Volumes, Nos. 37- “45 of Ent. Record, new series ; including "Special 

Index . ue 20 - Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. 


To be Bre post free va H. W. alae 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §.H.9. 


THREE ‘* DIPTERA’ RECORDS. 125 


Three “ Diptera” Records. 
By H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S. 


Stomorhina lunata, Fab, (dia iunata of Verrall’s List. 1901). 

On the 1st September this year (1934) | had the good fortune to 
capture a ? of this rare migrant at Bembridge, Isle of Wight. I can 
only find two previous records of its capture in this country, viz.—One 
$ Christchurch, Hants, taken by Mr. R. C. Bradley in August, 1896: 
several specimens taken by Mr. F. Jenkinson in 1901, Cambridge, 
Hendon and the New Forest; as recorded in “ British Tachinidae,” 
Appendix. B. p. 249 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Ldn., 1928) by Mr. C. J. 
Wainwright, to whom I am indebted for details of the 1896 record. 

In its early stages this species is parasitic on the eges of the 
migratory locusts. It has a very wide distribution and is common in 
France and Central Hurope (Seguy, Mouches Parasites pp. 189-90). 
It is a distinctive looking fly (to a dipterist) and in all probability if 
there were more students of that Order, there would be more records 
of this migrant visiting Hngland. 


Urellia eluta, Me. 

This scarce Trypetid was also taken at Bembridge. Two 9 g and 
two 2 2 were ‘‘swept” on 81st August last amongst a number of 
Trypeta serratulae, Li. to which they bear a superficial resemblance in 
size and general appearance. U. eluta however has distinct, though 
faint, ray-markings at the apex of the wings compared with the clear 
wing-tips of serratulae. 

I am informed by Mr. Collin that this is a South European species, 
which extends up into Central Kurope and in this country is probably 
confined to our Southern coasts. He gave me the following records :— 
one @ Southbourne, August, 1904: one ? Beachy Head, July 1914: 
one g Hengistbury Head, August 1931. The species is not represented 
in the British collection at South Kensington. In the larval stage 
U. eluta forms galls in flower-heads. I am indebted to Mr. Niblett for 
a list of host-plants (taken from the records of continental authorities) 
amongst which the following occur in Britain: Centaurea nigra, L., 
C. jacea, L., Cnicus lanceolatus, Scop. and Silybum marianun, Girtn. 


Tabanus glaucopis, Mg. 

One ? at Hynesford, Kent, on 11th August, 1984 and two ? @ at 
Boxhill, 14th August, 1934, all taken by Mr. A. F. O’Farrell, who was 
good enough to submit the specimens to me for identification, and 
allow me to record them on his behalf. Both localities appear to be 
new for this species. I was present when the Hynesford specimen was 
taken, at one of the Field Meetings of the South London Entomological 
Society. It was a showery day and the fly was ‘beaten’ into a 
Lepidopterist’s beating-tray—a curious way of taking a Tabanid. 
The other two were taken whilst flying around their captor after the 
usual habit of their kind. This species was formerly one of the rarest 
of the genus; Verrall, in British Flies, Vol. V (1909), could only record 
three specimens, two from Sussex and one without data, but since then 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.X 11.1934 


it has been taken in Berkshire and Hampshire in considerable numbers 
(vide H. Rivenhall Goffe ‘‘ British Tabanidae ”: Trans. Knt. Soc. South 
of Hngland, 1930). Its habitat appears to be confined to woods on the 
chalk, and the above extension of its range proved by Mr. O’Farrell’s 
captures should encourage dipterists to look out for it in similar 
situations elsewhere. 

All three specimens agree with the form mentioned by Mr. Goffe 
(loc. cit. p. 86, as approaching var. coynatus, Lw., having a recurrent 
veinlet to R, on one or both wings. 


Lepidoptera at Jaca, Alto Aragon, Spain, in August, 1931 and 1933. 
By Wm. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 105.) 


Papiiionipan:—Papilio feisthameli, Dup.—tfairly common.  P. 
machaon, L.—a few.  Parnassius apollo, 11.—fairly common on the 
Pena de Oruel. 

Pisripar :—Aporia crataegi, L.—larval webs common. Pieris 
brassicae, L.—fairly common. P. rapae, L.—common.  Pontia dap- 
lidice, L.—fairly common; larvae found on various crucifers. Antho- 
charis euphenoides, Ster.—a few belated imagines in 1933; larvae not 
common.  Leptosia sinapis, L.—rare. -Colias hyale, L.—tairly rare. 
C. croceus, Fourer.—common. Gonepterya rhamni, L.—not seen in 
1931, a few in 1988. G. cleopatra, L.—a few males. 

NympHaLipak :—Limenitis rivularis, Scop.tairly rare.  Pyramets 
atalanta, li.—rare. P.carduit, L.—not common. J anessa urticae, L.— 
a few on the summit of Oruelin 1938. Huyonta polychloros, L.—empty 
chrysalids seen. Polyyonia c-album, L.—rare. Melitaea phoebe, Knoch. 
—in 1933 only. M. didyma, Ksp.—not common ; larval nests common 
on white scabious.  Melitaea ? sp.—small larvae fairly common on 
lower leaves of Verbascum in early September. M. detone, Hb.—a few. 
M. parthente, Bkb.—rare. *M. dictynna, Kisp.—rare. *Brenthis dia, 
L.—fairly common. <Aryynnis lathonia, L.—rare. A. aglaia, L.— 
fairly common. A. cydippe, Li. A. paphia, L. 

Saryrivan:—Melanargia russiae, Esp. (japyyia, Cyr.).—very common 
locally, always high up. *J/. galathea, L.—abundant. *Hrebia styyne, 
Ochs.—fairly common on Oruel. *. neoridas, Bdy.—fairly common 
from the end of August in 1931, not seen in 1983. Except that the 
band on the under surface of the hindwings contrasts rather less with 
the ground colour, these specimens resemble those taken in the Alps. 
Satyrus ctrce, b.—fairly common; seen in good condition 3.ix.33. 
S. aleyone, Schiff.—abundant. S. briseis, L.—fairly common; many 
specimens have the under surface of the hindwings almost unicolorous 
whitish. SS. semele, L.ccommon.  S. arethusa, Schiff.very common. 
S. statilinus, Hufn.—common. S. fidia, L.—fairlycommon. S. actaea, 
Ksp.—very common; in swarms on the crest of Oruel. Pararge 
aegeria, L.—fairly common. P. megera, L.—rare. Epinephele jurtina, 
L. var. hispulla, Hb.—very common. HH. lycaon, Rott.—common. I 
was unsuccessful in my search for H. Lupinus, Costa. H. tithonus, L. 
—abundant. H.ida, Ksp.—rare. EH. pasiphaé, Esp.—tfairly common 
but worn. Coenonympha iphiodes, Stgr.—locally fairly common on the 


LEPIDOPTERA AT JACA, ALTO ARAGON, SPAIN. 127 


summit of Oruel in 1988. (C. arcania, L.—common. (C. dorus, Esp. 
—abundant; especially fond of flowers of Hryngium. C. pamphilus, 
Li.—fairly common, mostly of the form lyllus, Esp. 


LipytHemar :—*Libythea celtis, Fuessly—one specimen at flowers of 
Eryngium, 10.viii.33. 
Lycaenipar :—Laeosopis roboris, Ksp.—two specimens, 38.vili.88. 


*Thecla betulae, li.—rare, Chrysophanus alciphron, Rott. var. gordius, 
Sulz.—two 9? ¢? on Oruel, 6.viil.83.  Rwmicia phlaeas, li.—rare. 
Lampides baeticus, L.—fairly common. Raywardia telicanus, Lang.— 
afew. *Hveres alcetas, Hb. (coretas, Ochs.).—locally fairly common : 
all with only the barest trace of a tail and no sign of red ocelli on 
under surface of hindwings; ? 2 sooty black with no blue scales. 
*H, argiades, Pallas.—one specimen in 1938.  Plebeius aegon, Schiff. 
(argus, L.)—rare. P. argyrognomon, Bgstr.—rare. L. baton, Bgstr.— 
a few in 1981. Aricta medon, Hufn.—very rare. Polyommatus icarus, 
Rott.—common, P. thersites, Cant.—very common. P. hylas, Esp. 
(dorylas, Esp.)—rare. P. thetis, Rott.=bellargus, Rott.—rare.  P. 
aragonensis, Gerh.—common. P. coridon, Poda f. caelestissima, Vty.— 
common; rarely flies with the preceding but more usually rather 
localised at higher elevations where the ° form syngrapha, Keferstein 
predominates. *P. admetus, Ksp. var ripperti, Bdv.—fairly common ; 
flying with next species. *P. dolus, Hb.—common; nearly all the 
specimens-are var. vittata, Obthr., in which the white streak on the 
under surface of the hindwings is very distinct. P. damon, Scbift.— 
common but very localised. Celastrina aryiolus, L. 

Hespermpar.— Adopaea lineola, Ochs.—fairly common. A. flava, 
Brtinn.—fairly common. Thymelicus actaeon, Rott.—fairly common. 
Urbicola comma, W.—Carcharodus lavaterae, KEsp.—rare. [rynnis 
alceae, Ksp.—ccommon. Hesperia carthami, Hb.—rare and worn. #H. 
malvoides, Elw. and EKdw.—fairly common. H. onopordi, Rbr.—a few. 
H. fritillum, Schiff.ccommon. H. alveus, Hb.—fairly common. 
Powellia sertorius, Hffg.—tfairly common. Nisoniades tages, L.—two 
specimens in 1988, still in fair condition. 

SpurnemaEn:—* Herse convolvuli, L.— common at flowers of Nicotiana. 
Smerinthus ocellatus, .—larvae fairly common. *Mimas tiliae, L.— 
larvae abundant. Amorpha populi, L.—a few in 1983. Macroglossum 
stellatarwn, L.—common.  Celerio lineata, Li. var. livornica, Esp.—a 
few. 

NotopontmaE :—* Pheosia tremula, Cl.—a few. Pterostoma palpina, 
L.—one specimen. *Pygaera pigra, Hufn.—larvae fairly common. 

THAUMATOPOEIDAE :—Thaumatopoea pityocampa, Schiff.—common. 

Liparmwar :—Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don.—a few. Liparis dispar, Li. 
L. monacha, L.—fairly common locally. 

Lasrocampipak :—Malacosoma neustria, Li.—old larval nests of 
presumably this species seen on hawthorn. WM. castrensts, L.—one egg 
ring of presumably this species on a scabious stalk. Lastocampa trifolit, 
Esp.—a few at light. *L.quercus, L.—fairlycommon. *Gastropacha 
quercifolia, L.—tfairly common. Macrothylacia rubt, L.—larvae fairly 
common. 

Saturnmpak :—Saturnia pyrt, Schiff.—a few old pupa cases; one 
larva. Hudia pavonia, li.—one larva. 

Drepanipak :— Cilia glaucata, Secop.—fairly common. 

Nocrumar.— Acronicta meyacephala, Fb.-—rare. *A. aceris, L.— 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X 11.1934 


two specimens. A. rumicis, L.ma few. *T'riphaena fimbria, L.—one 
specimen. *7'. janthina, Schiff.—a few beaten out from Clematis. 
Agrotis linogrisea, Schiff.one specimen, 2.ix.383. A. pronuba, L.—one 
at light, 7.vili.88. A. comes, Hb.—one specimen, 6.viii.88. A. 
e-nigrum, Li. A. wanthoygrapha, Fb. A. plecta, L. A. puta, Hb. A. 
exclamationis, Li. A. segetum, Sehift. A. saucia, Hb. *A. obelisca, 
Schiff.—seven specimens, det. W. Parkinson Curtis. A. crassa, Hb.— 
fairly common. Mamestra brassicae, L. M. oleracea, L. M. trifolii, 
Rott. MM. chrysozona, Bkh. Dianthoecia carpophaga, Bkh.  Oligia 
bicoioria, Vill. Bryophila raptricula, Hb.—rare. B. alyae, Fb. —a few. 
Bb. muralis, Forst.—rare. B. perla, Fb.—rare. Apamea testacea, Hb. 
—a few at heht. Thalpophila amathusia, Rbr.—a few at light. 
Hadena ochroleuca, Ksp.—a few. H. secalis, Lu. Heliophobus hispidus, 
Hsp.-—a few. Polia dubia, Dup.—one at light, 30.viii.83. Polyphaenis 
sericata, Hsp.—one at light, 4.viii.88. Mania maura, L.—abundant. 
Leucania scirpi, Dup. LL. putrescens, Hb. LL. vitellina, Hb.  L. 
albipuncta, Fb. LL. lithargyria, Esp. LL. ewiywa, Hb. Caradrina clavi- 
palpis, Scop. C. blanda, Schiff. *Stilbia anomala, Hw.—two at light 
end August, 1931. These specimens differ somewhat from typical 
anomala, and it has been suggested that they may belong to a closely 
allied species. Unfortunately I was unable to get more in 1933, and 
the question remains unsolved. J.yphoteryes millieri, Stgr.—one at 
light in 1981. Epimecia ustula, Frr.—common. *Calophasia casta, 
Bkh.—one at light in 1988. *Cucullia lactucae, Schiff.—one at light. 
Heliothis dipsacea, li common. AH. peltigera, Schiff—rare. 4H. 
obsoleta, Fb. (armiyera, Hb.).—one specimen.  Acontia lucida, Hufn. 
A. luctuosa, Esp.—common, Hublemma blandula, Rbr.—fairly rare by 
day among Genista scorpius. EH. jucunda, Hb.—abundant and variable 
both in size and colour. . polygramma, Dup.—one in 1983. E. 
ustrina, Hb.—rare. FH. pura, Hb.—rvare. Hrastria numerica, Bdv.— 
a few worn specimens. Polythymnia viridaria, Cl. Emmelia trabealis, 
Scop. Plusia gamma, L. P.ni, Hb.—onein 1931. Muelidia glyphica, 
L. Catocala elocata, Esp.—common. C. puerpera, Giorna.—fairly 
common. C. nupta, L.—fairly common. OC. optata, God.—fairly 
common. C. conversa, Kisp.—one specimen. 

CyMATOPHORIDAE :—Cymatophora ocularis, L.—rare. 

GEoMETRIDAE :—Odezia atrata, L.—on summit of Oruel.  Pseudo- 
pterpna pruinata, Hufn.— one specimen in a spider’s web. P.coronillaria, 
Hb.—common.~ *Chlorissa cloraria, Hb. (porrinata, Zell.)—a few. 
EKuchloris smaragdaria, Fb., Thalera fimbrialis, Secop.—a few. Hemistola 
vernaria, Hb.—beaten from Clematis. *Hucrostes herbaria, Hb.—one 
specimen, 7.1x.381. Rhodostrophia calabra, Pet.—fairly common. 
Acidalia rubiginata, Hufn. A. marginepunctata, Goze. A. submutata, 
Tr.—rare. A. imitaria, Hb—common. A. ornata, Scop. Cleta 
vittaria, Hb.—one specimen in 1981.  Ptychopoda rufaria, Hb.— 
fairly common. P. sericeata, Hb.—fairly common. P. montliata, 
Schiff.—one specimen in 1938. *P. subsericeata, Hw.—fairly common. 
*P, asellavia, H.S.—a few.  P. obsoletaria, Rbr.—a few. *P. incal- 
carata, Chrét.—three specimens. P. herbariata, Fb.—fairly common. 
*P. belemiata, Mill.—one specimen. P. callunetavia, Stgr.—a few. 
P. elongaria, Rbr. — P. rusticata, Schiff.—fairly common. P. fusco- 
venosa, Goze.—a few. P. degenaria, Hb.—afew. P. inornata, Hw.— 
One specimen. P. aversata, L.—fairly common. Cosymbia albio- 


GEOMETERS OF STORRINGTON, W. SUSSEX. 129 


cellaria, Hb.—one specimen. Rhodometra sacraria, Li,  Ortholitha 
chenopodiata, . O. moeniata, Scop—common. 0. coelinaria, Grasl. 
common. (. octodurensis, Favre—common. *O. bipunctaria, Schiff.— 
verycommon. Anaitisefformata.Gn. Cidaria fulvata, Forst. C. obsti- 
pata, Fb. C. olivata, Schiff.a few. C. bilineata, Li. C. galiata, 
Schiff. C. ocellata, L.—-a few. (C. alternata, Mill. (sociata, Bkh.)— 
one specimen. *Perizoma unifasciata, Hw.—fairly common. Cata- 
clysme dissimulata, Rbr. Hupithecia centaureata, Schiff. (oblongata, 
Thbg.)—a few. EH. sobrinata, Hb. EE. orphnata, Bhtsch.; HF. distinct- 
aria, H.S.; E. cooptata, Dietz. Gymnoscelis pumilata, Hb. *Horisme 
vitalbata, Schiff.—fairly common. *H. tersata, Schiff.—fairly common. 
Abraxas pantaria, Li.—abundant. Lomographa trimaculata, Vill. and 
ab. coynataria, Led.—fairly common. *Cabera exanthemata, Scop.—one 
specimen. [/nnomosalniaria, L. Opisthograptis luteolata, L, Macaria 
liturata, Cl. Nychiodes obscurata, Vill.—two g¢ g at light. Synopsia 
sociaria, Hb. Boarmia abstersavia, Bdv.—fairly common. Tephronia 
cremiaria, Frr.—a few. ZT. oranaria (Stgr.) castiliaria, Stgr.—two 
specimens. Gnophos obscurata, Schiff. and ab. argillacearia, Stgr.— 
fairly common. G. mucidaria, Hb. *G. pullata, Schiff.—one speci- 
men at light. Hmaturya atomaria, L.  Selidosema taeniolaria, Hb.— 
common. Diastictis artesiaria, Schiff.—fairly common.  JLithina 
convergata, Vill.—one specimen. L. partitaria, Hb. Chiasma clathrata, 
L. Tephrina murinaria, Schiff.ccommon in early August. Onychora 
aygaritharia, Dard.—three at light in early September. *Aspitates 
gilvaria, Fb.—fairly common. A. ochrearia, Rossi. 
(To be concluded.) 


The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex. 
By G. 8S. ROBERTSON, M.D. 
(Continued from page 64.) 

Theria (Hybernia) rupicapraria.—Generally distributed. Common. 
Erannis (Hybernia) leueophearia.—Fairly common. Most named 
forms. Hrannis aurantiaria.—Very common locally. HK. marginaria.— 
Abundant. Evrannis defoliaria—Very common. Most forms. One 
ab. g obscurata. Alscphila aescularia.—Common. Phigalia pedaria.— 
Very common. Only slight variation. Apocheima hispidaria.—Scarce, 
locally. Biston strataria.—Not common, but well-distributed. B. 
betularia.—Fairly common. All seen were typical, none approaching 
the darker form. Hemerophila abruptariaa—Common.  boarmia 
rhomboidaria (gemmaria).—Common, No dark formsseen. B. ribeata 
(abietaria).—Scarce. B. repandata.—Common. Varies considerably. 
Some approach ab. conversaria. B. roboraria.—Scarce, local. B. 
punctinalis (consortaria).—Fairly common. B. lichenaria.—Fairly 
common. Hetropis (Tephrosia) bistortata.—Fairly common. F.. crepus- 
cularia.—Fairly common. FL. extersavia (luridiata).—Very local. F. 
consonaria.—Secarce. EF. punctulataa—Common. Pachycnemia hippo- 
castanaria.—Abundant, locally. Hmaturga atomaria.—Very common. 
Varies considerably. Bupalus piniaria.—Fairly common. Selidosema 
plumaria (ericetaria).—Very local. Scarce. ILtame (Lhamnonoma) 
wauaria.—Fairly common. Lithina chlorosata (petraria).—Abundant. 
Chiasmia clathrata.—Locally abundant. Dyscia (Scodiona) fagaria 
(belgiaria).—Locally fairly common. Perconia — strigillaria.—Not 
common, 


1380 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.1934 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from page 119.) 


Chrysophanus, Hb. dispar, L., becomes Lycaena, Fb. dispar, L. 

Chrysophanus, Hb., phlaeas, li., becomes Lycaena, Fb. phlaeas, L. 

We have shown above that Lycaena, Fb. is an impossible name for 
the “coppers.” Tutt in vol. VIII. of Brit. Lep. p. 826, by his abun- 
dant references to all the genera, which had been used for phlaeas, 
showed that nearly all were definitely preoccupied. Only Chrysophanus, 
Hb. and Heodes, Dalm., were doubtfully available, and he proceeded 
to discuss them. He (Tutt) writes, J.c. p. 305. 

“ Dalman (Vetens. Acad. Handl., pp. 48 et. seq.) named his Phalanx 
Zephyrus, another name that had practically the same comprehensive 
value as the Linnean Rurales, the Schrankian Cupido and Latreille’s 
Polyommatus,” i.e., “ Blues,’ ‘coppers’ and “ hairstreaks.” He 
subdivided, however, Zephyrus, into the following sections. 

Aurotis.—Z, quercus, betulae, prunt, w-album, ilicis. 

Heodes.—Z. hippothoé, chryseis, virgaureae, phiaeas, helle, jarbas, 
rubt. 

Cyaniris.—(a) Z. arion, alcon, cyllarus, argiolus, alsus. 

(b) Z. tcarus, adonis, alexis, agestis, ewmedon, optilete, 
batus, argus. 

On page 68 in his generic summary Dalman gave hetulae as the 
type of Zephyrus, and as this species occurs in the subdivision urotis 
it is given as the type of that. The type of the division Heodes is 
given as virgaureae, and that of Cyaniris, as argianus (=semiargus). 

Curtis, Brit. Hint. V. plt. 12 (1828), selected phlaeas as the type of 
a species in the original List of Fab. Llliger’s Mag. VI. 285 (1807) no 
doubt quite in ignorance of the restrictive action of Oken in 1815. 
We believe it was real ignorance and not the gymnastic ignore-ance of 
many modern systematists. Mr. Bethune-Baker says (in litt.) ‘* My 
father knew Curtis and thought he had a very superficial knowledge 
of continental literature.” Every systematist who breaks up a genus 
into sections initiates restrictions. Fabricius largely did this and his 
restrictions are accepted without question and yet Oken’s action, in 
carrying Fabricius’ restrictions still further, is ignored. Mr. Bethune- 
Baker further writes (in litt.) “It seems to me that this attitude ignores 
the Law of Priority. In my opinion the acceptance of Curtis’ desig- 
nation of phlaeas as type of Lycaena does the same thing. The Law 
of Priority is broken to keep the secondary law of Type Designation.” 

Oken, J.c., designated all the ‘“‘coppers’”’ as the genus Hesperia in 
error, as Cuvier, Zab. element. 592 (1798) and Latreille, Constd. gen. 
440 (1810) had already restricted the Hesperia of Fabricius to the 
‘« skippers,’ hence the action of Dalman, J.c. was correct in restricting 
the ‘‘ coppers’ to Heodes. 

If we consider phlaeas as congeneric with virgaureae then we have 
Heodes phlaeas. This agrees with the arrangement of Bethune-Baker 
as the result of his intensive examination of Lycaenid structure. The 
following species are placed in Heodes by Bethune-Baker (see Ent. 
Record XX VI. 188 et seq. 1914), virgarreae, ottomanus, thetis, ochimus, 
solskyi, lampon, asabinus, splendens, dorcas, standfussi, sultan(t), sarthus, 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 131 


phoenicurus, dimorphus, athamanthis, and phlaeas (Rumicia), and dorilis, 
alciphron. amphidamas, and subalpina (Loweia), and thersamon 
(Thersamomea), and dispar and hippothoé (Chrysophanus). The above 
list was supplied me by the author subsequently to his article, as we 
examined photographs of the structures together. Of those which are 
placed in Rumicia, Tutt and Loweia, Tutt, he says, “I have examined 
carefully the species and cannot find a single character whereby to 
differentiate them from the genus Heodes and I have no question in 
my mind that the names should be sunk to Heodes.” This remark 
also includes the consideration of Chrysophanus, Hb. of which the 
species hippothoé and dispar are ‘“‘ absolutely congensric with virgawreae 
the type of Heodes.” The genus Thersamonea, Vrty., is a later restriction 
by Dr. Verity for thersamon (1919). The notes attached to the “ List” 
omit all discussion of Heodes, but in ‘‘ Generic Names”’ vol. I. it is 
stated to be unnecessary as its type wirgaureae is said to be congeneric 
with phlaeas which is there incorrectly placed in Lycaena. If lepidop- 
terists think so, it seems quite legitimate to use the sub-generic names, 
Rumicia, Loweia, Vhersamonea and perhaps Chrysophanus. 

After his remarkable intensive study of phlaeas. Tutt felt a new 
genus was needed for that species and established the genus Rumicia, 
an informative name indicating the foodplant of its larva. And this 
generic name has been used in this magazine since Tutt’s action. 

Callophrys, Billberg rubi, L. remains Callophrys, Billberg rubi, L. 

Opinion on Buillberg’s work has been already referred to. To 
accept the work of an ignoramus like Billberg* and discard the T'entamen, 
the work of a splendid scientist like Hubner, is inexplicable. Scudder 
chose rubi as the type of Callophrys and it would seem preferable in 
view of the dis-reputable character of Billbere’s work, to write Callo- 
phrys (Billberg) Scudder, Kirby or Tutt (Brit. Lep. 1X.87). The genus 
Callophrys was well defined and described by Scudder in his Butterflies 
of New Hngland and includes four American species, affinis, Eidw., 

dumetorum, Bdy., apama, Edw. and sheridanti, Kdw. 


* Like all Billberg’s generic names, Callophrys was totally nondescript and 
invalid.—T.B.-F. 


(To be continued) 


JA OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 

Second Broops in 1934.—Cosymbia (Ephyra) porata, 20th August. 
Acronicta rumicis, Brd September, Acidalia imitaria, 8rd September. 
These species were taken in South Devon on the above dates and were 
quite freshly emerged.—(Capr.) C. @. Parsons, Alma Marceau, 
Seaway Lane, Torquay. 


Our Vistrors.—There has been a good sprinkling of unusual and 
irregular visitors to our shores during the present season, and some of 
our more recently discovered residents apparently have settled in more 
or less firmly. Odd specimens of Leucania albipuncta have again 
turned up. Sphina pinastri seems established locally and Aphomia 
gularis is more than a chance occurrence now; extremely local in 
London warehouses the latter is a future pest to take note of. A few 
~ Colias hyale and C. croceus were taken in favoured localities. <A 

remarkable occurrence was that of Brithys crini, the larvae of which 


132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.1954 


were found in Kew gardens in the spring, from which later in the year 
a second brood was obtained. A native of India and Ceylon. 

We know of six examples of Zylophasia zollikoferi having been 
taken this year along our coasts. We wonder what form it is. A 
short note on the species was given in our Supplement to Tutt’s 
British Noctuae, Vol. (p. 71) (1891). Barrett, South, Seitz and Culot 
also deal with it.. Tutt named the form which passed through his 
hands as ab. pallida compared with continental forms. Now we 
want ova and proofs of the species breeding in this country.—Hy.J.T. 


Mieration Notrges.—I am sending you my records of migratory 
insects for 1934. 

Pieris brassicae and P. rapae.-—Born common on Lundy Island, 
21st-27th July. 

Pyrameis cardut.—Seen only once at Ashtead on 25th August. 

P. atalanta.—A worn specimen at Ewell on 15th July, seen three 
times on Lundy Island, 21st-27th July; one at Colley Hill, 18th 
August ; two, Beddington, 19th August; one, Ewell, 25th August; 
two, Staines, 8th September; seven, Beddington, 23rd September ; 
one, Chessington, 29th September; one, Ewell, 10th October; two, 
Epsom, 21st October ; one, Ewell, 28th October. 

Macroglossum stellatarwn.—One at Spur Valerian, Ewell, 24th 
June, and several other times during the summer; one at Hastbourne, 
30th June; about a dozen at Spur Valerian, Lundy Island, rather 
worn, 2)st-27th July. 

Plusia gamma.—First and last specimens: one, Ewell, 18th June; 
one at light, Ewell, 28th June; one, Hipsom, 6th October.—R. 8. R. 
Firrer.—“ Springfield,’ Ewell, Surrey. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 


In Lamb. for October Herr Lempke deals with Pontia daplidice 
and its various subspecies, races, aberrations and forms thoughout its 
range in Europe, Asia and Africa, some three dozen in all. The 
original descriptions, references, quotations, dates, etc., are very 
full. In the same number Dr. Arnold Pictet has an article on the 
subject Instincts. 

The Bull. Soc. Ent. de Genéve for 1933, just received, contains the 
Obituary of Jules Culot, whose wonderfully executed figures of Lepi- 
doptera are quite equal if they are not better than those of the minature- 
painter-entomologists of the last century. A capital photograph is 
appended to the notice. A further article contains descriptions, with 
a very good plate in colour, of new species from the Belgian Congo. 

Really good work is being undertaken by the Section of Entomology 
of the National Museum of Natural Sciences of Madrid in the publi- 
cation of useful memoirs on Entomology. These memoirs are not 
confined to work of their own nationals, for in the journal Hos for 
August one finds contributions from B. P. Uvarov, on the Orthoptera 
of Turkey, etc. ; from M. EK. Mosley on the Trichoptera of Kurdistan ; 
from W. E. China, a Reduviid from Iraq ; from Schultess-Shindler on 
the Vespidae of Spain and the Balearic Isles. ‘These memoirs are well 
illustrated. 


CURRENT NOTES. 133 


In the Ent. Zeit. for October there are recorded six further examples 
of Lepidoptera with asymmetrical marking on the wings. Figures are 
given. They are Pararge megera, Epinephele jurtina, Chrysophanus 
hippothoé, Chiasmia clathrata, Erebia afer and Xanthorhoé montanata. 
Unfortunately names have been given to two of. them, viz., divisa, 
Osth. to montanata and alberti, Albert to megera. 

In the Hnt. News. for October, K. T. Cresson, in referring to the 
‘«‘ Zoological’ Code of Nomenclature points out that under an amend- 
ment of 1927 ‘‘ That any genus erected after 1930 for two or more 
species without a specifically designated genotype has no. status. 
Consequently anyone subsequently may take the credit for this genus 
merely by designating a genotype and he may have no knowledge of 
the group involved. The same may be the fate of a genus or species 
described if no mention is made as to how it differs from another 
known or properly described genus or species.” Our comment is 
‘“What a chance for the gymnastic-minded entomologists.” 

In the Ent. Zeit. for October there is a record of the occurrence of 
a 3rd generation of Colias hyale in the Frankfort-a-Main neighbour- 
hood. The first flew in May and June, the second flew in the latter 
part of August in small numbers, but completely disappeared in Sep- 
tember, but in early October perfectly fresh examples were observed. 
The same observer had taken the 8rd generation in October, 1915. 

We have just received two further parts of the Supplement to Seitz 
Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera. They consist of 5 sheets (40 pp.) and 
1 plt. and deal with the Noctuidae. Between 60 and 70 of our British 
species are dealt with in these few pages, their forms which have been 
described since the completion of the Main Volume, are here collected 
and reviewed, an enormous amount of information chiefly of variations 
of all sorts. The pages are not packed with biological matter, the 
recording of which is the role of our periodical magazines, although 
here and there details of such are inserted to aid the emphasis on various 
determinations. While there is still the opportunity we urge all our 
Libraries to equip themselves with this encyclopaedia of knowledge, 
which is not given in our own country’s publications, and can only be 
otherwise obtained by long search in publications of many countries. 
The intensive study of variation, which the founder of this magazine 
did so much to further, hag reached colossal dimensions, such as he 
could not have foreseen. The plates contain a well chosen selection of 
figures and are an excellent aid to the elucidation of the text. Even 
some of our local and provincial natural history societies aim at 
obtaining their Seitz. Our South London Society is one that has the 
Palaearctic volumes and Supplements so far published. 

The complete collection of Aculeate Hymenoptera, made by A. H. 
Martineau, has been presented to the Birmingham Natural History 
and Philosophical Society for reference purposes. It is in very good 
order. All the coloured drawings of British Lepidoptera, which were 
made by the late Foster Newey have also been presented to the Society. 
The number of species included is large and they are drawn very well, 
with imagines, larvae and food plants displayed.—P. Sivirer-Smiru. 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVI. 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


PAGE 
Aberrations, of P. napi, 1; E. 

cardamines, 1; C. juliana, 

10 ; Jel, nothing, Bile I, 

timoleon, 29 ; P.  argus 

(argyrognomon), 25; O. octo- 

durensis, 26 ; PP. cingulalis, 

28; N. neurica, 43 ; C. 

rufa, 43: N. castanea, 56; 

H. virgaureae, 69 ; E. 

euryale, 74; EH. gorge 74 
“Aberrations of British Geo- 

meters,’’ Dr. EH. A. Cockayne .. 117 
‘“* Abundance of, M. vulgaris,” H. 

Donisthorpe, 94; Butterflies at 

Jaca, Spain oye 102 
A. simulans in Berkshire 10 
Asymmetrical specimens figured i in 

Ent. Zt. Hh 132 
Bellargus versus thetis 93, 107 
Bibliography, re M. itysalis, 38; of 

Dutch forms of Lepidoptera 64 
“‘ Blues in Wiltshire,’?’ H. Haynes 122 
Breeding of X. semibrunnea 30 
“« Butterflies and Elephants, PO WE B. 85 
‘“*C.-album in KEssex,’’? M. KE. 

Miller on 50 ae 22 
“Captures at Hawthorn,’’ 4H. 

Donisthorpe ae 5c 7. 32 
C. hyale in W. Sussex oS. 
“‘Coccinellidae collected in the 

Barberton District, E. Trans- 

vaal,’’ J. S. Taylor 120 
CG Collecting, Butterflies in Orissa, 

India,’’ W. M. Crawford, 4, 20, 

28, 55; on the Dorset coast,?? 

Capt. C. Q. Parsons, 9; in Nor- 

folk in 1932-3, Capt. C. Q. 

Parsons, 53; on theContinent.. 90 
Colorado Beetle, 36, 48 and Sup. 

with col. plt. 
Coloration and Markings of P. 

maurinalis Ms Re oo 28) 
“*C. pronubana,’’ J. C. F. Fryer, 

7; In I. of Wight : 90) hi) 
“ Cornish Notes,’’ C. Nicholson .. 17 
Corrections 76, 88, 89, 100, 124 
“Cottian Alp and Turin in June- 

July, 1933,” Rev. E. B. Ashby 

81, 105, 116 
Council of, R. E. Society, 11; S. 

London Ent. Soc. sie oo, ail 
‘Creations Doom,’' A. Review, 

Ly Se iiss 60 
Current Notes 10, 22, 35, 57, 85, 

95, 111, 122, 132 
Description of, Orissa, India, 4: 

M. phoebe ab., 13; P. argy- 

rognomon (argus) ab., 25; O. 

octodurensis ab., 26; P. cingu- 


laris, 28; Z. trifolii ab., 37; M. 


itysalis ry., 40; P. littoralis ssp. 
and ab., 52; M. costalis, M. 
maurinalis, M. itysalis and M. 
radtosalis, 37, 49, 61; Z. trifoltt 
ab., 37; H. praegalliensis, 63: 
Austrian localities, 69 ; Colombia 
and Peru, 77; I. crabroniformis 
var., 90; Jaca, Aragon, Spain, 
101; New Forms of British 
Geometers, Dr. H. A. Cockayne 

Distribution of, C. pronubana, 7; 
IF, OO o.9 

‘Diptera Records, Three,” H. W. 
Andrews .. 

“Donegal in 1933, a Rev. "Canon 
Foster 

“© TD). polytomum in Windsor Forest, 
H. Donisthorpe .. 

‘‘ Dutch Forms of Lepidoptera des- 
cribed in Holland,’”’ B. J. Lempke 

64, 

‘‘D. vinula in the Outer Hebrides,’’ 
R. Adkin . : 

Karly appearance of, “A. urticae 

Entomological Club Meetings, H. 
W.-EHllis .. 10, 23, 76, 90, 96, 

Exhibition at Rouen, A visit to the 
Entomological, J. C. Hawker 

Flowers, Lepidoptera at, 
Coleoptera at : 

‘‘ Further Notes from Torquay,” 
Capt. C. Q. Parsons 

Gall-causers at Jaca, Spain 

‘¢Generic Names, Notes on,’’ Dr. 
L. G. Higgins 

Genitalia of MW. itysalis 

Genus, The, Papilio 


18; 


“« Geometers of Storrington,” Dr. 
G. 8. Robertson .. 15, 64, 107, 
Geometers, re the List of .. 6 


Gibberish names .. 

Habits of, Trypetid Flies. (Dip. 1, 
66; EH. arete : 

H. convolvuli and M. atropos at 
Hove 6 

Heodes, List of species placed i in, 
the genus, G- T. Bethune- Baker 

Immigrating Spepies, Notes on, P. 
Brodie 

Information wanted 1 re Noctuae 12, 

Insect Pests (Review) 

“Trish Notes,” Wyndham Forbes 

‘‘Landscape Memories,’ G. T. 
Bethune-Baker b6 ae 

Latreille’s action re the Lycaenidae 

‘‘ Lepidoptera, at Maurin, Basses- 
Alpes,’’ W. P. Curtis, 13, 25, 37, 
49, 61; from Salonica 

Lepidoptera at Jaca, Alto Aragon, 
Spain, 1931 and 1932, Wm. 
Fassnidge, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


101, 


125 


90 
118 


34 


126 


CONTENTS. 


Light, in Norfolk in 1932-3, 53; 
and sugar at Jaca, Spain .. 104 

List of species, of Lep., in an 
assemblage at Jaca, Spain, 102, 
103 ; on grass and in wet ditches 
in N. Ireland, 3; aberrations of 
Lep. figured in Lambillionea for 
1933-4, 11, 34; in the Supp. to 
Seitz, 35, 75, 87; at light aftera 
storm, 95; from Salonica, 34; 
taken at Eryngium flowers, 102; 
Larvae of, beaten in Donegal, 56; 
Lycaena in Leach’s article, 118 ; 
migrants in W. of Eng., 10; 
Noctuae at snowberry flowers, 2 ; 
in the genus Plebeius, 84; in the 
genus Polyommatus, 92; sub- 
genera in Polyommatus, 92; at 
ragwort, 56; at sallow in Donegal, 
55; Tortrices beaten out at Mil- 
ton, Ireland, 3; lLycaena in 
Oken’s work, 108; in Latreille’s 
Polyommatus, 119; related to M. 
itysalis, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43; 
at Torquay in June, 1933, 9, 10; 
Geometers at Storrington, Sussex, 
16, 64, 107, 129; in the Cottian 
Alps and Turin, 81, 82, 83, 105, 
106, 116; in Dalman’s genus 
Zephyrus, 130; taken at Jaca, 


Spain, 126; British butterflies, 
24, 36, 46, 57, 58, 74, 83, 92, 107, 
117, 130 
Literature re M. itysalis .. 38 


Marriage Flight of WM. scabrinodis, 120 


Material studied re M. itysalis .. 28 


Melanic, C. juliana, 10; O. octo- 
durensis, 26; P. machaon aS 
Migration of Insects . 10, 19, 132 
Misstatements of Tutt re Lycaena 109 
Museum, The Natural History .. 76 
‘¢Names, Mere Names,’’ T. B,- 
Fletcher .. a oo) aLile} 
Naming-Obsession, The, af oo SS 
Newspaper Entomology ee -. 18 
New, forms, species, etc., O. octo- 
durensis, 26; P. cingulalis, 28 ; 
T. winthemi (Dip.), 33; Z. trifolit, 
37; M. itysalis, 37; P. littoralis 52 
‘¢ Noctuae in 1933,’’ A. J. Wight- 
man oi 30, 43 
“i Nomenclature, uy Hy. J.T., 24, 36, 
46, 58, 74, 83, 92, 107, 117, 130; 
Higgins, L. G., 44; Note, A. T. 
Bainbrigge-Fletcher a0 57, 113 
«‘Notes on the Season 1933 in N. 
Ireland,’’? T. Greer... een cee b 


*¢Notes from, Dublin,” L. H. 
Bonaparte Wyse, 8; Tangier 
and Portugal, O. Querci.. 45 | 


Notes on, Collecting, 8, 21, 34, 45, 

85, 94, 110, 120 131; ‘< British 
Trypetidae,” M. Niblett. . -. 66 

Notices, Short 10, 22, 35, 57, 85, 
95, 111, 122, 132 


Obituary, M. Chetien, etc., 

W.F. Johnson .. \ .. 100 
Observations on Bombus terrestris, 17 
‘‘ Odonata (Paraneuroptera) from 


Peru and Colombia,’’ W. D. 
Hincks .. 77 
Oken’s work as an “authority for 
Lycaenidae .. 108 
Orthoptera from Strood, A few, M. 
Burr : .. 110 
“* Our Visitors Po ene uA . 131 
Pests .. 35, 57 


Plebeius, List ‘of Species placed in 

the genus, by Bethune-Baker .. 84 
P. livornica in Wilts ae a &) 
‘* P, littoralis ssp. annetensis n. ssp. 

A new form of a Micro-lepidop- 

teron,’’ Hy. J. Turner .. 52 
Polyommatus, List of species placed 

in the genus, by Bethune-Baker 92 
Prior names of some varieties of 


British species .. ob &B) 
Protection of British Tnsects. Com- 
mittee for the ae St 
“* Psylla ptarmicae (Hemip. ) as 
British,” R. S. Bagnall . 109 
G6 72, viridissima in Northumben 
land,’? M. Burr .. fs so all 
Ragwort Gb Se .. 06 


Rare and local species, C. hyale, 8; 

H, convolvuli, 9,19; M. atropos, 

Saye. livornica, Shr Bile Gs 

croceus, 18; D. plexippus, 19 ; 

X. gilvago, 43; D. galii, 54; 

A. ripae, 54; S. lunata, 125; 

U. eluta, 125; T. glaucopsis, .. 125 
Relationship of M. itysalis 39 
Reviews, 11, 12, 22, 34, 55, 57, 60, 

75, 90, 95, SS oe it Us 2-4 S$} 
‘* Rhopalocera in Austria,” T. B. 


Welch and A. H, Welch.. ao 
Sallows in early April at Churchill, 

Donegal .. 55 
Scientific Notes and Observations 7 
Second broods : ais 45, 131 


Seitz, Macrolepidoptera. Contents 
of recent parts 35, 75, 87, 133 
Supp. at end, face p. 60. 
Shape of I. itysalis, etc. .. -. 42 
Size of MW. itysalis, etc. ne bo. te 
Societies: R. Ent. Soc., 11; S. 


London Soe., 11, 23, 95; Ent. 

Soe. of the S. of Eng. Gok 

British Entomologists, 12, 35, 
96, 122 

Spring in, N. Ireland, 1; Cornwall, 

17; Donegal ae 55 
Third gen. of C. hyale ws 132 
Thon’s work no basis for Nomen- 

clature .. 109 
Tortriz postvittana in England, 

J.C. F. Fryer... 7 


Types of Satyrus, argyrnis, Meli- 
taea su) aS 44, 45 


136 


‘* Trypeta winthemi, New to the 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


MoUs 


PAGE PAGE. 


Valerian, Captures at blossoms of 53) 


British List,’? M. Niblett 33 Variation, in P. littoralis, 52; of 
Unexpected Result, An 60), U8 | Dutch Lepidoptera 64, . 89 
‘* Unusual, Captures at Hawthorn, Verrall Supper -. 16: 
etc., H. Donisthorpe, 32 ; Second 
broods in 1933, E. A. Cockayne 45 
Locaitres :—Austria, 69; Barberton, Transvaal, 120; Basses Alpes, 13, 25, 
37, 49; Carinthia, 69; Colombia, 77; Cornwall, 17; Cottian Alps, 81, 
105, 116; Donegal, 55; Dorset Coast, 9; Dublin, 8; Hisenkappel, 69 ; 
Holland, 64,89; Jaca, Spain, 101, 126; Lough Fea, 2; Mallnitz, 69; 
Maurin, Rasses Alpes, 13, 25, 37, 49, 61; Milton, N. Ireland, 3; 
Mourbhanj, India, 4; N. Ireland,1; Norfolk, 53; Orissa, India, 4, 20, 
28, 54; Oulx, Italy, 116; Peru, 77; Portugal, 45; Salonica, 34; Spain, 
101, 126; Storrington, W. Sussex, 15, 64, 107, 129 ; Stroud, 111; Tangier, 
45 ; Torquay, 94; Turin, 81, 105, 116 ; Vorarlberg, 69 ; West Sussex, 8, 30, 
43; Windsor Forest 32, 94 
ESOL CONES WHEO lS. 
Adkin, R., F.R.E.S. -- 94 { Greer, Thos.. : Se se hed! 
Andrews, H. W., F.R.E.S. yo, 225) | Harris. EG, M. De 21 
Ashby, Rev. EK. Be HEIR DotSion  vitell, Hawker, J.C. 111 
105, 116 Haynes, leks 5 121 
Bagnall, R. S., D.Se., F.R.E.S. .. 109 | Higgins, L. Gu F.R.E. S. 44 
Bethune- Baker, (Ghy Weey INRA OS. Hincks, W. D., M.P.S., F. R.E. S. 17 
WD Aaisso we As Aes) 0) Jeffreys, HeGs 3 9 
Brodie, P., B.A. 111 | Lempke, B. J. 64, 89 
Burr, M. 5 1D Se., F. RE. Ss. 110, 111 | Niblett, M. 33, 36: 
Cockayne, D. M., A.M., F.R.E.S., Nicholson, C. Be Ree Wye 
45, 117 | Parsons, Capt. C. on .10, 53, 95 
Crawford, W. M., B.A., F.R.E.S., Querci, 0 sence 45 
4, 20, 28, 54 | Robertson, G. S., MD., 10, 15, 34, 
CurtisMWeeb ene Hate S as liopno2os 64, 107, 129 
37, 49, 61 | Taylor, J.S., M.A., F.R.E.S. 120 
Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., Thynne, G. L 9: 
32, 34, 94, 20 | Turner, H.J., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., 
Ellis, H.. W.-, F.Z.S8., F-B.H.S.10, 23 TI) 1D), 2, 24, 34, 36, "46, EP}. Bl 
Fassnidge, Wm., M.A., F.R.E.S., 58, 60, 74, 75, 83, 92, 95, 107, 
101, 126 111, 117, 122, 130, 132: 
Fitter, R. 8. R. ae ; . 132 | Welch, A. E. ae is so YP 
Forbes, Wyndham, Comm., Welch, F. B. abe ie oo. (ey 
RONG AE RSH Seer 95 | Wightman, A. J., .. ase 30, 43 
Foster, Rev. Canon me .. 55 | Willoughby-Ellis, H. W., 10, 23, 
Fragley, J. B. ogy ne) 76, 96. 
Byers OcoHy Hy. R.E.S. 7, 48 | Wyse, L. H. Bonaparte .. oo || fs} 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
Y 
Plate. Supplement. The Colorado Beetle 48 ry 
a Seitz Work . 60: ae 
By I. Aberrations of 6 Species of Lepidoptera from Maurin 61 
90 Il. Male uppersides of Mesographa sps.. ae O° 50 ey GT 
a Il. ,, undersides “ aN BS a ae Ss en OMe 
na IV. Female uppersides a iM Ws a ae a a Oe 
x V. ,, undersides a Ag ne ae at Brey AON ea 
on VI. Male genitalia of Wesographa sps. 61 — 
», WII. The cornuti of MW. itysalis race maurinalis and of uu. costalis 61 — 
», VIII. The cornuti of M. itysalis and of MW. radiosalis Oy see 
SUPPLEMENTS. 
British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S., F.R.H.S. .. Be (309)-(352). ss 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. 66 (1)-(40), & 


SPECIAL 


By Hy. J. TURNER, 


VOL. XLVI. 


(new sees) 


IN DEX, 


F.R.E.S., F.R.E.S 


(1934.) 


The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. 


Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. 
Genera, Species, etc., 
to Science with two asterisks. 


PAGE 
COLEOPTERA. 


Lists of species taken in the ees 


Alps and Turin 5 S35. LG 
Amara similata 32 
Aphodius granarius. . 33 
Apion flavipes 33 
Atomaria linearis 33 
Bledius. longulus 32 
Byrrhidae oe Bb 95) Be 
Byrrhus fasciatus .. a 6: OB 
Calodera nigrata 33 
Carabidae 32 
Carabus taedatus Ne Se IY) 
Chilocorus angolensis au pet () 

distigma al Be og IAD) 
Chilomenes lunata .. Ss oo, LX) 
Chrysomela vernalis 106 
Clythra quadripunctata : .. 106 
Coccinellidae a Ot tlt? () 
Cryptophagidae O10 33 
Cryptophagus ee aie 8 ils 

pubescens . Be S65 as) 

scanicus : 33 
Curculionidae : ae -¢ 8B 
Cydonia geisha ae 2 meet () 

quadrilineata a ye, L260) 
Cyphon padi.. es oe oo) BB 
Dacne humeralis .. bys bd (BW 
Dascillidae a 33 
Dytiscus circumeinctus : eeOO 
Hpilachna herta ~ .. ds 56 dD 

paykulli ae 120 
Hrirrhinus aethiops. . ¢ so LOO 
Hrotylidae ... ae ae 20°. OF 
Kucnemidae .. 33 
Halyzia variegata 120 
Hylastes 33 
Hyperaspis senegalensis 120 
Ips quadriguttatus .. 33 
Lathrididae .. 33 
Lathridius lardarius : ad) Bie 
Lesteva longelytrata ay Go) | Be 
Lotis collaris ASL Ws 5 U0) 

nigerrima .. 120 
Macrocephalus albinus 96 
Melolontha vulgaris 94 


The other Orders arranged by Species. 


new to Britaan are marked with an asterisk, those new 


PAGE 
Mycetophagidae 33 
Mycetophagus 4- pastulatas: 33 
Nitidulidae 6 33 
Olibrus corticalis 32 
Omosita discoidea 33 
Phalacridae .. : 32 
Platynaspis capicola 120 

kollari 120 
Pselaphrus dresdensis 100 
Pyrhochroa coccinea 96 
Quedius maurus 32 

mesomelinus 32 
Rhizophagus depressus 33 

perforatus .. 3.0 33 
Rodolia obscura 120 
Scaphidiidae. . : be 33 
Scaphidium 4-maculatum .. 33 
Scarabaeidae 33 
Scymnus c-luteus 120 

trepidulus .. : 120 
Sibinia potentillae .. 33 
Staphylinidae 32 
Tachyporus. brunneus 32 

humerosus 32 

solutus 32 
Telmatophilus caricis 33 
Throscus cariniphrons 33 
Tychus ibericus 23 

niger 23 

var. dichrous 23 

DIPTERA. 
antica, Anomoea 66 
atricapilla, Dioctria. . 117 
bardanae, Tephritis 68 
bicolor, Ocyptera 82 
bombylans, Volucella 117 
caecutiens, Chrysops 82 
cardui, Urophora 66 
ceratocera =cornuta 56 Ba as) 
cognata (glaucopis v.), Tabanus .. 126 
colon, Trypeta : 67 
cornuta, Trypeta 68 
croeata, Pachyrrhina 117 
eluta, Urellia ao LAS 
flores-centiae, Trypeta 33, 67 


ii. SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
furcata, Stratiomys.. -- 106, 117 
germanicus, Pamponerus ae 5 alily 
glaucopis, Tabanus ate Ae k25 
haustellatus, Pangonius .. 06) SY 
hyoscyami, Tephritis o6 OS 
lunata, Stomorhina ate -. 125 
marginata, Sphenella we oo) GS 
mellinum, Melanostoma .. ye melas) 
miliaria, Tephritis .. bite og). is} 
morio, Hemipenthes at oo. July 
onotrophis, Trypeta tye 5, OI 
pellucens, Volucella O% go Lilly 
permundus=antica.. ne a6). Of 
polytomum, Diprion 50 -. 94 
pupillator, Carphotricha .. so Gk) 
quadrifasciata, Urophora .. po ie 
ruficauda=florescentiae .. gor oH 
serratulae, Trypeta.. We GMpli25 
solstitialis, Urophora ae ve) 166 
sonchi, Ensina 56 aS EOS 
stylata, Urophora .. Be ao. i 
Trypetidae .. 20 33, 66 
tussilaginis, Trypeta y oo Oy 
velutina, Anthrax .. : oo, LILY 
vesiculosa, Rhamphomyia. . 0196 
vespertina, Tephritis 55 OS 
wiedemanni, Gonioglossum OS 
winthemi, Trypeta (Orellia) 56 Be 


HEMIPTERA. 


Lists of species taken in the Cottian 
Alps and Turin 105, 106, 116, 117 
ptarmica, Psylla .. oo LOB), IG 


HYMENOPTERA. 


List of species taken at Turin and 
in the Cottian Alps 82, 83, 101, 117 


Myrmica .. ‘ oo} fIIPXO). Ii 
polytomum, Diprion ofc da ys 
quadricinctus, Metacrabro.. 56 UB 
scabrinodis, Myrmica Rie -. 120 
secundus, Xenocrepis ae oq dl) 
terrestris, Bombus .. Be eLULT, 
testaceus, Opius.. ae OD 
variator, Microbracon 50 oo. (as) 
Vespidae sie ao | LEY 
LEPIDOPTE RA. 
List of forms of M. deione.. an! By 
acuta, Curetis Sie a Beige PAS) 
adippe, Argynnis .. ae go OY) 
admetus, Polyommatus .. oo dl 
adusta, Hadena od ae cee hy) 
adyte (euryale f.), Erebia .. ao) 4) Oa 
aegeria Pararge wie So eh cela 
aegon, Plebeius ae a 25, 83 
aello, Oeneis.. ao) fe 
aemate (anaxias ssp. ) Mycalesis dal! 
aescularia, Alsophila a Soil 
aethiops, Erebia .. a aye AY 
affinitata, Perizoma. . 8 Semen 
agama, Caprona .. ae so) G3) 
agathina, Agrotis .. so) 8 
agestis, Aricia, Polyommatus 56.) G2 


PAGE 
aglaia, Argynnis -44,59, 72 
Aglais ne a : 60 
aglea, Danaus : sae 0 
agrarius (athamas ssp. 5 Eriboea oo PAl) 
Agrotidae .. oo 1G 


alatauica (phoebe ab. I Meiitaea oo LB} 
albescens (pamphilus ab.), Coeno- 
nympha .. 65 
albiannulata (medon ‘ab. ), ‘Aricia. . 89 
albicans (dorilis ab.), Polyommatus 66 
albicillata, Mesoleuca : yee 
albida (mesomella ab.), Cybosia -. 90 
albidilinea (lutulenta ab.), Aporo- 
phyla 5) Be 
albingensis (or ab. Ny Cymatophora 128 


albipuncta, Leucania : qe 
albula (pamphilus er “Coeno- 
nympha .. : oo -. 65 
Albulina 36 oo ty 
alcippoides (chrysippus jis Danaus 6 
alcon, Lycaena : oH 70, 109 
alecto, Colias te ae -. 65 
alemon, Amblypodia a4 ag” 24) 
alexis, Hasora we Po no bx! 
algae, Nonagria ae we a 483 
almana, Precis es ays Sueal 


alniaria, Ennomos, Deuteronomos 


3, 
alternans (phoebe ab.), Melitaea .. 13 


althaeae, Spilothyrus so HO 
alveus, Hesperia .. Se og U0) 
alysia (paralysos ssp.), Notocrypta 55 
amantes, Amblypodia sa oe: 629 
amathusia, Brenthis x oo Ue 
Amatidae (Syntomidae) We .. 385 
amor, Rathinda .. of ao ol) 
anagama (garuda ssp.), Huthalia.. 20 
anaxias, Myealesis .. ws Sensi O 
andalusica, Dianthoecia .. 23, -87 
andromedae, Hesperia ie -» 70 
anguinalis, Pyrausta -. 28 
angularia (quercinaria ab. Ne En- 
nomos é o¢ -. 124 
angulata, Odontoptilum on .. 54 
anita, Horsfieldia .. 29 
annetensis (littoralis ssp. i Poly- 
chrosis .. 52 
penelensis: nigrescens (littoralis 
b.), Polychrosis .. or on GP 
ee Stilbia .. ee .. 128 
Anosia 0.0 ote ae oc AU 
anteatrata (argiolus ab.), Lycae- 
nopsis, Cyaniris .. -» 124 
antiopa, Huvanessa.. 72, 74, 124 
antiphates, Papilio .. we 5 
Aphantopus .. on ae -. 58 
aphirape, Argynnis ae .. 124 
Aphnaeus.. ate ee 29 
apollo, Parnassius .. 71, 103 


approximata (lutulenta ab. ), " Aporo- 


phyla ge 4 500. BY 
aragonensis, Polyommatus .. 103 
arcania, Coenonympha .. do UB 


arcas, Lycaena AG aal09 


SPECIAL 


PAGE 
archippus, Anosia, Danaus 47, 123 
Arctiidae : 35 
arcuosa, Miana, Petilampa 2 
ardates = nora 9 29 
areola, Xylocampa.. satya val 
arete, Hrebia ios °So) 
argentea=blanka so) AY 
argiades, Everes 28, 75 
argillacea, Dianthoecia 23 
argiolus, Lycaenopsis, Cyaniris 119, 

123, 124 
argus=aegon ..29, 71, 83 
Argynnis : ..44, 45, 58 
argyrognomon (argus), Plebeius 25, 

71, 83, 124 
ariadne, Ergolis oe far oil 
Aricia.. ies oot, OR, GB 
arion, Lycaena 70, 108, 109 
aristolochiae, Papilio Soe pa) 
artemis (antiopa ab.), Huvanessa.. 124 
arundineta (dissoluta f.), Nonagria 

43, 53 
asterope, Ypthima .. G0 AAC NY 
astrarche = medon so fils ee, 9 
atalanta, Pyrameis 2, 3, 8, 18, 19, 

59, 72, 132 
athalia, Melitaea 45, 59, 72, 97 
athamas, Hriboea aes 2) 
athos (obscurus r.), Tagiades 54 
atlites, Precis ag 21 
atralis, Heliothela .. -. 63 
atropos, Manduca, Acherontia 9, 10 
atticus, Tagiades 54 
atymnus, Loxura 29 
aurea (rapae ab.), Pieris .. 65 
aurinia, Melitaea iL nt), 95, 123 
aurivestita (grossulariata ab. aE 

Abraxas a Lay 
auronigra (ligula ab. ), Conistra 89 
Aurotis : 56 as 130 
avanta, Ypthima ra 
aversata, Ptychopoda 9 2 
axion (doson ssp.), Papilio, ‘Zetides 

ano) 
bada (guttatus ssp.), Baoris 55 
balcanicola (virgaureae r.), Heodes 70 
baldus, Ypthima U 
bambusae (pythias ssp.), Astycus. . 55 
barrettii (andalusica ssp.), Dian- 

thoecia .. ea 23, 87 
basisuffusa (croceus ‘ab. ), Colias 65 
baton, Scolitantides rial 
baumanniana, Argyrolepia 2 
belemia, Anthocharis a 45 
belgiaria = fagaria sc .. 124 
bellargus (thetis), Polyommatus 8, 

71, 93, 107, 121 
bicingulalis(cingulalisab.),Pyrausta 28 
bicoloria, Miana .. ee af 3 
bilineata (cardamines ab.), Huchloé 35 
biplagiata (quercetorum  ssp.), 

Surendra .. : el) 
biselata, Ptychopoda 2 
bistortata, 123 


INDEX. iii. 
PAGE 
blanda, Hurema .. ae Rot 
blanka, Pratapa .. ats wa) 29 
bochus, Jamides_ .. 29 
boeticus, Lampides.. 29, 75, 86 
bolina, Hypolimnas 21 
brantsi (crantsi error) (dorilis ab. \, 
Heodes.. ahs 65 
brassicae, Pieris 4, 8, 18, 71, 132 
bredanensis (credanensis error), 
(crabroniformis ab.), Trochilium 90 
Brenthis ic uf 30 oe BY) 
brunnea, Noctua .. ad Le aa 


brunnea (vetusta ab.), Calocampa 4 
brunnea (dispar-rutilus ab.), Chry- 


sophanus .. Ws se - L24 
bryoniae (napi ssp.), Pieris co. Cdl 
bulis, Curetis mth a oo OY) 
cacaliae, Hesperia .. =i Sa 
cactorum, Cactoblastis .. ao 3) 
caeca (argus ab.), Plebeius -. 26 
caeca (erythrocephala ab.),Conistra, 
Orrhodia .. 66 a <o), GY) 
caeruleopuncta (hippothoé ab.), 
Heodes .. a6 ve .. 65 
caia, Arctia .. Oc ~3, 08 
C- -album, Polygonia &. WO. 7, "7155, 
111, 122 
caleta, Castalius .. fe oc PhS 
callidice, Pontia, Pieris .. Tal, OH 
callinara (theophrastus ssp.), 
Tarucus .. on 30 so. As) 
Callophrys els 


camilla (sibilla), Limenitis 72, 75, 96 
canaraica (kurava ssp.), Nacaduba 29 
Caprona O0 60 ae 55 
carbonaria (doubledayaria) (betu- 


laria ab.), Biston 60 123 
cardamines, Kuchloé coals 35, 71 
cardui, Pyrameis 3, 4, 8, 18, 19, 21, 

59, 72 
carma (myrrha ssp.), Libythea .. 21 
carthami, Hesperia... ite -. 103 
cassiope (epiphron f.), Hrebia .. 88 
casta, Fumea ae os ao) Bs 
catilla (pomona f.), Catopsilia .. 6 
caucasica (phoebe ab.), Melitaea .. 13 
caucasiola (phoebe ab.), Melitaea.. 13 
c-aureum, Polygonia a Soa C! 
Celastrina = Lycaenopsis 119 
celeno, Jamides a eis Bist 4G 
celtis, Libythea 103 


cerberus, (helena ssp.), Papilio 4, 5 


ceto, Hrebia .. an os ce 7 
ceylonica, Ypthima.. af coe 
ceylonica (egena ssp.), Harpe -. 69 
chaon, Papilio ae s 5 
chenopodii, Hadena : . 53 
chiron (eumedon}, Polyommatus .. 71 
chrysippus, Danaus. . Ns o 47 
chrysitis, Plusia .. 58 pinsad: 
chrysomallus, Zezius a do BY 
Chrysophanus 131 


cinerea (lutulenta ab. by Aporophyla 32 
cingulalis, Pyrausta re a0) ts 


iv. SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 

cinnamonea (octodurensis ab.), 
Ortholitha. . oid ie $5) AS 
cinnara (zelleri ssp.), Baoris aio’ 3G) 


cinnus (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 122 


cinxia, Melitaea 44, 45, 58, 59 
cinxiodes (phoebe ab.), Melitaea .. 13 
cippus, Tajuria.. ve 55). 630) 
‘circellaris, Amathes aan .. 44 
citraria = ochrearia Ag ae oe ae: 
cladodes (revayana ab.), Sarro- 
thripus.. oe san, SY) 
clathrata, Chiasmia A aca le trl 
clytia, Papilio ate ame reat C9) 
cnejus, Kuchrysops. . ad 9) 
Coenonympha oy ep OS 
cognata, Thera a By Nantel ey 
columella, Neptis .. oss SAM PAD 
comes, Triphaena .. Be alee ea) 
comes =orbona : sa) GY 
comma, Urbicola, Adopoea Asan 9 (8)e3 
complana, Lithosia : WO 
concolor (muscerda ab.), Pelosia .. “90 
connuba (orbona ab.), Triphaena.. 89 
consimilis, Huripus.. a se. AD) 
consimilis -(lutulenta ab.), Aporo- 
phyla 36 ae 31, 32 
conspersa, Dianthoecia seth |r 
continentalis(atymnus ssp.), Loxura 29 
conversa, Catocala .. : 104 
convolvuli, Agrius, Herse 3, 9, 10, 

19, 103 
core, Huploea BO aie Seago 
coridon, Polyommatus 8, 26, 71, 

93, 103, 104, 122 
corticana, Penthina.. es Sep pe 
Cosmolyce at a: sar nO 
costalis, Mesographa 38, 39, 40, 

49, 50,51, 61, 62 
crabroniformis, Trochilium ctirgsemtX0) 
crataegi, Aporia .. se go Vfl 
crepuscularia, Ectropis .. He) 25} 
eretacella, Homeosoma 3 
crinanensis, Hydroecia 3 
erino, Papilio Bs Se eibe $5) 
erini, Brithys oe fe Sealoll 
crocale, Catopsilia .. ais Sel) lals} 
crocea (miniata ab.), Miltochrista 90 
crocea (rapae ab.), Pieris 64 


eroceus, Colias.. 3, 8, 18, 65, 72, 75 


croceus = alecto i Gopal 
cucubali, Dianthoecia ae ai 2 
Cucullia Hg ae ah Sse Gold 
Cupido : 75, 108, 109 
~eursoria, Agrotis .. 54 
Cyaniris : . 93, 119, 130 
cyanographa (hippothoé ab.), 
Heodes .. S/o GY) 
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 50) OS) 
Cynthia So Sin Se 50) eo) 
cynthia, Melitaea .. vs Pate 
damon, Polyommatus 93, 103 
Danaidae .. ue Se Fe OO 
Danaus sh Se eater ae 
daplidice, Pontia 132 


; PAGE 
decidia (caleta ssp.), Castalius 28 
decreta (otis ssp.), Zizeeria 29 
degenerana, Sarrothripus .. 104 
deione, Melitaea Ee 97 
deleta (phoebe ab.), Melitaea 13 
demaculata {argus ab.), Plebeius 25, 26 
demoleus, Papilio’ 5 
dentata (acuta ssp.), Curetis 29 
derivata, Caenotephria 1 
designata, Ochyria .. 1 
despecta (rufa ab.), Coenobia 43 
despila (cardamines ane Euchloé 35 
Dianthoecia .. a By OY 
dictynna, Melituea .. : S08 N24 
didyma, Melitaea .. 98, 124 
dina (anita ssp.), Horsfieldia ao AY) 
dispar, Chrysophanus ee ali aeeel 30) 
dissimilis (clytia f.), Papilio BUG ie] 
dissoluta, Nonagria ae 43, 53 
dolus, Polyommatus £4 OB 
dorilis, Heodes, Loweia 65, 70 
dorippus (chrysippus ab.), Danaus 6 
dorylas, Polyommatus : so, Ut 
doson, Papilio, Zetides ate Aa) 
doubledayaria = carbonaria 123 
Dryas... aie os aie Jo OY) 
eborina (mesomella ab.), Cybosia 90 
eburnea (pamphilus ab.), Coeno- — 
nympha ; 65 
echerius, Abisara esate 
edusa = electo 65, 75 
egena, Halpe 56 OY) 
electo, Colias Gonauio 
elima, Spindasis 39) AY) 
elna, Castalius 28 
elocata, Catocala 104 
elpenor, Humorpha.. 2 
elymi, Tapinostola .. 53 
emutaria, Acidalia . 53 
epijarbas, Deudoryx 30 
Epinephele SOS 
epiphron, Erebia 47, 73 
epius, Spalgis oo) te) 
equestraria (angularia ab.), Ein- 
nomos 124 
Erebia 73 
eriphyle, Erebia 73 
erippus, Danaus 47 
eris (niobe f.), Argynnis 72 
eros, Polyommatus . . al 
Hrycinidae Ae 21 
erythrocephala, Conistra .. 89 
etolus, Zeltus 30 
eucharis, Delias 5 
eudaimippus, Eriboea 20 
EKugonia ~~ 74 
eumedon =chiron 71 
Kumenis ¢ 58 
euphemus, Lycaena : 109 
euphenoides, Anthocharis . . 103 
euphorbiata = murinata -. 45 
euphrosyne, Brenthis O92 
Huphydryas = Melitaea oo) BY) 
europa, Lethe 7 


SPECIAL INDEX. Vv. 


PAGE 
euryale, Hrebia Eo 
euryaloides (euryale f.), Hrebia 74 
eurybina (hippothoé f.), Chryso- 
Han Siem me af Po 
evagete (nerissa ssp.), Cepora, 
Huphina .. ays ATEN G 
exclamationis, Badhamia . 54 
exiqua, Laphygma : 10 
exulans, Zygaena Bi so Ul 
fabius, Charaxes .. aa FAS 7 
fagaria, Dyscia 36 do 124 
falcataria, Drepana.. 54 
fasciata (pharte ab. ye Erebia 73 
fasciuncula, Miana . 9 Are r4 
fausta, Zygaena of .. 123 
ferrugalis, Scopula... si aT 
ferrugata, Xanthorhoé eA! 
ferrugata=spadicearia .. 1, 124 
festiva=primulae, Noctua.. bia 7 
festucae, Plusia xi Eh: aE 4 
fidia, Satyrus .. 103 
flava, Adopoea ‘ 45, 70 
flava (mesomella ab. ). Cybosia 90 
flava (rapae ab.), Pieris 64 
flavescens (rapae ab.), Pieris 64 
flavicans (rapae ab.), Pieris 64 
flavida (rapae ab.), Pieris .. 64 
flavofasciata, Perizoma .. aA 2 
flavofasciata (aurinia ab.), Melitaea 123 
florella, Catopsilia .. be HERS IG 
folus, Udaspes ag HOO. 
forficalis, Mesographa “A en? 
frequens (pyrene ssp.), Ixias sea) 
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia .. 97 
fulva (io ab.), Vanessa 65 
fulva (vespertaria ab.), Hpione 118 
fulvago, Cosmia, Xanthia .. 89 


furfurana, Bactra .. a iA 2 


fusca (neurica ab.), Nonagria 43 
fusca (rufa ab.), Coenobia .. 43 
gaika, Zizeeria 29 
galathea, Melanargia, Satyrus 47 
galba, Syrichthus 55 
galii, Deilephila ‘ .. 54 
galliaemontium (phoebe _ ab.), 
Melitaea ah a6 Se hls 
gamma, Plusia GO) aa 
garuda, Euthalia 20 
eedrensis, Dianthoecia 23 
eeminipuncta, Nonagria -. 43 
Geometrinae (idae) 15, 85 
gilvago, Xanthia 43, 44 
gisca (puspa ssp.), Fee 29 
glareosa, Noctua .. 5 ie ae) 
glauca, Hadena a at THe 
glaucippe, Hebomoia as aE EIBEG 
glomerata (sylvata.ab.), Abraxas.. 118 
enoma (florella ssp.), Catopsilia .. 6 
gorge, Hrebia bbs Waal 88 
gothica, Taeniocampa che aor Waal 
graafii (medon ab.), Aricia aoe fe) 
‘gracilis, Taeniocaynpa ie ai il 
graminis, Charaeas. . 53 
-gremius, Suastus als -. 09 
‘grisea (revayana av.), Sarrothripus 


73 | 


PAGE 
erisealis, Zanclognatha .. Behe aes 
eroningana (hippothoé ab.), Chryso- 

phanus Me san Oo 
erossulariata, Abraxas er ebay 
sularis, Aphomia Oo. Toil 
guttatus, Baoris aif OO: 
hampsoni (nandina ssp.), Neptis.. 21 
haworthii, Celaena .. Sh .. 06 
hecabe, Kurema «°.. a Re 6 
hector, Papilio Ke we ecg) 
helena, Papilio 3 ye.) 
helice (croceus f.); Colias .. 8, 18 
Heodes iat 130 
Hesperiidae .. 56 
hewitsoni, Poritia 28 
hewitsoni, sven alyigoeel, so ew) 
hierta, Precis : 5a Plt) 249) 
hilaralis, Mesographa :, 39, 40, 49 
Hipparchia 59 
hippia (valeria ssp. i; Pareronia .. 6 
hippoclus, Symbrenthia Soe 
hippothoé, Chrysophanus, Heodes 

- a 5, 70, 131 
hordonia, Neptis - 21 


htibneri, Ypthima -. i PEs 


hyale, Colias 8, 18, 34, “72, 131, 133 
hygiaea (antiopa ab), Euvanessa. 124 
hylas, Neptis : 20 
hylas=dorylas ae 50 peti Cal 
hyperantus, Aphantopus ..45, 58, 73 
hyperborealis, Mesographa.. 40, 61 
Hyperiodes . a6 ale 
hypermnestra, Elymnias 50 Bee Mth 
Hyphilare 112 
icarus, Polyommatus 3, 8, i, 93, 

: 5, 119; 121 
icterana, Heterognomon: .. Sete 
ictis, Spindasis eC 
lernes (jurtina ssp:), Epinephele Stain 3@) 
imitaria, Acidalia: .. 131 
immaculata (muscerda ab. ), Pelosia 90 


imna (polyxena ssp.), Charaxes .. 7 
impunctata eats qe 


Conistra, Orrhodia 89 
inachus, Kallima 21 
inaria (misippus f.), Hypolymnas.. 21 


incarnatana, Spilonota’ .. 5 


indica (ariadne ssp.), Ergolis 21 
indica (lubentina ssp.), Huthalia .. 20 
indica (vitta ssp.), Hasora .. 54 


indra, Appias a ae ; i 6 


indrani, Coladenia .. a poe: 
intermedia {antiopa ab.), Huvanessa 124 
interrupta (caleta ssp.), Castalius.. 28 
io, Vanessa. - 3, 8, 18, 65, 72, 74 
iphioides, Coenonympha . 103 
iphita, Precis 21 
iris, Apatura.. ap Bib Se tha) 
isarica (euryale f.), Hrebia. . 73, 74 
ismene (leda ssp.); Melanitis Banaras 
isocrates, Virachola 30 
Issoria 59 
‘itysalis, Mieccerapha 37,: 38, “49, 50, Lae 
51, 61, Bey 63 
jacobaeae, Hypocrita os bald) 


vi. SPECIAL 


PAGE 
jehana, Tajuria 30 
juliana, Carpocapsa.. 10 
jumbah, Neptis - oe -. 20 
jurtina, Epinephele 3, 58, 72, 75, 93 
juvara (virgaureae ab.), Heodes 70 
kalinga (mulciber ssp.), Huploea .. 6 
kanara Narommareys ssp.), Panto- 

poria ob 20 
khasiana (atticus ssp. Sy Tagiades. . 54 
khasiana (hippoclus ssp.), Sym- 

brenthia .. ate As 54!) 24h 
kordonia, Neptis Be ga eal 
kurava, Nacaduba .. ore 29 
laeta, Eurema 6 
laius, Chilades 29 
l-album, Leucania .. 10 
Lampides 75 
lanka (ransonnettii ssp. ), ‘Caprona 55 
lappona, Erebia 6 73, ‘74 
lathonia, Issoria 4 “59, 72, 124 
Latiorina .. 84 
leda, Melanitis 3 7 
lemonias, Precis i 21 
lepidea, Kuthalia 5 20 
Leucania 0.6 3 112 
leucippe=athalia .. Sc 45 
leucocera, Celaenorrhinus .. 54 
levana, Araschnia .. 72 
libythea, Appias 30 6 
libythea, Eurema, Terias .. 6 
lichenaria, Boarmia seater 
ligea, Erebia F 74, 123 
ligula, Conistra, Orrhodia.. 5) ee) 
limniace, Danaus Be 6 
linea = flava .. 45 
lineata, Celerio 103 
lineola, Adopoea 70 
literosa, Miana 3 
litoralis, Leucania .. 53 
littoralis, Polychrosis as erenioe 
livornica, Phryxus .. 9, 10, 21, 103 
livornica (ligea ab.), Erebia 123 
loiblii (nerine f.), Hrebia .. 73 
lorquinii, Cupido 70 
Loweia . a 131 
lubentina, Euthalia, 20 
lucida, Camena a 29 
lucina, Hamearis .. 71, 75 
lanebergensis (lutulenta ab. ) Aporo- 

phyla ‘ 5 Bul ey 
luteago, Dianthoccia BS. SIE 
lutulenta, Aporophyla Sa.) elle) Bey 
Lycaena 83, 108, 109, 118, 119 
Lycaenidae . : .83, 86, 93 
lycaenina, Lycaenesthes so 2) 
Lycaenopsis .. ae 119 
Lysandra.. 50 Ao 93 
lysimon, Zizeeria 29 
machaon, Papilio .. ae sig Lil 
madrasa (baldus ssp.), Ypthima .. 7 
maera, Pararge f ..44, 57, 72 
maha, Zizeeria eye 36 oo oy 
mahratta (asterope ssp.), Ypthima 7 
malaya, Megisba .. ac 30) 2k) 


INDEX. 

PAGE 
malvae, Hesperia .. AG Ba 10) 
Maniola : Ve -. 58 
manto, Erebia ate ae 73, 74 
margaritata, Campaea .. hae 2, 
margaritellus, Crambus ohio, 
marginana, Penthina Ae Sane 
marianne, Ixias aus Be aos 6 
mathias, Baorvis es nye 5611! G5) 
matura, Cerigo 50 ay Oeag Oe! 
maturna=athalia .. a «20 45 
maura, Mania 104 


maurinalis (itysalis var.), Meso- 


erapha 37, 38, 49, 50,51, 52, 61 
medon, Aricia Bo lals thls 2} 
medus, Orsotriaena.. BG Bi 
medusa, Hrebia .. ae 56) U8) 
megacephala, Acronicta .. . 54 
megera, Pararge 4, 8, 19, 47, 58, 72 
melampus, Rapala .. se 30 
melampus, Hrebia .. ae oo. U8} 
Melanargia Oo 26 -- 48 
Melitaea 45, 58, 59,97, 98 
meridionalis (consimilis ssp.), 

Kuripus .. go OIC oo 2Al) 
merione, Ergolis  .. 6 50. Bl 
merope, Melitaea .. Si oo 4 
mesentina, Belenois = AeA sEG 
mesogona, Apaidia.. .. 104 
mesomella, Cybosia. . ats Beto 0) 
micacea, Hydraecia. . : -. 58 
mineus, Mycealesis .. ite eG 
miniata, Miltochrista a oo Glo) 


minimus, Cupido Sc 70, 75 
minna (pyranthe f.), Catopsilia .. 6 
misippus, Hypolimnas 36 oo cal 
miyana (lepidea ssp.), Huthalia .. 20 


mnemosyne, Parnassius .. go> (al 
moevius, Taractrocera a 56, GP) 
moneta, Plusia ee Re Bods its) 
monoglypha, Xylophasia .. Seah 
montana (dorilis 7.), Heodes oo 
morei, Halpe ats .. O89 
mulciber, Huploea .. se % 6 
munda, Taeniocampa at arid 
munitata, Xanthorhoé a BA HE HO 
murinata, Minoa .. a Wav ad 
muscerda, Pelosia .. a co Old) 
mutina (limniace ssp.), Huploea .. 6 
myrrha, Libythea .. ab so | Pal 
nails, Kuthalia af: a yo Xl) 
nandina, Neptis .. ne yeep 
napi, Pieris .. Mey Sp TUS, | Zl 
nara, Tarucus on a Sens 
narada, Horsfieldia. . Ae co 2) 
neoridas, EKrebia 126 
nerine, Erebia Uy SY 
nerissa,, Cepora Ae as EEEIIAS 
neurica, Nonagria .. 43 


nigerrima (fagaria = belgiaria ab.), 


Dyscia 50 .. 124 
nigerrima (trifolii ab, rs) Zygaena Bow axl 
nigra, Tarucus : oe ae 24s) 
nigra (neurica ab.), Nonagria .. 48 


nigricans (trifolii ab.), Zygaena .. 37 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
nigrobasalis (eudamippus  ssp.), 
Eriboea 60 50 oo 24l) 
nina, Leptosia 5 
niobe, Argynnis O00 72 
noctuella, Nomophila HG 4, 19 
Noctuidae ae , 76, 133 
noliteia (elna ssp.), Castalius oir) ere 
nomius, Papilio, Pathysa .. ais 5 
nora, Nacaduba .. 00 oo PR) 
Notodontidae oc 06 
novangliae (rapae r.), Pieris 65 
nupta, Catocala 104 
nyseus, Talicada 50 oo Pe) 
Nymphalidae(is) .. Me 7, 74 
obscura (arion r.), Lycaena 70 
obscura (trifolii ab.), Zygaena 37 
obscurus, Tagiades .. : -- O4 
obsoleta (argus ab.), Plebeius .. 26 
obsoleta (bellargus ab.), Polyom- 
matus O00 ie 30 opel 
obsoleta (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 124 
ocellaris (euryale f.), Erebia 73, 74 
ochrea (urticae ab.), See 35 
ochrearia, Aspilates .. 54 
octodurensis, Ortholitha PAR OY 
oeme, Hrebia : 86 so 8 
ophiana (columella ssp. ), Nepse 50) A) 
or, Cymatophora 97 
orbitulus: Plebeius .. : awe (all 
orbona, Rhyacia, Triphaena 56, 89 
orion, Scolitantides. . oo ~ Ul 
orithya, Precis : 21 
orseis (varuna ssp.), Rapala 30 
ossa (maha ssp.), Zizeeria . 29 
othona, Chliaria 30 
otis, Zizeeria 29 
palaemon, Carterocephalus 70 
palaeno, Colias aye oo eal 
pales, Brenthis Big 42 72, 88 
pallescens (rufa ab.), Coenobia 43 
pallida (amen ab.), Coeno- 
nympha .. 6 : eel 
paludis, Hydroecia .. 53 
palustraria, Hupithecia .. 2 
pamphilus, Coenonympha. .58, 65, 73 
pandava, Euchrysops 29 
paphia, Dryas, Argynnis . ah 59, 72 
Papilio (nidae) : we , 46 
paralysos, Notocrypta 55 
parisatis, Apatura .. So oo 
paris, Papilio 36 06 4, 5 
Parnara ws 55 
Parnassius 50 57 
parrhasius, Eiveres .. 28 
paucipuncta (argus ab.), ‘Plebeius 
25, 26 
pelias (agama ssp.), Caprona 55 
pendularia, Cosymbia 36 54 
perfusca (dahlii ab.), Noctua 56 
perius, Pantoporia .. O06 20 
permagna (ligea ab.), Erebia 74 
perseus, Mycalesis .. D0 sa 
persimilis, Diagora . é 5, 20 
petosiris (pheretimus ssp.), “Rapala 30 


vii. 

PAGE 

phaeton, Melitaea .. ils -. 59 
phalanta, Atella  .. as Be al 


pharte, Erebia a6 fe 50 Ue} 
phegea, Syntomis .. “re ve, OF 
pheretes, Plebeius .. 30 50. Ua 


pheretimus, Rapala.. o0 25 30 
phicomone, Colias .. 71 
phlaeas, Rumicia 8, 19, 45, “46, 65, 

70, 108 130 


phoebe, Melitaea colbe Nay, Ye 
phragmitidis, Calamia 56 .. 53 
Pieridae AS ie wks 5, 8d 
pisi, Hadena.. dc ie ao 
pinastri, Sphinx a0 0 
plantaginis, Nemeophila .. . 88 
Plebeius 46, 83, 84 
plexippus, Danaus, Anosia 6, 10,19, 47 
plexippus =archippus 
plinius, Syntarucus.. : o¢ 
pluviatilis (iphita ssp.), Precis Sa Gal 
podalirius, Papilio .. oc so Cl 
polychloros, Kugonia nd 72, 74 
polydecta (mineus ssp.), oe 6 


polymnestor, Papilio 5 
Polyommatus 83, 92, 93, 8, 119 
polytes, Papilio ay S 
polyxena, Charaxes.. 56 Ystanuit 
pomona, Catopsilia a yen es0 
pomonella, Hnarmonia .. 50. BY) 
pompilius (antiphates ssp.), Papilio 5 
populana, Semasia .. 50 60) 8} 
populi, Limenitis .. 60 50 UB 
porata. Cosymbia 5 131 
porcellus, Theretra .. ae ee 9 
postvittana, Tortrix ye oo | U 
potatoria, Cosmotriche .. -. 53 
potosiris (pheretimus ssp.), Rapala 30 
praecox, Agrotis .. oo 56) Gi) 
praegalliensis, Heliothela .. ee Oo 
procris, Limenitis .. 66 so. PA) 
prodromana, Amphysa_ .. Botta 
pronoé, Hrebia es 6 oo. teil 
pronubana, Cacoecia of Tesi 9 
pronubina (orbona ab.), Triphaena 89 
pseudomoesa, Padraona .. .. 55 
puerpera, Catocala .. 56 -. 104 
pulverulenta (cardamines  ab.), 
Kuchloé .. re a0 -. 35 
punctata, Naclia .. 91 
punctata (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 124 
purpureo-punctata (one ab.), 
Heodes.. : 36 -. 65 
puspa, Lycaenopsis.. 06 on AY) 
putli (trochilus ssp.), Zizeeria .. 29 
Pyrales(idae). . a0 as OZ 
Pyrameis : -- 59, 60 
pyrantha, Catopsilia Be 390. 
pyrene, Ixias ae 06 oo, © 
Pyronia 46 50 55) Bs) 
pythias, Astycus ue a6 -- 59 
quercetorum, Surendra .. 56.) OY) 
quercinaria, Ennomos we 4, 124 
radiata (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 124 


viii. SPECIAL 
PAGE 
radiosalis, Mesographa 38, 39, 40, 
». 49, 50, 51, 61, 62, 
ragalva- (europa ssp-), Lethe Beer 


ramella, Hucosma > sg) 

ramosana (revayana ab.), * Sarro- 
thripus ; 89, 90 

ransonnettii; Caprona 54 


rapae, Pieris 18, 22, 45, 64, 71, 124, 132 
ravi, Tagiades he 54, 
reichlini (nerine r.), Brebia 
repandata, Boarmia a we OF 


revayana, Sarrothripus 89, 104 
rhamni, Gonepteryx fee ney 
ripae, Agrotis nS 53, 54 
ripperti (admetus ssp.), Polyom- 
matus ee bio 103 
rohria, Lethe : Zs Le an fa 
romulus (polytes ssp.), Papilio .. 5 
rosimon, Castalius’.. fa Sis 24s) 
ruberata, Hydriomena re ate 2 
rubi, Callophrys : level 
rubiginea, Conistra do), thd) 
rufa, Coenobia he au 43, 953 
rufescens (neurica ab.), Nonagria.. 43 
rufomaculata (croceus ab.), Colias 65 
Rumicia ate 131 
rumicis, Acronicta .- . ae seeeleyl 
rutilus: (dispar ssp.), Chrysophanus 124 


sagara (moevius ssp.), Taractrocera 55 


sagittata (revayana ab.), Sarro- 
thripus 1S, we so SO) 
salicata, Calostigia:.. oe Mee eo 
sarpedon, Papilio °.. ae aerate) 
Saturniidae .. é ae oo 
Satyridae(us) 6, 44, 48, 58 
satyrion, Coenonympha 73 
schistacea, Rapala .. 30 


secalis, Apamea te s2 en eS 


sedi (lutulenta ab.), Aporophyla 31, 32 
selene, Brenthis 59565; 02, 12 
selenophora, Pantoporia ee) 
semele, Satyrus Re dé DOS 
semiargus, Polyommatus ..71, 93, 119 
semibrunneéa, Xylina io BiU a) sail 
serena, Hecatera .. Re Ay, 2 
serratulae, Hesperia 0 
sibilla =camilla Tg Ws 
Sideritis : i: gg July 
silhetana isisatine ssp. a EKurema .. 6 
similis (auriflua), Porthesia so) 
simulans, Agrotis a Arey 10) 
simulata (hecabe ssp.), Kurema .. 6 
sinapis, Leptosia Bans WAL 
singala (avanta ssp. ); Ypthima BEAT AT 
sinha, Issoria é ee OlL: 
snelleni (medon ab. )s Aricia 89 
spadicearia (ferrugata), Xanthorhoé 

L 1, 124 
sparganii, Nonagria: ae Bie 
spuleri, Synanthedon 104 
stabilis, Taeniocampa ae Sea POL 


statices, Adscita Me As a 2 


INDEX. 


: PAGE 
stellatarum, Macroglossum 8, 9, 19, 
rs 111, 132 
sterlineata =deleta (phoebe ab.), 
Melitaea 13 
strabo, Catachrysops Be wane) 
striata, Coscinia ~ Kis 108 
strigilis, Miana So) OB 
stygne; Erebia oe 73, 103 
sudica (blanka ssp.), Pratapa 29 
suffumata, Lampropteryx .. Bsgppiedlt 
suffusa (echerius ssp.), Abisara .. 21 
suffusa (croceus ab.), Colias 65 
suffusa (gilvago ab.); Xanthia 44 
superstes, Caradrina ave Sed 24 
sura (angulata ssp.), Odontoptilum 54 
swinhoei (orithya ssp.), Precis 21 
sylvanus, Adopoea, Aveiades 45, 70 
sylvata, Abraxas : aeuls 
sylvestris=flava . : .. 45 
syngrapha (coridon ab.), Polyom- 
matus Bas el Ose LOe 
Syntomidae.. .. An so. BS 
syrichtus=agama 55 
syringaria, Pericallia 53 
tages, Nisoniades : 6. 0 
taminatus, Hasora’.. Be SO 
tamilana (paris ssp.), Papilio arses) 


tapestrina (merione ssp.), Hrgolis 21 
tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha (tarsi- 


pennis in error) .. o'6 Sra 
Tarucus 28 
tau, Aglia : Be .. 124 
taylorii (ransonnettii ssp. ), Caprona 455 
temerata, Bapta  .. as aa cage 
tenuifasciata (ligea ab.), Hrebia 123 
thaliades (selene ab.), Brenthis 65 
theophrastus, Tarucus ae a6 es 
thetis, Curetis S62, OB, NO 
thetis = bellargus 71 
thore, Brenthis 72 
Thersamomea 131 
thyrsis, Gangara ae a5 OD) 
thyodamas, Cyrestis a sieip ye 
thwaitesii (malaya ssp.), Megisbe.. 29 
tiliae, Mimas 5 ie 66, i@B 
timoleon, Iraota .. Ka sees) 
tiphon = tullia 58, 95 
tithonus, Epinephele 58, 124 


tityus, Hemaris Ye die eis | 4 
togata (Plutea), Cosmia, Orrhodia 89 
togatoides (fulvago ab.), ee 


Cosmia é ate 89 
tragopogonis, Amphipyra SS eee as 
transalpina, Zygaena : oe 
transversa (selene ab.), Brenthis .. 65 
triangulum, Noctua.. 56 
trifolii, Zygaena oe bo) BH 
triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia.. 74, 88 
tripartita, Abrostola 43 
tripuncta (lutulenta ab), Aporophyla 

31, 32 
53 


tritici, Agrotis “9 6 Bi 3, 
trochilus, Zizeeria ae 


SPECIAL 


PAGE 
truncata, Dysstroma : 2 
tullia (tiphon), Coenonympha 57, 

y 58, 95 
turea (phoebe ab.), Melitaea oq, JB} 
turmalis, Mesographa a co (ail 
tyndarus, Erebia aa Vie Ue! 
typhlus (perseus ssp.), Mycalesis .. 6 

_umbrosa (cardamines ab.), Euchloé 
unanimis, Apamea .. ae ae 2 
uncula, Hydrelia 4 is 4 
undularis (hypermnestra  ssp.), 

Elymnias .. . oo ot 
unicolor (rubiginea. ab.), Conistra 89 
unidentaria eae joo 
Xanthorhoé 124 
urticae, Aglais 8, 18, 34, 35, 59, 
60, 72, 74 
urticae (tripartita ab.), Abrostola.. 43 
urticana, Sericoris .. = 2 
ugeni (dorilis ssp.), Precis . oo | (5B) 
vaisya (lemonias ssp.), Precis so. Al 
valeria, Pareronia .. a SMO 
Vanessa a O6 60, 74 
variegata, Pyralis .. oo, OB 
varmona (hylas ssp.), Neptis a9 All 
varuna, Rapala us : ao | BD) 
venata, Adopoea .. : .. 45 
vernalis (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 12 
vespertaria. Epione D0 so HUES) 
vestigialis, Agrotis .. 60 3, 53 
vetusta, Calocampa oo oo 
vicrama, Scolitantides are oo. Yak 
viminalis, Cleoceris ne bo Ge) 
vinula, Cerura, Dicranura. . 85, 94 
violae, Telchinia .. as see ti: 
virgaureae, Heodes 70, 130 
viridana, Tortrix .. 50 oo fete) 
vitta, Hasora 50 -- o4 
vittalis (cingulalis ab. Yh Pyrausta.. 28 
vitellina, Leucania . oe oo 1K) 
vulcanus, Spindasis — c oo PAY) 
wagneri (phoebe ab.), Melitaea ls 
w-album, Strymon .. ae ue 
woeberiana, Semasia Ae Be 2) 
xanthographa, Noctua ot oa | B 
xiphia=nina O0 Br oo.) 6) 
Yponomeuta ee O06 oo OY) 
zalmora, Neopithecops as ay 328 
zelleri, Baoris Be oe ag | Gi) 
Zephyrus .. oe 30) 
Zygaena Bly 16) 


Poleorey Xylophasia . 132 


INDEX. 


PAGE 
NEUROPTERA. 
bicaudata, Phryganea 122 
perla, Chrysopa 56 -. 82 
ORTHOP’ TERA. 
bicolor, Chortippus. : 110 
caerulescens, Oedipoda itd 
germanica, Blattella 82 
germanica, Oedipoda 11 
lineatus, Stenobothrus gg All@) 
parallelus, Chortippus 110, 117 
rufus, Gomphocerus -. 110 
thalassinum, Meconema -. 110 
viridissima, Phasgonura ae 111 
viridulus, Omocestus . 110 

Bie nar uuye eases 
adela, Gynacantha, . : 56. io) 
adnexa, Cor yphaeschna or oo OM 
Aeshna (idae) oo Oty OC 
auricularis, Gynacantha .. LS 
brevifrons, Aeshna .. 80 
cancellatum, Orthetrum oo wLily/ 
croceipennis, Gynacantha.. 49, 80 
diffinis, Aeshna ‘ OO. 
ditzleri, Triacanthagyna 77 
gigantula, Staurophlebia 80 
gracilis, Gynacantha 79 
Gynacantha .. : 80 
harpyga, Neuraeschna 80 
imperator, Anax .. ily 
interioris, Gynacantha 80 
intricata, Aeshna 80 
klagesi, Gynacantha 78 
litoralis, Gynacantha 79 
marita, Rhionaeschna ; 80 
membranalis, Gynacantha o 
mina, Neuraeschna SO 
nervosa, Gynacantha 78, 179 
Neuraeschna OO 
peralta, Aeshna so {kl 
producta, Neuraeschna : 80 
quadrimaculata, Libellula.. 117 
reticulata, Staurophlebia so | SD) 
satyrus, Triacanthagyna .. 50 Uh) 
septima, Triacanthagyna .. 56, UE 
tenuis, Gynacantha oo US 
trifida, Triacanthagyna oo te 
viginti-punctata, Aeshna 50) teil) 


Correction :—P. 122 for ‘‘D, Haynes” read ‘‘ H. Haynes.”? 


i 
t 
L 
| 
oe 
| 
i 
I; 


x 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (309) 


several, about 6, black spots along the costal edge. (Made from a 
Digne ‘ argillacea ” so-called.) 

The figure by Culot, N. et G. I(1). plt. 19, from a Geneva specimen, _ 
is somewhat darker in ground which throws out the lighter markings 
considerably more; the V character is very irregular and much less 
apparent; the lighter colour is a deeper fulvous; the claviform is 
present and much emphasized ; the submarginal area is divided into 
three, the central portion is dark, the contracted costal portion and the 
inner marginal portions are both of the colour of the stigmata. There 
is a richness about the colour which is not expressed in the Digne 
example. Presumably this figure represents the aryillacea, Hb. 
although it does not quite agree with Hubner’s type figure. 


Since the above was in print Mr. Tams, of the British Museum, 
has very kindly sent me the result of his examination of an andalusiea 
taken by Brig. Gen. B. H. Cooke, (C. d’Hspina, 2,600 ft. 3.vi1.27.) He 
writes, ‘I send you a photograph of the aedeagus of Gen. Cook’s ¢ 
and you can decide it for yourself where the specimen belongs.” <‘ It 
was coloured like barrettit but was a large, fine example.” The photo- 
graph was, to me, decisive. It was not duteago (long-spined) but short 
blunt spined as barrettii. Subsequently Mr. Tams wrote, “1 cannot 
see any other explanation of the facts. There must be two species. 
The yellow one luteayo [he includes a diagram of the long sharp spine 
of that species] ; the darker one [he includes a diagram of the short 
blunt spined species] which includes as subspecies darrettii and 
andalusica. But I must do a little more investigation before I can sort 
out the synonymy.” ‘This confirms the findings of both Kdelsten and 
Rayward as to two species. 

From the facts so far the specific name is %ndalusica, Stder. (1859) 
with sub.sp. barrettii, Dbldy. (1864). 


Luperina dumerilit is the next species dealt with by Tutt, but as 
there seems to be no authentic British examples recorded of late years, 
even if those many years ago said to be taken in Britain are accepted, 
it seems scarcely necessary to treat of this species. Neither Tutt nor 
South had ever seen a British example. 

For those who wish to know aught of this species the following 
references may be of use. 

Original Description Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. p. 277, plt. XC., f. 4 
(1826): Stdgr. Cat. 169 (1901): Barrett Lep. Brit. I. IV. (1897): 
Hamps. Lep. Phal. VII. 472 (1908): Tutt Br. Noct. I. 186, IV. 110. 

ab. desyllest, Gn. Noct. I. 183, 1852. 

r. diversa, Stdgr. Iris. LV. 284 (1891). 

r. sancta, Stdgr. l.c. IV. 285 (1891). 

amentata, Germ. Fauna, XXII. 18. 

ab. armoricanus, Culot, N. et G. I(1). 141, plt. XXV. (1909-18). 

r. adriatica, Stauder Boll. Soc. Adriat, XX VII. 159 (1912). 

Some twenty years ago Mr. Charles Oberthiir sent me a nice series 
of forms of this species for comparison with our Luperina guenéei, 
since there was a pale form of the species, which on the continent was 
suspected to be the same as British L. guenéet. Dr. Chapman very 


(310) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


kindly examined the genitalia and found the species quite distinct. 
These pale forms are before me now and show not the slightest 
_ Similarity of texture to our beautiful British species. 


Luperina, Bdy. (1829) Gn. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Dup.: Polia, 
Och. and Tr. (1816-25) H.-S.: Agrotis, Och. and Tr. (1816-25) Cutt., 
Frr.: Apamea, Och.-Tr. (1816-25) Mill.: Melanchra, Hb. (1822), 
Meyr.: Tholera, Hb. (1822) Sth., Hamp., Warr.-Stz.: Newronia, Hb. 
(1822) Sohn.: Charaeas, Steph. (1829) Steph., Wood: Heltophobus, 
Bdy. (1829) Barr.: EHpineuronia, Rbl. (1901) Stdgr., Splr.] cespitis, 
Schiff. (1775). 


This species has been removed from genus to genus by almost every 
systematist. The genus name Newronia is praeoccupied. Apparently 
there is no concensus of opinion as to the relationship of this species. 
Pierce, Genitalia Noct. Br. Is., 38, says, ‘‘ Taere is nothing in common 
with testacea, dumerilit, or cespitts,’ nor does he indicate the relation- 
ship of the last. 

Tutt did not take the Original Description, which was the meagre 
note of Schiff. in the Verz. p. 82 (1775), whose description runs 
‘* Noctua venosa, the upper wings blackish with yellow toothed line ; 
larva on Aira cespitosa, Wasengras.”’ Fab. Mant. Il. 156 gave a 
fuller description which was quoted by Tutt. Fab. himself gives the 
Verz. as the original description (Mnt. Sys. Amend. III(3) 68). 


Tutt Brit. Noct. [. 186 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. LV. 189, plt. 152 
(1897) ; Stdgr. Vat. 155 #1901): Hamps. Lep. Phal. V. 218, f. 32 
(1905) : Splr. Schm. Hur. [. 167, plt. 86 (1905): South M. Br. I. 256, 
plt. 128 (1907): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. IIL. 80, plt. 19h (1909): Culot 
N. et G. I(1). 96, plt. 16, 9 (1909-13). 

Ernst. and Engr. Pap. d’ Hur. (1790) VII. f. 459 give three very 
fair figures, a,a g ; b,a ? ; c, underside. 

Hub. gives a good figure of the usual form of the female, fig. 428. In 
his Tat, p. 187, he refers it to Ochs. and Tr. who refer it to the Verz. 
Schiff. 

Treit. Schmett. V. (2). 116, remarks that authors had placed this 
insect in various positions as to its relationship and notes that in 
Nature relationship is not expressible in rows, but as a net with 
connections in many directions. 

Wood, nd. (1888) plt. 8 gives a good fig. of cespitis, and a figure of 
Stephen’s confinis. (121). 

Dup. Hist. Nat. plt. 102. VI. (VII.) gives a good fig. of the 2° but 
the transverse lines are hardly sufficiently margined with lighter colour 
and the hind-wings not sufficiently suffused. 

Hump. and West. Br.M. plt. XXII. give a figure too dark and badly 
shaped with banded hindwings with which I have never met. 

Freyer’s figures, as H.-S. says, are very bad. 

H.-S. Beard. I. 269. says that Hubner’s fig. 428 has forewings too 
short, the stigmata too red; that Freyer’s fig. 111 is unrecognisable, 
the markings are too emphasized, and he puts the hordet, Schrnk, as a 
synonym. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (311) 


Gn. Hist. Nat. V. 164. considers hordet, Schrnk, autumnalis, Curt. 
and con/finis, Steph. as one and the same. 

Meyr. Hand. 81 (1895), classifies it with reticulata, conspicillaris, 
pisi, myrtilli, ete. and in the genus Melanchra, Hb. which he repeats 
in the Revised Hand. (1927-8). 

Hamps. Lep. Phal. p. 218. has a very poor b. and w. figure; he 
gives autumnalis, Curt. as a Synonym. 

Splr. Schm. Eur. I. plt. 86-7 has a good figure of the 3. 

South M. Bb. J., I. plt. 128 gives 2 very good figures $ and @. 

Warr.-Stz. places horde’, Schrnk., autiwmnnalis, Curt., confinis, Steph., 
and chloris, Mill., as synonyms of cespitis, and decolor, Sohn. as a 
synonym of ferruginea, Hofm. only recognising one aberration as did 
Hampson. ‘They give 2 almost unrecognisable figures on plt. 19h. 

Culot, N. et G. I(1). 96, plt. 16, 9, gives a very good figure. 


Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ Very rarely variable except in 
size.” 

Barrett records an example ‘“ having the subterminal line of the 
forewings broadened out into a white stripe.” 


The List of Names and Forms to be considered are— 

cespitis, Schiff. (1775), Verz. 82. 

cespitis, Fb. (1787) Mantissa, 156. 

hordei, Schrnk. (1802), Hn. Bota. 11(1). 351. 

autumnalis, Curt. (1825), Brit. Hnt. 165.  non-descrip. 

ab. confinis, Steph. (1827), Z/. II. 109: Wood Ind, fig. 121 (1838). 

ab. chloris, Mill. (1883), Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons. XXIX., 172, plt. 4, 
1-2. 

ab. ferruginea, Hoffm. (1887) Soc. Ent. II. 121. 

ab. decolor, Sohn. (1896) Soc. Hnt. XI., 115. 

Tutt dealt with (1) The cespitis of Fab. (Mant.); and (2) conjinis, 
the very pale form. 


hordei, Schrnk, Fn. Bota. [1(1) 851 (1802). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ Silky brownish-black, the bordering of the 
orbicular, the reniform, and the four curved transverse lines ochre- 
yellow ; the hind-marginal fringes black and ochre-yellow chequered.” 
Miinehen. 

Schrnk quotes deaurata, Esp. as a synonym. But deaurata is a 
Plusia. 


ab. chloris, Mill. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. (1883) XXIX. 172. 

Fie.—l.c. pl. 4. f. 1-2. 

Orie. Descrip.—“ It is smaller than testacea and nickerlii and about 
the size of dumerilii. Yet this can never be confused with either of 
these species, because the forewings of the new Apamea are relatively 
narrower than those of its congeners. 

‘“‘ Forewings, elongate, rectangular, of a clear reddish-grey, with 
the lines and spots badly marked. The ordinary spots are whitish 
with a brown centre; they stand on a reddish grey ground. The 
elbowed line, much turned back on the costa, alone visible, is wide, 
clear, toothed on both sides; it precedes a series of very small black 
marks. The fringe is yellow, scarcely interrupted. The lower wings, 


(312) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


of a fleshy white, are without lines. Below, all the wings are of a 
reddish white and the elbowed line is scarcely visible, yet a black 
discoidal spot is well marked on the lower wings.” Acqui-les-Bains, 
Italy. 


ab. ferruginea, Hofm. Soc. Ent. II. 121 (1887). 

Orie. Descrip.— ‘ Head, thorax and forewings red-brown ; 
transverse lines, waved line and stigmata sulphur yellow; hindwings 
of g almost wholly white, but in the 9 paler than in the type form.” 
Wolfsberg, Karnten. 

Hamip. Cat: Lep. Ph: V. 217 (1905) “much paler:”—Lyrol, 
Carinthia. 


ab. decolor, Sohn. Soc. Hnt. XI. 115 (1896). 

Orte. Descrire.—‘ The black-brown ground, which is usually 
invariable in cespitis, in var. decolor varies from a dark ochre-brown to 
a quite pale yellow-brown. ‘The paler the specimens are, the more 
obsolescent the markings so that the palest examples are almost 
without markings. In the last there only remains, as a single 
characteristic, the pale margining of the stigmata. The hindwings 
in these specimens are quite white as far as the very fine yellow-grey 
outermargin.” 

«« The variety occurs in both sexes and is almost as common as the 
typical form, which occurs with it. It seems to be generally 
distributed in the country south of the Brenner and Meran.” 


Luperina, Bdv. (1829) Gn., Newm., Meyr., Barr., Hamp., Warr.-S. 
[Apamea, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) H. S., Led., Stdgr., Splr., Cul. ; 
Trachea, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25): Polia, Tr. (1816-25) H.-S.: Hama 
Steph. (1829)] testacea, Schiff. (1775). 


Tutt took Hubner’s fig. 189 as the type, whereas early authors 
went back to the Verz. of Schiff. (cf. Illiger, Treit., Werneb., ete.). 

The Original Description, such as it is, was— 

testacea, Schiff. Verz. 81 (1775). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Larvae Terricolae: with pale or distinct orbicular 
and reniform stigmata: the sand-coloured Noctua with small stigmata.” 
Illiger quotes this last phrase, Verz. Iled. I. 261 (1801). 


Tutt, Ent. XXII. 206 (1889): Brit. Noct. J. 187 (1891): Barr. 
Lep. Br. Is. LV. 886, plt. 173 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. I1Ied. 168 (1901): 
Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 186, plt. 89 (1905): South, M. Br. Is. 1. 267, plt. 
128 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 471 (1908): Culot N. et G. I(1). 
140, plt. 25 (1909-13): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. Ill. 185, plt. 48c. 
(1911). 


Ernst. and Engram. Pap. d’Hur, VII. fig. 451 bas given a very 
good figure of the sand-coloured form. In the text they say it is the 
sordida of the Verz. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (313) 


Hub. Saml. 189 (1802) gives a good figure, but of a darker tint 
than the common sand brown of our average British form. The 
hindwings are not sufficiently sand tinted and the wings are, if anything, 
somewhat too short. 

Haworth, Lep. Brit. 194, says that his lunato-strigata scarcely 
differs from his wnca, and that his a-notata is very close to lunato- 
strigata. 

Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 81 has a very good somewhat dark figure. 

H.-S. says Hb’s. fig. has wings too short. 

Guenée Noet. 182 gives reference to Schiff., Verz. 

Newman. Brit. M. 296, fig. has much too great a contrast between 
central band and ground colour. I have not seen a specimen like it. 

Meyrick, Hand. 112 (1896) placed gueneei, Dbldy. and nickerlii, Frr., 
as synonyms. In the 1927-8 edition nickerlit = queneei is separated as a 
species. 

Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. gives five good figures all somewhat 
dark and hardly represent the forms we are accustomed to meet. 
They do not recognise lunatostrigata as being different from the typical 
form. 

Culot. N. et G. 1(1), plt. XXV. gives five figures: 11 a very good 
figure of the sand-coloured form ; 12 a pale ochreous form ab. ochreo- 
pallida ; 13 a dark banded form in which the band is blackish with 
stigmata of the ground colour ab. bicolor; 14 the dark brown form 
approaching Hibner’s figure, called ab. obscura; 15 ab. pallescens a very 
pale form with faint ochreous tint. All the figures are very good. 


Of the Variation Barrett says ‘‘ Not a very variable species inland, 
but on the coast, and especially on the western coasts it 1s quite other- 
wise. The range of ground colour there is from the palest drab or 
even brownish white marbled with pale brown, to blackish umbreous 
with or without central blacker markings; the central black bar above 
the dorsal margin is usually faint or even absent in the palest forms, 
yet occasionally large and strongly marked ; in the darkest it sometimes 
becomes a black rectangular blotch. 

‘“‘In the South of Ireland a more uniformly dark race is accompanied 
by normal specimens and also by a curious mealy looking, grey-brown 
variety, and in the female by deep umbreous forms. 

‘“‘Tn all the variations the colour of the thorax coincides with that of 
the forewings.” 

Stephens, Jil. III. 5, says of the Variation :—‘‘ Some examples are 
of a deep fuscous or rufescent tinge, clouded with black, with two 
strigae, and a marginal fascia dusky ; others are very pale testaceous, 
scarcely clouded, with a deep black mark in the centre of the wings 
resembling the letter X, with an arcuated striga of black lunules 
behind the middle :—while some are nearly immaculate.” 

Barrett records the following forms.— 

1. On the Irish coast. ‘A smooth uniform dark brown without 
mottling of either paler or darker, but with the stigmata and subter- 
minal line tinged with yellow.” 

2. From Ireland. ‘“ Two female specimens in which the forewings 
are singularly striped between the nervures with yellow.” 

8. A male in which the forewings ‘are wholly ochreous, the 


(314) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


markings only faintly deeper yellow-brown ; and another of the usual 
pale.umbreous but with the hindmargin black brown.” 

4. A female ‘of a uniform dark umbreous except that the first, 
second, and subterminal lines are pale yellow.” 


List of Names and Forms to be considered.— 

testacea, Schiff. Verz. 81 (1775). 

[sordida, Schiff. Verz. 81 (1775)]. 

[testacea, Hb. Samml. 189 (1802)]. 

ab. dunato-strigata, Haw. Lep. Brit. 194 (1809). 

ab. wnca, Haw. l.c. 

ab. w-notata, Haw. L.c. 

ab. gueneet, Dbldy. Hint. Ann. X. 123 (1864). 

[ab. obsoleta, Tutt. Hunt. XXII. 206 (1889)]. 

ab. cinerea, Tutt. J.c. 207 (1889). 

ab. nigrescens, Tutt. l.c. 

[ab. incerta, Tutt. Brit. Noct. 189 (1891)]. 

ab. ochreo-pallida, Culot, N. et. G. 1(1). 140, plt. 25 (1909-13). 

ab. pallescens, Culot, l.c. 

ab. bicolor, Culot, J.c. 

ab. obscura, Culot, lc. 

ab. irritaria, Bng.-Hs. Iris. XX VI. 146 (1912). 

ab. scotiae, Strnd. Arch. Natg. LXXXI. 155. abt. A. Heft. 11 
(1915). 

Tutt dealt with (1) typical testacea, Hb, (2) the ashy-grey cinerea 
with distinct markings. (8) the blackish grey with indistinct markings, 
nigrescens. (4) Greyish, tinged reddish or brown; striga beyond 
reniform made of lunules, dunato-strigata. (5) Greyish tinged red or 
brown ; with hook-mark under stigmata, unca. (6) ditto with mark 
X-shaped, a-notata. (7) the dark variegated form gueneei=var. A of 
Guenée, Noct. V. 

The sordida, Schiff. was early put to testacea but wrongly. The 
forms obsoleta, Tutt, and incerta, Tutt, belong to another species. 


ab. pallescens, Culot, Noct. et G. 1(1). 140 (1909-13). 
Fie.—l.c. plt. XXV. 15. 
Orie. Descrirp.< Very pale.” 


ab. ochreo-pallida, Culot, Noct. et G, I(1). 140 (1909-18). 
Fic.—l.c. plt. XXV. 12. 
Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ A clear sandy brown.” 


ab. bicolor, Culot, Noct. et G. (1). 140 (1909-13). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. XXV. 13. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ The median area of the fourwings is of a deeper 
ground than the basal and hind-marginal portions.” 


ab. obscura, Culot, Noct. et G. I(1). 140 (1909-18). 
Fig.—l.c., plt. XXV. 14. 
Oric. Desorie.—‘‘ A uniform obscure brown.” 


var. irritaria, Bng.-Hs. Iris. XX VI. 146 (1912). 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ From Batna (Algeria) there came a number of 
male examples (and one female), which by their essentially lighter, 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (315) 


mostly yellowish white to dusty grey colour and weaker, sometimes 
almost wholly suppressed markings are distinguished from the 
stronger built dark grey-brownish coloured central European testacea.”’ 


ab. scotiae, Strand. Arch. Natg. LXXXJ. 155, abt. A. Heft. 11 
(1915). 

Orie. Drscrrep.—‘ Much darker brown.’—Scotland, Hamp. Lep. 
Phal. VII, 471 (1908). Strand named Hampson’s description. 


Luperina nickerlii, Freyer (erroneously recorded as queneei, Dbldy.) 


There has been the utmost confusion over this insect form. 

In 1864 Doubleday described in Stainton’s Annual, p. 128, for that 
year a form of testacea under the name of queneei, This, Guenée him- 
self recognised as the same form as that described by him as var. A. 
of testacea in Noct. |. 182 in 1852. 

In 1889 South identified some specimens sent to him by Baxter of _ 
St. Anne’s-on-Sea, Lancashire as a form of testacea, Hnt. XXII. 271, 
as being intermediate between the gueneet form of Dbldy. and the 
nickerlit of Freyer, and named them testacea var. nickerlii. A curious 
intuition of a relationship which subsequently has been proved. 

In 1891 Tutt Hnt. Record, II. 20-1, discussed this new form and 
tried to prove that it could not be nickerlii. Subsequently in the same 
year in Brit. Noct. I. 140, Tutt gave the name incerta to the form 
taken at St. Annes-on-Sea, which he was unable to identify with 
nickerlit and included it “‘as a simple var. of testacea.” 

In 1909 South, Ent. XLII. 289, received further examples from 
Lancashire and with the aid of the examination of their genitalia by 
Mr. I. N. Pierce, showed that they were not testacea, but strangely, 
he identified them with Doubleday’s yueneei, which had always been 
identified as Guence’s var. A. of testacea. © 

In 1911 Turner, Ent. Rec. XXIV. 17 et seq. in much detail, and 
with the aid of Dr. Chapman and a considerable and varied series of 
the silvery grey forms, definitely showed that they were not testacea, 
and that their genitalia agreed exactly with those of nickerlii. Thus 
proving that this Lancashire form was a subsp. of the continental 
Luperina nickerlit. But, incredible as it seems, he retained the name 
gueneet, for which there was no evidence whatever, as gueneei had 
always been identified as a form of testacea, and ignored the fact that 
these silvery grey specimens had been named incerta by Tutt. (brit. 
Noct. I. 189 in 1891.) 

Before me lie the preparations of the genitalia by Dr. Chapman, a 
good and varied series of incerta, a series of nickerlii sent me by M. 
Chas. Oberthur, one of the actual specimens of nickerlii from the 
collection of Nickerl, kindly sent to me by Herr Carl Hofer, a series of 
the pale forms of testacea and var. A. also from M. Oberthur, all of 
which go to confirm the results. 


Thus it is seen that incerta, Tutt, is the real name of our British 
subsp. of nickerlii and that the name gueneei has been all along mis- 


(316) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


applied to it. The name gueneet, Dbldy. really applies to a pale form 
of testacea, which is the var. A. of Guenee. 

The gueneei, Dbldy. were taken in Wales. Tutt (Brit. Noct. |. 139) 
refers an insect beaten at Abbot’s Wood to this. In no way do the 
beautiful silvery grey insects resemble any form of testacea, which I 
have seen or of which I have seen figures. 


For those who wish to go over this investigation again the following 
ae is quoted from the Hint. Record XXIV. 87 (1912). 

1845. Freyer NV. Beitr, V. 140, plt. 466.—nickerlit. (Orig. Descrip). 
1845? H.-S. Bearb. IL. Addenda p. 56, plt. CX1. fig. 565.—nickerlit. 
1852. Guenée Noct. V. 182, 183.—testacea var. A. and var. B. 
1861. Stdgr. Cat. led. 8382.—nickerlii and testacea v. gueneet. 
1868. Graslin Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 309, plt. 8—nickerlii. 

1864. Dbldy. Stain. Ent. Ann. X. 123-4.—gueneei. (Orig. Descrip.) 

1871. Newman N. H. Brit. Moths 297.—queneet. 

1871. Stder. Cat. Iled. 98.—nickerlii and testacea var. gueneei. 

1885. Hodgkinson Hnt. XVIII. 54.—gueneet. 

1889. Tutt Ant. XXII. 206-7.—testacea var. gueneei. 

1889. South Hnt. XXII. 271-2.—testacea var. nickerlit. 

1891. Tutt Hnt. Record Il. 21-29.—testacea var. nickerlii(?). 

1891. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 188-140.—testacea var. queneei and var. 
incerta. 

1897. Barrett Brit. Lep. IV. 385, plt. 1738.—gqueneet 

1901. Stdegr. Cat. IIled. pt. 1, 168.—nickerlit and var. gueneet. 

1908. Obthr. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 322.—graslini. 

1908. Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIL. 469.—niccerli (sic). 

1909. South Ent. XLII. 269-70.—nickerli, ab. 

1909. South Hnt. XLII. 289-92.—queneet ab. baxteri. 

1910. Banks Hnt. XUIII. 75-8.—queneei. 

1911. Turner Ent. Record. XXII. 53 :—gueneet (=incerta), 89 :-— 
ab. murrayt, ab. fusca, ab. minor, 171 :—ab. tota; 201, plts. IIL, VI., 
Wut, WI0UL 5 ID. 

1911. Porritt #.M.M. XLVIL. 204, plt. I1].—gueneei. 

1911. Pierce Hnt. Rec. XXIII. 269-70.—gueneei. 

1912. Turner Ent. Rec. XXIV. 17-87.—nickerlii var. gueneei (= 
incerta) and var. graslint. 

1909-13. Oberthur-Culot N. et G. I(1). 140, plt. XXV. 10.—r. 


powelli. 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 

nickerlii, Freyer (1845) Neu. Beitr. V. 140, plt. 466. 

ssp. incerta, Tutt (1891) Brit. Noct. I. 140. 

ssp. graslini, Obth. (1908) Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 322. 

ab. baxteri, South (1909) Hnt, XLIT. 289. 

ab. murrayt, Turn. (1911) Ent. Rec. XXIII. 89. 

ab. fusea, Turn. (1911) le. 

ab. minor, Turn. (1911) l.c. 

N05 doer Abmrans (IE LIDY eG 7b 

r. powelli, Obthr.-Culot. (1909-13) N. et G. 1(1). 140, plt. XXV. 10. 


Of these the only one Tutt dealt with was the beautiful silvery 
grey form of the St. Anne’s on Sea coast under the name incerta, and 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (317) 
15.iii.34, 
subsequently inexplicably mixed, muddled and confused with the var. 
gueneet, Dbldy. (=var. A. of Guenée.) In this error I fear that much 
blame attaches to myself personally. 

There is a similarity of continental nickerlit with brassicae except 
in size, an opinion Herr.-Schif. strongly held. (See note on p. 271 
in Addenda to p. 56 of Sys. Beard. vol. 11.) 


nickerlii, Freyer. Neu. Beitr. V. 140 (1845). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 466. 

Orie. Duescrip.—< Of the size, shape and nearly the markings of 
echit. But nearest in colour and marking to testacea. ‘The thorax 
and the forewings are reddish grey, the latter with the usual three 
waved transverse lines, which on the costa terminate in triangular 
white spots. In the disc stands the very distinct white reniform with 
darker central area. ‘I'he orbicular is very small, also white, with 
darker centre. ‘The claviform is black-brown, and extends into a 
similarly coloured, shaded streak, which extends to the second waved 
line or band, as is the case in most of the Apamea. The last white 
transverse line before the fringes is darkest from the middle to the 
inner margin on the outer side, and it commences behind the apex of 
the wing. The fringes are brown in which the veins terminate in 
white points. The abdomen is dusky white; the hindwings are pure 
white with a discoidal, and dark shading on the fringes. The underside 
is quite white. The forewings are suffused with brown scaling from 
the costa to the middle of the wing. Only the reniform and the 
outer line come through paler. ‘The fringes are here chequered brown 
and white. The hindwing shows traces of a very obsolescent discal 
spot.” 

The figure is a very poor and superficial one. All the markings 
much too formal and of it H.-S. says “utterly useless.” His own 
figure he says has the wings too short. 


ssp. or f. graslint, Obthr. Bull. Soe. ent. Fr. (1908) p. 8238. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘: I distinguish it by the following characters: (1) 
from testacea; the upper wings are longer, and the upperside more 
grey, not brown; the lower wings above are of a purer white; all the 
four wings are whiter below; (2) from Bohemian nickerlii, by the 
shape of the wings being still longer, and the tint of the forewings 
and of the hairs on the thorax being ashy grey and not of a brown 
which is still warmer and deeper in mickerlii than in testacea.” 
Pyrenées-Orientales. 

“The var. gueneet of testacea (var. A. of Guenée Noct. V. 182) must 
not be confused with yraslini, it is a very pale form of testacea.” 


ab. bawtert, South, Mnt. XLII. 290 (1909). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. VII. figs. 3-4. 

Orie. Drscrie.—‘ Ground colour paler, and without the ochreous 
tinge of yuencet [=incerta, Tutt]. The black edging of the whitish trans- 
verse lines varies in intensity, but in 2of the 6 specimens this 1s inconspic- 
uous ; the reniform stigma is more or less outlined in white, but this 
character is less evident than in L. nickerlii. The fringes are pale, 
chequered with dark grey, their tips sometimes dotted with blackish. In 
two females a blackish bar extends from the claviform stigma to the 


(318) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


postmedial line, and in these specimens the area beyond the white 
submarginal line is pale, almost whitish. White dots on the costa 
between the post-medial line and the apex are present in some of the 
specimens.” St. Anne’s-on-Sea. 


ab. murrayi, Turn. Wnt. Rec. XXIII. 89 (1911). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. LI1., figs. 5-6. 

Orie. Descrie.— In texture, general depth of colour and in 
markings, it is quite of the typical form, except that the submarginal 
area, between the dark marginal lunules and the submarginal line, is 
much paler than any other part of the wing, by contrast throwing out 
the dark lunules very conspicuously.” St. Annes-on-Sea. 


ab. fusca, Turn. Hnt. Rec. XXIII, 89 (1911). 

I're.—l.c. plt. IL. f. 1-2. 

Oric. Descrirp.— Has all the markings exactly as in typical gueneet 
[=incerta, 'l'utt], except that it isa melanic form. All the markings are 
much intensified, and even the ground colour is darker. ‘The increased 
sharpness of the darker markings, in contrast with the ground colour 
emphasises the contrast, and tends to make the specimens appear 
darker when looked at with the naked eye, than when the contrast is 
registered by means of the photographic lens. The general colour is 
a very dark grey, with, in good light (day), faint flushes of a ferruginous 
tint in the discal area. There is no trace of the ochreous tinge 
apparent in many of the typical forms, nor does the pale ground 
colour appear.” St. Anne’s-on-Sea. 


ab. minor, Turn. Hnt. Rec, XXIII. 89 (1911). 

Fie.—tl.c, plt. II. f. 8. 

Orig. Descrirp.— ‘A much smaller form. Quite typical in 
coloration. ‘lhe one I have before me measures 29mm.” Lytham, etc. 


ab. iota, Turn. Mut. Rec. XXIII. 171 (1911). 

Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ Mr. Baxter has just forwarded me an example 
in which this 4 mark is distinctly present, but he says it is a very 
rare aberration. In testacea it is practically always present.” 


r. powelli, (Obthr.) Culot. Noct. e¢ G. I(1). 140 (1909-13). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. XX VY. 10. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ A rosy tint, which suffuses the whole surface of 
the forewings above.” §. Oran. 

Nore.—On plate II, #.M.M. (1911) fig. 4, p. 204, T. R. Porritt 
gives a coloured figure of gueneet [incerta] of a colour, which is quite 
erroneous. I have never seen a specimen of the rich brown ground. 
All those with which I bave met are shades of dove colour, even ab. 
fusca has no rich brown in its duskiness. In the figure brown is the 
dominant colour, which is never so in the average incerta. [The name 
incerta was still ignored. | 


Grammesia, Steph. (1829) Dup., H.-S., Barr., Splr., Cul. 
[Caradrina, Treit. (1816-25) Bdv. Mey.: Meristes, Hb. (1822) Hamp., 
Warr.-Stz.] trigrammica, Hufn. (1767). 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (319) 


Tutt. Brit. Noct. I. 140 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 295, plt. 
292 (1899): Stdgr. Cet. IIled. 195, (1901): Sple. Sehm. Kur. L 229, 
plt. 43 (1906): South Moths. Brit. Is. I. 814, plt. 151 (1907) : Hamps. 
Lep. Phal. 1X. 152 (1909): Culot N. et G. I(2). 45, plt. 46 (1909-13) : 
Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. IL]. 229, plt. 461. (1911). 


Ernst. and Engr. Pap, d’Eur. VI. fig. 844 (1788), give two 
admirable figures of evidens, Thunb. each with 4 transverse lines very 
well expressed. The 9 has darker lower wings. ‘he authors give it 
as a form of triyram(m)ica. 

Esper, Sch. Abbild. IV. plt. CXXIII. (1786), gives a good figure 
of the typical form and on page 885 points out that Thunberg only 
with doubt considers his evidens as the quercus of Fabricius, and that 
Gmelin in his /nt. Linn. considered there were actually two species 
and renamed the quercus, Fb. as quercicola. 

Hiib. Sam. fig. 216, (1802), is a very good one, light ochreous 
with 4 transverse dark lines lying in narrow whitish bands. The 
basal line not quite complete to the inner margin. It is called 
trilinea. Fig. 217 is of darker ground with a dark fuscous discal band. 
There are four lines as in fig. 216, with wider narrow bands but the 
8rd line across the disc is emphasised black and aoes not lie in a pale 
band. The basal line is curtailed similarly to that in fig. 216. It is 
called bilinea. Both names are quite inapplicable. They are not 
mentioned in the text. 

Dup. Hist. Nat. VII. plt. 107 (1827), gives a good figure of trilinea 
with hindwings rather dark. He mentions the different names which 
have been given to it. 

Wood. Ind. plt. 10 gives fig. 192 and fig. 193 (1834), trilinea and 
bilinea both good, the former hardly light enough generally. 

Freyer (1889) NV. Beitr, II. plt. 226 trilinea, has a very plainly 
marked figure of a very light sandy ground with the basal line only 
half length, but with very dark dove-coloured hindwings. It is referred 
to Hb. 216. 4 

H.-S. Bearb. II. 194 (1846), says that fig. 216 of Hb. trilinea, is 
too dark, and that the dark coloured portion of fig. 217 bilinea is wholly 
wrong, the basal portion of the discal area is not dark. In fig. 398 
bilinea, H.-S. has the discal line very distinctly black, the basal line 
very obscure. In his text he says ‘‘ media obsoleta.”” He treats them 
as separate species. 

Splr. Sch. Eur. plt. 48 (1906), has a very fair figure, obscured of 
course by the method of reproduction. 

South M. Brit. I. I. plt. 151 (1907) gives three good figures. 1. 
typical ; 2. semifuscana ; 8. bilinea. 

Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. II. 229, plt 46i (1911), gives six figures (1) 
typical, (2) eridens, (3) perrufa, (4) obscura, (5) pallidalinea, (6) semt- 
fuscana. He places trilinea, Schiff. and quercus, Fb. as synonyms of 
triyrammica ; vbscwra, Tutt as the same as bilinea, Haw. (nec. Hb.) ; 
eos Tutt as the pallida, Tr. (nec. Hb.). The figures are all 
good. 

Culot. N. et G. 1(2)., plt. 46 has two excellent figures, trigrammica 
and bilinea. He points out that in all bilinea he has met with the 
median line is more or less in evidence and that the name is inexact. 


(320) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


The Names and Forms to be dealt with are :— 

triyrammica, Hufn. (1766) Berl. May. III. 408. 

trilinea, Schiff. (1775) Verz. 84. Syn. Hb. Saml., fig. 216. 

quercus, Kab. (1775) (1781) Sys. Knt. Syn. 

f. evidens, Thunbg. (1784) Ins. Swec. I. 2.  [Dissert, Borgr.] Hrnst. 
and Ener. Pap. d’ Hur. V1. fig. 844. 

notacula, Fab. (1788) Mant. II. 188. Syn. 

quercicola, Gmel. (1788) Linn. Sys. Nat. 1(5). 2585, Syn. 

ab. bilinea, Hb. (1802) Sam. Noct. 217. 

al. approvimans, Haw. (1809) Lep. Brit. 249. 

ab. semifuscana, Haw. (1809) J.c. South M.B./. plt. 151. 

ab. bilinea, Haw. (1809), l.c. obscura, Tutt. : 

ab. bilinea, Treit. (1825) Schin, V(2). 275. =pallida-linea, Tutt. 

ab. obscura, Tutt (1801) Brit. Noct. I. 142.  (bilinea, Haw.) Warr. 
Stz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 461. 

ab. pallida-linea, Tutt (1891) lc. (bilinea, Tr.) Warr.-Stz. Pal. 
Noct. III. plt. 461. 

ab. fringst, Schultz. (1898-9) Soc. Hnt. XIII. 1538. 

f. erubescens, Trti. (1909) Nat. Sictl. XXI. 1038, plt. VI. 11. 

ab. perrufa, Warr. Stz. (1911) Pal. Noct. ILI. 229, plt. 461. 

ab. convergens, Wihan. (1917) Soc. Mnt. XXXII. 4. 

ab. basivoluta, Wiban. (1917) Jc. 

ab. oculata, Wihan. (1917) l.c. 

ab. fasciata, Kromb. (1920) Int. ent. Zt. XIII. 180. 

ab. albescens, Lenz. (1927) Schm. Sud- Bay. 112. 304, plt. XV. 18. 

ab. brunnea, Lenz. (1927) l.c. 

ab. renata, Lenz. (1927) l.c. plt. XV. 20. 

ab. quadrigrammica, Lenz. (1927) l.c. 


Tutt dealt with (1) The typical grey form of Hufn. with three 
perfect transverse lines. (2) evidens, Thnbg. (Borg.) the ochreous form. 
(8) approwimans, Haw. the 2nd and 8rd lines approaching on the inner 
margin. (4) semifuscana, Haw. with the outer half of wing reddish 
and darker than the basal half. (5) bilinea, Hb. a distinctly banded 
form, in fact the name and figure do not agree. (6) obscura, Tutt= 
bilinea, Haw. the most unicolorous dark smoky-grey form, with 2 more 
or less distinct lines. (7) pallida-linea, Tutt=bilinea, Tr. dark ashy 
grey, with a broad central band and a dark shade across it. 

Gmelin. Linn. S. Ent. Iv. 2535 describes evidens, Borgstr. Ins. Suec. 
I. 2. ‘ Alis eriseis: strigis quatuor fuscis.” ‘‘'Tota flavescens, nigro 
irrorata, guercicolae valde affinis.”’ 

The author of evidens was Thunberg in Diss. Hnt.of which Borgstrom 
was editor. 

The Orie. Descrie. by Thunberg was ‘ Laevis alis incumbentibus 
griseis : strigis quatuor fuscis.” (It is referred to the quercus, Fb. 
Sp. Ins. II. 214 with a ?). ‘‘ Tota grisea seu flavescens punctis minu- 
tissimis, vix conspicuis nigris adspersa.”  ‘‘ Supra fasciis quatuor, 
tenuibus, nigris, prima in ipsa basi vix observanda, secunda ante 
medium obliqua, tertia in medio recta, quarta pone medium extus 
curvata. Puncta nulla ordinariis. Subtus fascia unica et punctum 
nigrum.” 

Gmelin. l.c. describes his quercicola, “ Alis griseis; strigis tribus 
fuscis,’’ and refers it to Fab. Sp. Ins. and Mant. and to Schiff. Verz. 
trilinea. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (321) 
15.iv.34. 

Goeze, Beitr. ILI(3). treats yuercus, trigrammica and trilinea as 
three separate species (1781). 

Fab. Mnt. Sys. em. I11(2). 22 (1794) refers his quercus (Sys. Ent.) to 
trilinea, Schiff. and to evidens, Thunb. He describes it as ‘ Laevis 
alis incumbentibus griseis: strigis tribus fuscis.’’ ‘Alae obscure 
griseae strigis tribus fuscis absque maculis ordinariis.” 

Fab. Hint. Sys. em. l.c. described his notacula (1788) “laevis alisincum- 
bentibus cinereis ; stigmatibus tribus inter strigas duas flavescentes.”’ 
‘‘Alae anticae cinereas striga baseas abbreviata, flavescente, ante 
medium striga altera et pone medium striga tertia, flavescentes. 
Stigmata tria in medio; posteriori majori, reniformi. Posticae supra 
fuscescentes.”’ 

No subsequent author deals with the notacula of Fab. which 
appears to be a form of trigrammica, possibly the evtdens of Thunberg 
(Borgstrom). 

Illiger. N. Ausg. Verz. I, 290 (1801) referred to the trilinea, Schiff., 
quercus, E'b., trilinea, Bork., and trigrammica, Esper. 

Haw., Lep. Brit. 249 (1806-10) makes four species (1) trilinea, 
which he refers to Hb., 216 and to the quercus, Fb. (2) approximans. 
(3) semitfuscana, and (4) bilinea, which he refers to Hb. 217. 

Treit /.c. V(2) 275, says his bilinea is the same species as Hubner’s 
fig. 217, which he says is unrecognisable as such, both in colour and 
marking. 

Steph. /l. Il. 152, 1829, treat it as two species, trilinea, Schiff. and 
bilinea, Hb. Of the former he gives (1) with the two central lines 
approaching on the inner margin, and (2) with the basal half pale 
and outer portion deep ashy or rufous brown, with central striga very 
stout. 

Most of the early authors use trilinea, Schiff. as the name but 
recognising it as the quercus, Fb. and trigrammica, Hufn., cf. Tr. Schn. 
V (2). 273 (1825). 

Gn. Noct. V. 285 was the first to recognise the various named 
forms as of one species, which he calls trilinea, Schiff., attributing 
trigrammica to Ksp. instead of to Hufn. 

Werneb. Beitr. I. 219, refers the trilinea of Tr. to the trigrammica 
of Hufn. ¢.e. the trilinea, Schiff. of the Verz. On p. 406 he refers 
quercus, Fb., Sys. Mint. (1775 etc.) to trigrammica, Hufn. 

Tutt, Brit. Noct., says evidens has the ‘‘ ordinary transverse lines as 
in type”’ but this is not so, there are four lines not three as in the 


type. 


trilinea, Schiff. Verz, 84 (1775). 

Orie. Drscrip.—This species is classed with acetosellae, turca, 
conigera and albipuncta as Noctuae which have ‘‘ smooth or only 
slightly crested thorax, almost unicolorous wings without the usual 
stigmata; some have a white dot in the disc,’ among which trilinea is 
distinguished as “the whitish three-lined Noctua.” 

Many subsequent authors unaware of Hufnagel’s name trigrammica 
used trilinea as the species name. 


ab. fringsiit, Schultz. Soc, Hnt. XIII. 153 (1899). 
OricinaL Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour typical. The marking is 
essentially different from both the typical and from the ab. bilinea, 


(322) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


Hb., in possessing in place of the three darker transverse lines only 
one, strongly curved across the middle of the forewing, from which 
towards the margin dark shading of a wider area extends, occupying 
far less of ground than is before the transverse line. This shading 
does not extend to the margins of the wings. ‘The rest of the forewing 
is without marking. ‘The hindwing is normal.” 

The specimen was taken by Her Karl Kuhne in Chodau on 10th 
June, 1898. 


f. erubescens, Trti, Nat. Sicil. XXI. 108 (1909). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. VI. f. 11. 

Oric. Descriep.—‘‘ Completely differing from the typical form, in 
fact inclining to reddish colour and not greenish.” Sicily. 


ab. perrufa, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 229 (1911). 

Hie.—l.c. pit. 461. 

Orie. Descriv.— The whole wing is rufous, with the median shade 
absent or obscure.” [rom the description there seems no difference 
from the last. 


ab. convergens, Wihan. Soc. Hnt. XXXII. 4 (1917). 
Orig. Descrip.—‘ Outer and middle transverse lines united on the 
inner margin, therefore the middle transverse line runs out obliquely 
inwards.” ‘I'schaslau, Bohemia. Héaufigkeitgrad. 


ab. basivoluta, Wihan. Soc. Ent. XXXII. 4 (1917). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A transverse streak barely joins with the outer 
transverse line at the base by a bend along the outer margin.” 
Tschaslau, Bohemia, Hiufigkeitgrad. 


ab. oculata, Wihan. Soc. Hut. XXXII. 4 (1917). 
Orica. Descrie.— “ Middle transverse line enlarged to 3mm. length 
and J4mm. width; lenticular.” ‘Tschaslau, Bohemia, Hiufigkeitgrad. 


ab. fasciata, Krombach Int. ent. Zt. X11]. 180 (1920). 
Orig. Desorip.—“ An example with an extraordinarily wide band.” 


ab. quadrigrammica, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. 11(2). 804 (1927). 
Orta. Descrip.— The outer transverse line doubled.” 


ab. albescens, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. I1(2). 804 (1927). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. XV. 18. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘ Sutfused whitish. A darker shading hes in the 
marginal area of both fore- and hindwings.” 


ab. renata, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. 11(2). 804 (1927). 
Orie. Descriep.—* Reniform stigma dark margined and thus dis- 
tinctly emphasised.” 


ab. brunnea, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. 11(2). 804 (1927). 
Fie.—l.c. plt. XV. 20. 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Darkened brown, not grey as in bilinea.” | 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAB AND THEIR VARIETIES. (823) 


Hydrilla, Bdy. (1840): Dup., H.-S., Gn,, New., Tutt, Barr., Cul. 
[Caradrina, Och.-'I'r. (1816-25) Frr., Meyr., Splr.: Athetis, Hb. (1822) ; 
Vetilampa, Auriv. (1890) Hamps., South, Warr.-Stz.] palustris, Hb. 
(1822) =pallustris, Hb. (1808). 


Hubner, Sal. fig. 8367 (1808), and Teat. 167 g (1805-18) spelled 
the name padlustris. Most subsequent authors spelt it with one 1, 
palustris. In his Verz. Hb. spelt it palustris (1822). 

In the Z'eat Hb. said ‘ This Geometer-like Noctua does not appear 
to be rightly placed here (¢.e. with pyramidea, trayopogonis, etc.), but 1 
cannot find a suitable place for it.” 


Tutt Brit. Noct. 143 (1891): Barr. Lep Brit. Is, V. 265, plt. 219 
(1899): Stdgr. Cat. led. 198 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 289, plt. 
44 (1907): South M.6.1. 821, plt. 158 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. 
VILL. 415 (1909): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noet. III. 215, plt. 45h (1911): 
Culot NV. et G. [(2). 57, plt. 48, 10-12 (1909-18). 

Tr. Schm. places it in Caradrina. 

Dup. Hist. Nat., Supp. ILI. plt. 48, figures both g and 9, the 
latter is about half the expanse of the g. 

Frr. Neu. Beitr. V. 121 (1845), describes an insect under the name 
lutea, but on the plate 455 it is named luteola. He says that it is 
more than probably a form of palustris. On plt. 683 are two figures 
3d and ? of pallustris. 

H.-S. Sys. Beard. II. 214 (1846), fig. 292 figures a 2. He says 
that Hubner’s fig. is too plainly marked. 

Newm. Brit. Moths. 311 (1869) gives a fig. of a ? in the B.M. 

Spuler Schm. Hur. 1 plt. 44 gives figures of g and ? quite good. 

South Moths Br. Is. 1. plt. 158, gives a good figure of a g. 

Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noet. III. plt. 45h, give good figures of g and 
@ and curiously label them padlustris but retains palustris in the 
Text. 

Culot, NV. et @. I(2). 57, plt. 48, gives 2 excellent figures, g and ? 
and the very pale aboleta form. 

Since ‘utt wrote in 1891-2 a considerable number of this species 
was taken in the Cambridge Fens about the end of last century. 
But only odd specimens at considerable intervals have occurred since. 


Of the Variation Barrett says.—‘'‘I'his species is so little known 
that we are scarely aware whether it has any degree of variation, 
except that the female ranges from grey-brown with two strongly 
marked transyerse lines to leaden black brown with the two lines thick 
and still blacker.” 


The Names and Forms to be considered are— 
pallustris, Hb. (1808), Samd. Noct. f. 367. 
palustris, Hb. (1822), Verz. p. 209. 

ewilis, Hv. (1842), Buil. Suc. Mosc. 848 (¢ ). 

ab. lutea, Frr. (1845), Neu. Beitr. V. 121, plt. 455. 
ab. luteola, Frr. (1845), d.c. 

r. aboleta, Gn. (1852), Noct. V. 238. 

r. melanochroa, Stdgr. (1892) Mem. Rom, VI. 488. 
ab. lutescens, Farren (1899), Mut. Rec. XI. 1138. 


(824) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. 


ab. fusca, Farren (1899), l.c. 

ssp. sajana, Hamps. (1909), Lep. Phal. VIII. 416. 

ab. obscura, Hoffm. (1916), Mit. nat. Ver. Steier. LI. 125 (1916). 
ab. raebeli, Danhl. (1925) Hnt. Zt. XX XIX. 18. 

Tutt dealt only with palustris, Hb. 


lutea, Frr. Neu. Beitr. V. 121 (1845). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 455 as luteola. 

Orie. Duscrie.—‘ Thorax and forewings are brown grey. ‘The 
latter have in place of the usual stigmata two dark spots. Beyond 
the second spot, that in place of the reniform, les a dark band curved 
outwards across the full breadth of the wing. Between this band and 
the fringes is a darker shade across the whole breadth of the wing.” 
The author does not know palustris but thinks that it is probably that 
species. 


r. aboleta, Gn. Noct. V. 288 (1852), 

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ Figure and shape of palustris. Forewings of a 
clear ochraceous-grey, powdered with blackish, with the two median 
lines indistinct, the elbowed line toothed, and an indistinct discoidal 
darker. ‘The terminal margin and the ends of the nervures more 
obscure. The lower wings of a dirty white, with little grey terminal 
points, without a discoidal above, with a very small point below. Palpi 
less bristly than in palustris, with the last joint more distinct.” 
8. Russia. 


ssp, melanochroa, Stdgr. Rom. Mém. VI. 488 (1892). 

Orig. Descrrep.—‘‘ These Amur specimens are particularly darker 
than the north European and Swiss examples, especially so in the 
$8, but single Huropean ¢?s are quite as dark. The hindwings are 
almost wholly darkened particularly on the underside, only in one 
lighter on the inner margin. The forewings are distinctly shorter and 
narrower than in typical palustris g, but far broader than in the 
usual form of 2. So also the hindwings are much wider, so that the 
apparently similarly formed abdomen does not, or scarcely, reach 


beyond the wing, as is usually the case very pronouncedly.” Bik. 
Askold. 


ab. lutescens, Farren Hnt. Rec. XI. 113 (1899). 

Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ The forewings of a clear and distinct ochreous- 
brown, without any of the grey of the type, having the basal transverse 
line beyond more or less well defined (as in the type) but always with- 
out a trace of the subterminal shade.” Wicken. 


ab. fusca, Farren Ent. Rec. XI. 118 (1899). 

Orie. Descrirp.—< Markings as in the type, but the basal two thirds 
of the anterior wings so darkly fuscous as almost to obliterate the 
basal transverse line and stigmata; this almost black coloration 
extends to, and is sharply limited by the transverse line beyond the 
reniform ; the terminal third of the wing is coloured as in the type, 
but darker, and has the subterminal shade.” Wicken. 


ab. sajana, Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIII. 416 (1909). 
Oric. Descrir.—‘ Greyer.” Sajan. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (825) 
15.v.34, 
ab. obscura, Hofim. Mitt. nat. Ver. Steter, LI. 125 (1916). 
Orie. Descrie.—‘ The dark marking as well as the marginal streaks 
are in this form particularly clearly developed, while in the light form 
they are scarcely visible.” Steiermark=Styria. 


r. raebelit, Danhl. Hunt. Zt. XXXIX. 13 (1925). 

Orica. Descriep.— Darker, more unicolorous grey-black to brown 
black, with no outstanding distinct markings; the females are quite 
black with strong gloss. These examples stand midway between the 
general Huropean form and the melanochroa of Kast Asia.” §. Tyrol. 


Acosmetia, Steph. (1830) Gn., Barr., Meyr., Stdgr., Hamp., Splr., 
Warr.-8., Cul. [Anthophila, Hb. (1805-6) Ochs., Tr., Dup., Ev., Frr. : 
Athetis, Hb. (1822) : Ophiusa, Ochs.-Tr., (1816-26) H.-S.: Caradrina, 
Ochs.-Tr. (1816-25) Dup.: Hydrilla, Bdv. (1829) Dup.] caliginosa, 
Hb. (1806-18). 


H.-S. places the furvula, Hb., 390, under caliginosa and if accepted 
as such would supplant that name; but Warr.-S. treat it as a good 
species in the genus Caradrina next to alsines, in which they follow 
Hamps., but his figures J.c., plt. 45gh are quite different in size, 
colour and marking from that of Hb. 

Description of Hb. fig. 390.—Basal and submarginal areas of a 
very dark blackish dove-colour, the large central area also very dark but 
with a brown infusion. The outer line is pronounced whitish and 
borders the central brown area. The elbowed line lies in the central 
area and is wide and black; the second line is black but not so black 
as the elbowed line and borders the central area on the basal side. 
The two stigmata stand out bordered by a slight whitish line. The 
basal half of the hindwing is much lighter; the marginal half is as 
dark as the forewing, but shades off into the basal half. 

This can be nothing but a melanic form of caliginosa. 


Tutt Brit. Noc. 1. 148 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 268, plt. 219, 
2 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 199 (1901): Splr. Schm. Mur. I. 285, plt. 
44, 22 (1906): South Moth. Br. Is. I. 821, plt. 153 (1907): Hamps. 
Lep. Phal. VIII. 418, fig. (1909): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 214. plt. 
45gh. (1911): Culot N. et G. 1(2). 58, plt. 48, 17-18 (1909-18). 

Ochs. Schm. LV. 95 (1816) listed infida, which Tr. says, V(8). 287 
was caliginosa, Hb., in the genus Anthophila, Hb., (Lent. 1805-6) with 
purpurina, Schiff., ete. Hubner in the Verz. p. 256 (1825) discarded 
this genus name for Porphyrinia. 

Tr. Schm. V(8). 287 (1826) says that caliginosa, Hb., is the same as 
infida, Ochs., which was listed in Vol. IV. (1816) p. 95 but the name 
must fall. 

Dup. Hist. Nat. VII. p. 111 (1827), is confused, he gives himself 
as author of the name and description of stagnicola, while giving Tr. 
as the only author who has described it. His plate 107 has a figure 
which one does not recognise. In the Supp. 341 (1836) he deals with 
caliginosa, and gives a fairly good figure. In his Cat. (1844) 128, Dup. 
puts stagnicola in a separate genus Stilbia, and places anomala as a 


(826) YHE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
e 


synonym, with which the colour of the figure, but not the shape, more 
agrees. 

Freyer, N. Beitr. V. plt. 479 (1845), has two good figures of the 
form litorea; although the text says that the moths were much worn 
and the wings almost markingless, the lines are very clearly depicted. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb. II, 411 (1846) places it in the genus Ophiusa 
with pastinum, craccae, viciae, tirrhaea, lunaris, illunaris, etc., an 
incongruous association, which no other systematist has made. Nor 
do I understand the association of cana, Frr. (an impossible suggestion). 
He also refers to the following as probably belonging to this species, 
infida, Ochs. (possibly) ; furvuda, H. 390 (a melanic form probably, but 
considered by Warr.-Seitz as a good species next to Caradrina alsines, 
and figured on plate 42 y and h quite differently from the figure of 
Hubner in shape and colour). 

H.-S. Sys. Beard. II. fig. 485 has a very good soft figure of the 
typical form. 

Stder. Cat. I[led. 199 (1901), says that the form of caliginosa in 
Evers. F'n. Volg. 889, is the aguatilis, Gn. from the Ural. 

South U.c. plt. 158 gives 2 figs. both of a rich brown and certainly 
not of the true coloration. 

Splr’s. fig. Schm. Hur. 1. plt. 44 is poor as to colour, but marking 
and size about typical. 

Warr.-S. Pal. Noct. [1]. 214 places litorea, Frr., stagnicol(or)a, Dup. 
and tristis, Teich. as synonyms of calzginosa. 

Warr.-Seitz, l.c. plt. 45, has two good figures. 

Culot, N. et G. plt. 48, has 2 excellent figures: 17 typical with 
subdued marking as in type; 18 pale without marking =aquatilis. 

Most figures of this species are inadequate except those of Culot, 
N, et G. I. (2), plt. 48, 17-18. 


Of the Variation Barrett says—‘‘ Usually not variable but in Dr. 
P. B. Mason’s Collection is an old specimen of an ochreous colour. 
This was Haworth’s type of lutescens.”’ 

Modern authorities put dutescens, Haw. to arcuosa [see ante p. (187)]. 


The Names and Forms to be dealt with are :— 

caliginosa, Hb, (1808-18), Saml. Noct. fig. 474. 

ab. furvula, Hb. (1802-8) l.c. fig. 390. (?) 

[ab. lutescens, Haw. (1806-10) Lep. brit. 260.] 

infida, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-26), Schin. V. (8), 286. 

ab. staynicola, Tr. (1816-25), Sclun. V(2). 259. 

ab. staynicola, Dup. (1827), Hist. Nat. VII. 111, plt. 107. 

ab. litorea, Frr. (1845), New. Beitr. V. 168, plt. 479. 

ssp. aguatilis, Gn. (1852), Noct. V. 240. 

ab. trist’s, Teich (1896), Stett. e. Zt. 29. ; 

Tutt deals with (1) the grey-brown type (2) the grey-white aquatilis, 
Gn (Bdy.), and (8) dutescens, Haw. now considered as a form of arcwosa. 

The infida, Ochs. and Tr., was later stated by them to be typical 
caliginosa. 


ab. stagnicola, Ochs. and Tr. Schm. V(2). 259 (1816-25). 
Oxic. Descrir.—‘ The forewings are brownish with a suggestion 
of blue coloration, and with isolated black spots. The two complete 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (827) 


cross lines are darker than the ground, the first is toothed, the second 
includes the indistinct discoidal. Along from the outermargin to 
below the stigmata the ground colour is almost black. The orbicular 
and reniform are both distinct, defined by black, inside white and 
brown marked. The former is very long, lying obliquely. The area 
between the two is the blackest so that they appear the lightest. The 
claviform is represented by a slight streak. The waved band has a 
pale-brown gloss and towards the apex of the wing are two fine arrow- 
streaks. The fringes are unicolorous. The wings have a strong 
metallic flush.” Bad Ems., etc. 


ab. stagnicola, Dup., Hist. Nat. VII. 111. 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 107. 6. 

Or1c. Descrie.—‘ The body much more slender than its congeners. 
The forewings are of a leaden-grey, with two cross bands of a slightly 
deeper tint, one very wide which extends from the base to the middle, 
and the other narrower running parallel to the hind margin. JKach 
wing is also crossed by two double lines of blackish points, between 
which one sees with difficulty the two usual stigmata, often indeed 
they are entirely obliterated. The hindwings of a uniform whitish- 
grey. The underside is also of a whitish grey, finely dusted with 
brown on the borders with the discal areas darkened.” 

The figure is not that of caliginosa in marking. 


ab. litorea, Frr. Neu. Beitr. V. 168. 

Fre.—l.c. plt. 479, 1-2, g and ¢. 

Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Both examples were somewhat worn and there- 
fore almost without clear marking. This moth in size and colour is 
similar to the caliginosa, Hb. 474. Thorax and forewings are of a 
dusky grey almost without markings. There is no trace of the stigmata. 
The forewings are somewhat broad, and one can only with difficulty 
notice any trace of the three transverse somewhat darker waved bands. 
The abdomen and hindwings are white-grey without bands or spots, 
and all the underside of the wings issimilar. The fringes are similarly 
coloured.” 


ssp. tristis, Teich., Stett. e. Zeit. 29 (1896). 

Orie. Descrip.— The forewings are narrower than in caliginosa, 
with sharper apex. Their colour is yellow-grey somewhat glossy. 
There is little to note of marking beyond the indistinct reniform and 
orbicular stigmata, which in one specimen shows only a black middle 
point. The marginal line is not recognisable, the fringes are unicolorous 
with the forewings. The hindwings are similarly coloured, very slightly 
darkened towards the outer margin, with whitish fringes. The under- 
side is somewhat paler than the upperside and the hindwings have 
very slight discal dots. Antennae feet and body of the same colour.”’ 
Caucasus, light. 


Laphyyma, Gn. (1852). Mill , Barr., Stdgr., Warr.-Stz. [Caradrina, 
Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) Dup., H.-S., Splr., South, Culot: Spodoptera, 
Gn. (1852) Meyr.] eaigua, Hb. 

There seems no apparent reason for eaigua being transferred to 
Spodoptera by Meyrick alone. 


(328) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 144 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 273. plt. 220 
(1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[Ted. 195 (1901): Splr. Schm. Eur. I. 280. plt. 
43. 382 (1906) : South, M. Br. Is. I. 819. plt. 151 (1907.): Hamps. Lep. 
Phal. VIII. 265 (1909): Culot, N. et G. 1(2). 46, plt. 46, 4 (1909-13) : 
Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 207. plt. 48a (1911). 

Hub. Sami. 362 (1802-8) type figure, hardly shows the usual 
distinctness of the stigmata. Gey. 796, fulgens (1828-33) shows the 
stigmata with yellow rings. 

Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 75 (1826) is a copy of Htbner’s fig. 362 
but much darker, consisting of various sbades of black, l.c. Sup. III. 
321. plt. XXIX. pymaea. This is said to be a dwarf exampls of eaigua, 
but it does not look much like it. The h.w. are too clearly white and 
the dark margin too narrow and too determinate. The two narrow 
submarginal bands on the f.w. are not those of eaigua. 

H.-S. Sys. Bearb. II. 212, says that Hb. fig. 862 has wings too 
pointed, stigmata not yellow enough, and their surround too dark ; 
Dup’s. pygmaea may be a small eaigua, which often occurs. But 
H.-S.’ own fig. 441 is very far from correct, the ground is utterly 
wrong, the stigmata defective, ete. 

Milhére, Icon. plt. 75 (1866) gives an excellent figure of an average 
marked example, 

Hamp., Lep. Phal. VIII. 265 (1909) has a poor b. and w. figure. 

Splr., Schm. Eur. I. plt. 48 (1906), has a very dark figure with 
average markings. 

South, Moths Br. Is. I. plt. 151 (1907) has a good figure of the dull 
grey mottled form. 

Culot N. et G. 1(2). plt. 46 (1909-13), has a figure of a very small 
specimen from Beyrout. Probably can be called the pygmaea, Ramb. 

Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. plt. 48a (1911) give 3 figures which 
show but little differentiation. 

Warr.-Seitz does not recognise any difference in the named forms 
fulgens, juncta, cycloides, caradrinoides, sebghana and venosa. 


Of the Variation Barrett writes.—‘ Apparently but little variable. 
It sometimes loses the yellow orbicular stigmata.” 

He describes a specimen “ Of unusual size; dark grey to the second 
line, stigmata very distinct and the orbicular quite light yellow.” 

In another “‘ The subterminal line is spread broadly into an obscure 
whitish rippled band.” 

Dr. Cockayne says (in Jit.) ‘‘ Haigua is very variable especially in 
the colour of the stigmata and the size and shape of the orbicular. 
In some specimens the last is whitish in others nearly filled with deep 
orange scales.”’ 


The Names and Forms to be dealt with are— 

ewiyua, Hb. (1808) Saml. Noct. 362. 

f. fulgens, Hb.-Gey. (1828) l.c. 796. 

ab. pygmaea, Rmb. (1884) Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 884, plt. 8, 2. 
r. cycloides, Gn. (1852) Hist. Nat. Noct. V(1). 157. 

ab. gunceti, Zell. (1847) Isis, 445. 

r. caradrinoides, Walk. (1856) Cat. b.M. IX. 190. 

r. sebghana, Aust. (1880) Natural. 212. 

ssp. venosa, Btlr. (1880) H. VM. M. 7. 


HE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (329) 
15.vi.34. 

ab. cantor, Hamps.-Strnd. (1909, 1915) Lep. Phal. VIII. 265: Arch. 
Naturg. LXXXI. abt. A. Heft. 11. 

ab. albimacula, Dnhl. (1929) Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges. 118. 

ab. decolorata, Duhl. (1929) lc. 

ab. variegata, Dnhl. (1929) lc. 

Tutt dealt with (1) the typical exigua ; (2) fulgens with emphasized 
stigmata and (3) the very small form pygmaea. 


race cycloides, Gn. Noct. 1(5), 157 (1852). 

Orie. Descriep.—‘ Forewings of a clear testaceous grey, not reddish, 
uniform, with the design but little indicated, except the orbicular, 
which is small, quite round, of a clear ochraceous-yellow, pupilled 
with grey, and the reniform which is slightly touched with blackish in 
the middle. Subterminal line composed of groups of clear, separate 
atoms. A series of blackish terminal points, surmounted by similar 
groups. Fringe divided by two obscure waved lines. Hindwings of a 
pure white, semi-transparent, with a blackish fringe and the external 
angle blackish.’ Cape of Good Hope. 


ab. gunceti, Zell. Isis, 445 (1847). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anterioribus angustatis, griseis, annulo- 
flavido, obscucius expleto, renulo griseo, flavescenti submarginato ; 
posterioribus utrimque albis margaritaceo-micantibus superne griseo- 
venosis margaratisque. 

var. b. renulo utrimque obscurius cinereo-obumbrato. 

“This species which apparently is related generically with cubicularis 
and comes also very near it, agrees in a few respects with Caradrina 
exigua, but not so that it cannot be clearly separated from it. 

‘‘Forewings narrow with a very flat curved hindmargin, ground 
colour powdered grey, as on the thorax, like the colour of cubicularis ; 
here and there darker; the costa has 6-7 small, obsolescent brown spots, 
and beyond the middle 3-4 whitish grey dots separated by darker grey. 
The two usual transverse lines are more or less suppressed and not at 
all conspicuous ; the disc also is not darkened. ‘The orbicular is small, 
almost circular, pale yellow with darker, sometimes red-brown centre. 
It stands somewhat nearer the first transverse line, than the reniform 
does the second line.” 

“This has the usual size and a narrow grey filled-in kidney shaped 
ring, often imperfect; above pale yellowish; it is paler than the 
orbicular and externally towards the transverse line dark shaded. 
The toothed line is obsolescent pale yellowish, strongly cut into by the 
longitudinal veins and outwardly margined by a dark shade. ‘The 
hind-margin has a row of 7-8 black dots, which inwardly are pale 
yellowish. Forewings grey with somewhat darker line and outwardly 
darker chequered. Hindwing shorter than in cubtcularis, but with a 
sharper apical angle, white, transparent and perceptibly with lilac 
sheen. ‘The veins are brownish as is the hind-marginal line, which is 
shaded narrowly pale grey like the costa. Fringes pure white, dusky 
grey at the apex. Below glossy.” 


race sebghana, Aust. Le Nat. 212 (1880). 
Orie. Descrir.—‘ I have received two specimens of a Caradrina of 
whose novelty there should be no doubt, in spite of the affinities 


(330) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


which exist between the different species of this genus. It approaches 
our guadripunctata (cubicularis) from which it differs in many respects. 
I will compare it with this last species in order the better to describe 
its characteristics. The size of sebghana is less than that of cubicularis. 
Its wings are more elongate, its forewings are relatively very narrow 
with the apical angle pointed. The differences are no less in regard 
to the markings. In sebghana the ordinary spots are much emphasized 
and of a fawn yellow, which runs on to the testaceous grey of the 
ground. ‘The orbicular is oval and in an oblique position relatively to 
the reniform, which is finely surrounded by a brown liséré without 
the accompaniment of white dots. The extra basal and the elbowed 
lines have very nearly the same shape as in cubicularis; they are 
always better expressed and appear formed of a double line; the one 
whitish interiorly, and the other brown on the opposite. The sub- 
terminal is whitish, simple, without any ferruginous suffusion. The 
costa wants the brown dots, which, in cubicularis indicate the origin of 
the lines.” 

“The lower wings are white, very diaphanous, with the nervules 
and the fringe tinged with reddish and very emphasized. The palpi 
are entirely grey without brown hairs at their base. The underside 
of the forewings is of a uniform whitish grey which however allows 
one to see a deeper tint in the spot, which corresponds to the reniform ; 
the lower wings are white without a vestage of spot, with a violet 
reflection as on the upperside.” N. Africa. 


race caradrinoides, Walk. Cat. B.M. IX. 190 (1856). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Cinereous. Forewings moderately broad, slightly 
oblique along the exterior border, with some paler blackish-bordered 
costal marks and narrow slight undulating bands; discal marks 
testaceous, the outer one reniform and larger than the other, which is 
elliptical ; a row of marginal blackish dots. Hindwings whitish with 
narrow brownish borders.” Natal. 


ssp. venosa, Btlr. Hnt. Mo. Mag. XVII. 7 (1880). 

Orie. Descrirp.—‘ C. cubiculari affinis; alis angustioribus, anticis 
supra pallide fuscis macula orbiculari indistincta, testaceo nigro partim 
cincta; macula reniformi argillacea lineam angulatam albam 
includente, marginibus nigro punctatis ; lineis ordinariis indistinctis, 
duplicibus, albido impletis, nigris; area externo albo sparsa; signis 
minutis angulatis, submarginalibus nigris: ctliis albidis fusco 
intersectis marginatisque alis posticis margaritaceis hyalinis, venis 
fuscis; mareinibus costali et externo fuscescentibus nitidis; ciliis 
argenteo albis, linea media indistincta cinerea; thorace fusco, abdomine 
albido-fusco. Subtus alba, alis nitidis, costis colore arenosa tincta ; 
corpore sordide albo; alar. exp. une. 1. lin. 1.” 

Near Honolulu. Hawaii. 


ab. canior, Strand. Arch. Natg. LXXXI. abt. A. Heft, 11 (1915). 

Orie. Drscrie.—‘‘ Much greyer; forewing with the antemedial 
line on outer side and postmedial line on inner side strongly defined 
by black on inner area.” N.S. Wales. 

[Hamps. Cat. Phal. VIII. 265 (1909). | 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (331) 


ab. albimacula, Dnhl. Mitt. Miin. Ent, Ges., 113 (1929). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ The stigmata neither yellow nor yellowish red, 
but whitish. The orbicular especially shows prominently as a white 
ring. These examples are mostly very weakly marked.’ Central 
ltaly. 


ab. variegata, Dnhl. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges. 118 (1929). 

Oric. Descrie.—“ Darker, very variegated, mostly large specimens. 
Transverse lines sharply emphasized, blackish, distinctly outlined by © 
a light edging.” Central Italy. 


ab. decolorata, Dnhl. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges, 118 (1929). 

Orica. Descrip.—‘‘ The opposite extreme. Almost markingless clear 
erey, the stigmata showing as light spots, without their filling being 
clearly noticeable. Rarely is a dark spot present between the stigmata.” 
Central Italy. 


The Genus Caraprina, Ochs-Treit. (1816-25). 


The genus Caradrina in its restricted sense, so far as the British 
Isles are concerned, consists of 5 species, four of which, morpheus, 
alsines, taraaict, and ambiqgua, resemble each other so much, that even 
when in bred condition it is very difficult to separate them; to name 
them from figures is practically impossible. Even the beautiful figures 
in Culot do not convey the specifie separation which figures of most 
species do. The fifth species clavipalpis is sufficiently distinct to be 
more readily identified. The older writers, more or less, made a 
muddle of their accounts so that it is little good going into detail over 
their figures or descriptions and attempting to identify their work. 
Of modern figures those of Culot are perhaps the best (Noct. et G. 1(2). 
plt. 48). South’s figures are good, but do not convey the surface 
texture for very accurate determination (Moths Brit. Is. I. plt. 151). 
Seitz figures are much too definite in marking for this group. The 
surface and general colour give no help to identification of the bulk of 
the specimens obtained in this country. 

Tutt considered that superstes, a continental species, also occurred 
in these islands and specimens taken in Sligo, in the W. of Ireland 
were deemed to be of that species. Some of these actual specimens 
have recently come into the hands of Dr. HE. A. Cockayne, who deter- 
mined them by examination of their genitalia, as nothing more than 
ordinary tarawici. Pierce had previously examined an example 
sent him by L. B. Prout and described the genitalia as similar to that 
of tarawict the only difference being that the whole of the triangular 
tip of the sacculus is squamose in the former, whereas in the latter 
only the base of the tip is squamose, which looks like a difference, 
which is not a difference. At any rate we can omit superstes from our 
List of British Noctuae. 

The action of Warr.-Seitz in suppressing so many named Caradrina 
forms is significant of the difficulty of identification of species and 
forms. 


(332) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Caradrina, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25). Most authors have used 
this. [Athetis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-S., Hamp.] morpheus, Hufn. (1766). 


Tutt did not treat Hufnagel as the original authority although he 
mentions him, as he also did Rottemburg. 

morpheus, Huin. Berlin. Mag. II. 302 (1766). 

Orig. Descrre.—‘‘ Smoky yellow with 2 grey bands and a similar 
spot on the upper wing.” 

Commenting on Hufnagel, Rottemburg, Natwrf. IX. 121 (1776) 
says—‘‘ The upper wings are dusky yellow-brown. Not far from the 
outer margin runs a dark-grey angulated somewhat wide transverse 
line across the wing. To this follows a longish reniform spot, and then 
a larger round spot, both alike dark grey. The lower wings are dusky 
white with a quite pale yellowish margin.” 

Thus the typical form has a slight yellowish flush. 


Tutt Brit. Noct. I]. 147 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 282, plt. 220 
(1899): Stdgr. Cat, I[led. 197 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 232, plt. 
43, 33 (1906) : South Moths Br. Is. I. 316, plt. 151, 5 (1907): Hamp. 
Lep. Phal. VIII. 857 (1909): Culot N. et G. 1(2). 55, plt. 48, 1-2 
(1909-13): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. II. 213, plt. 45f. (1911). 

Wernebg. refers fig..406 Ernst and Engr. Pap. d’ Hur. as morpheus 
but I cannot agree; it is in every way much too light in colour and 
more resembles a form of clavipalpis. 

The figure of sepii, Hb. 161, is a very guod one of the reddish 
tinged form. 

Dup’s. fig. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 75, 5 (1626) is particularly dark, red- 
brown. 

Wood's Indea figs. 201 and 202 are labelled morpheus and sepit. 
These names should be reversed, as 201 is a red brown form and 202 
a grey brown form. 

Newman’s fig. 517 Brit. Moths. p. 312 (1869) is a good b. and w. 
but the hindwings are too light and do not agree with the text “ whitish 
grey with a dark shade at the tip.” 

Spuler’s fig. 38 on pl. 48 Sch. Hur. (1906) is a good one of the 
grey-brown form. 

Culot, NV. et G. plt. 48, 1-2, has two good figures of the brown 
form of a very slight yellow tinge, but rather small. 


Barrett says—‘‘ Rather variable in the ground-colour from pale 
yellowish-brown to very dark smoky-brown, and in the degree of dappling 
or mottling of dark brown, which usually is most distinet in the paler 
specimens.” 

He reports a specimen which “has the mottling on a very pale 
ground disposed in numerous isolated spots which have an almost 
ocellated appearance.” 

And another ‘of a pale yellowish-drab, with the stigmata, 
transverse stripes, and central shade all very dark and sharply defined.” 

Ochs. Schm. LV. 80 (1816) cites Hsp. Abbild. [V(2). 497 plt. 151, 4 
(1786) radica to this species, but Treit. Uc. V(2). 250 (1825) shows 
that this cannot be, which consultation of the figure confirms, It is 
that of wanthographa, teste Werneburg. 

Warr.-Seitz recognises no named form as distinct but puts pulla, 
Bkw. and sepit, Hb. as synonyms. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (333) 
15, vii.34. 


The Forms and Names to review are :— 

morpheus, Huin. Berlin Mag. III. 802 (1766). 

radica, Esp. Abbild. 1V(2). 497, plt. 154, 4 (1786). 

morpheus, View. Tabell. Il. 40 (1790). 

ab, palla, Beckw. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1(2). 5, plt. 1, 7-9 (1794). 

ssp. septi, Hb. Noct. 161 (1802). 

ab. obscura, Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 147 (1891). 

ab. minor, Tutt lc. 

ab. spalleki, Kitt. Ver. Gesll. Wien. LXVII. (138) (1917). 

Tutt dealt only with (1) typical morpheus. (2) sepit, Hb. the red 
brown form. (8) ab. obscura, and (4) ab. minor. 


ab. palla, Beckw. T'rans. Lin. Soc. 1(2). 5 (1794). 

Fics.—l.c. plt. I, 7-9. 

Orie. Descrie.— Alae superiores ex fusco dilute ferrugineae 
nigroque subnebulosae. In medio verso marginem crassiorem duae 
maculae: quarum interior subrotunda, exterior reniformis albido 
obsolete cinctae; linea alba undulata prope marginem exteriorem. 
Alae inferiore cinereae. Anus barbatus.” 

The figures are of a British morpheus form. 


ab. spalleki, Kitt. Ver. Ges. Wien. LXVII. (138) (1917). 

Orie. Descrie.—“ It had the normal marking and ground-colour, 
and the basal and marginal area of the forewings and the orbicular 
and reniform stigmata were filled by black-brown. ‘The waved 
line, of lighter shining brownish-yellow-green ground-colour, stands 
out distinctly.” Hombok near Olmiitz, Austria. 


Caradrina, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25) most authors [Athetis, Hb. 
(1822) Hamp., Warr.-Seitz.] alsines, Brahm. 


Agassiz “ corrected ” the genus name Caradrina to Charadrina as he 
thought it was derived from the Greek, but Treitschke had named the 
genus (Schm. V. 2. p. 246) from Caradrina, a river in Albania. 

Tutt gave Borkhausen as the original describer and reproduced his 
description (Brit. Noct. 1 147) and in a footnote, brit. Noct. I. 147, 
said that Brahm only describes the early stages. This is not correct, 
for when Brahm bred the insects from his larvae in May, he then 
describes the :mago, Ins. Kalend. II. 298. 

alsines, Brahm. Ins. Kal. IL. 298 (1791.) 

Ortc. Drscrie.— The forewings are shades of brownish grey, with 
three waved transverse lines composed of blackish lunules; but often, 
and especially in the male sex, these lunules are only recognisable as 
dots. The first line stands close to the base; but one notes only a trace 
of it, which is often obsolescent, and for this one must have very 
distinctly marked examples since in many one cannot recognise the 
slightest trace. The second line stands before the middle, and the third 
line beyond it, and between these two one finds the usual stigmata, 
which are somewhat darker than the ground colour, and are outlined 
lightly. In different examples one notices an obsolescent band, which 


(334) {HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S KECORD. 


runs from the outer margin through the reniform. Near to the lower 
marein also lies alight somewhat elongate cross line. The lower wings 
are whitish.” 

Treit., Sch. V(2). 267 (1825) says that Schiff. Verz. confused blanda 
and alsines as one species and refers to older collections as having the 
series mixed; also he says that Illiger in the revised Verz. (1801) was 
equally incorrect. 

Humph. and Westw. Brit. Moths, 1. 144 (1845) reduced all these 
forms to one omnibus species which they called plantayinis, Hb. 
Under this name they included sordida, Haw., laevis, Haw. (Hb.)* and 
Wood, inplexa, Steph. and Wood, alsines, Wood, blanda, Ochs. (nec Hb.), 
eyena, Haw., redacta, Haw. and Wood, ambiqua, Stephs. and Wood, 
and plantaginis, Hb., Dup. and Bdy. All this is based on the article 
by Bentley in Vol. I. of the Mntomologist (1842). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 147 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 287, plt. 221 
(1899) ; Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 197 (1901): Splr. Sch. Hur. I. 282, plt. 
44 (1906) ; South, Moth Br. Is. I. 817, plt. 151 (1907): Hamp. Lep. 
Vhal. VILL. 319 (1909): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 208, plt. 48i (1911) : 
Culot, N. e¢ G. 1(2). 55, plt. 48 (1909-18). 


Ernst and Ener. Pap. d’Hur. fig. 406b, ¢ give two very fair 
figures (teste Treit. with which Werneburg agrees, beitr. II. 114). 

Hub. Saml. fig. 577 gives an almost uniform ground without 
clouding or banding ; marking too definite. 

Wood. Ind. (1884) plt. 11, fig. 199 impleaa and fig. 200 laevis (see 
Curtis’ note below) are alsines forms; fig. 198 alsines is a figure compar- 
able with Hubner’s 577, but darker. 

The figure of Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. 4 is unrecognisable as such. 

H.-S. Sys. Bearb. I1. fig. 8379 (1845) is a very good figure of the 
usual form. On p. 211 he notes that the fig. 577 Hb. is a very red 
example, g ; bis own fig. is a small 9. Wood’s fig. 198 he says 
may belong here. 

South, plt. 151 has a good recognisable figure. 

Seitz, Pal. Noct. UI. plt. 42h has 8 very fair figures of alsines of 
different ground shades and one of the larger and more plainly marked 
levis, with lighter ground. 

Culot, N. et G. 1(2). plt. 48 has an excellent figure. (1909-13). 


Barrett says—‘‘ Hardly variable except in a small degree in the 
depth of the ground colour and markings of the forewings.” 

Stephens, /l/. II. 156-7 gives alsimes, implewa, laevis, and sordida 
and says ‘‘ they do not appear to me really distinct from alsines”” and 
in his Cat. II. 75 (1829) indicates the same opinion. 

Curtis, Brit. Mnt. XLV. 651, 1837, stated that he possessed the speci- 
men which Haw. described under the name Jaevis, and thatit was certainly 
not a variety of alsines, nor was it like Wood’s figure 200, but appeared 
closely allied to neylecta ! 

Tutt Brit. Noct. 1. 147 names var. A. of Guenée Hist. Nat. V. 245 
(1852) as var. sufusa. By a remarkable error Tutt translated 
“‘fortement saupoudrés d’écailles blanches” as ‘strongly powdered 
with black scales.” 


* Haw. l.c. refers his laevis to Hb. Noct. 163, and this latter is referred to 
the Noctua neglecta, Hb., by Herr.-Schiiff. Sys. Bearb. II. The hindwings of 
Hb’s. fig. are not those of a Caradrina. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (335) 


Warr.-Seitz recognises (1) sericea, Spyr. as a local form from 
Holland and Germany with narrower silky grey forewings. (2) levis, 
Stder. from W. 'lurkestan and Asia Minor in which the yellow ochreous 
tint is predominant with conspicuous dark markings, (8) amurensis, 
Stder. small dark examples. (4) ochrea, Warr., pale yellow ochreous 
with obsolescent markine. 


The Names and Forms to be discussed are as follow— 

alsines, Brahm, (1791), Lns. Kalend. IL. 298. 

alsines, Bork. (1792), Natury. IV. 607. 

laevis, Hb. (Haw.) (1806-10) Lep. Brit. 207. 

ab. implewa, Steph. (1829), dd. Il. 156. Wood. Indew. plt. II. 199. 

ab. sericea, Speyer. (1867), Stett. e. Zt. 73. 

race levis, Stdgr. (1888), J.c. 29. 

ab. suffusa, Tutt (1891) Brit. Noct. I. 147. 

Ssp. amurensis, Stdgr. (1892), Mem. Rom. VI. 486. 

ab. ochrea, Warr.-Seitz. (1911), Pad. Noct. ILL. 208. 

Of these Tutt refers to (1) Borkhausen’s alsines; (2) the 
powdered white form sufusa (8) Staudinger’s amurensis; and (4) the 
very pale levis, Stdgr. (vol. LV. 122.) 


ab. implewa, Steph. Ill. II. 156 (1829). 

Iic.— Wood, Ind. Mut. plt. 11, fig. 119 (1834). 

Orie. Descrre.— Paler than alsines; head, thorax and anterior 
wings rusty, or yellowish-griseous, with four distinct darker or fuscous 
strigae, the first albreviated at the base, the second rather oblique and 
considerably undulated, the third placed between the stigmata, broad 
and subrectangular; the fourth much arcuated, composed of lunules, 
and placed behind the posterior stigma ; between which and the hinder 
margin isa distinct and strongly waved pale one, edged internally 
with fuscous; on the margin itself is an interrupted black line; 
posterior wings pale ochraceous-brown, the base paler, the hinder- 
margin with an interrupted black line, as in the anterior wings.” 

‘Known by its paler hue and the distinctness and number of the 
transverse strigae on the anterior wings, and especially by the greater 
undulations of the pale posterior strigae.”’ Darn. 


ab. sericea, Spey. Stett. e. Zeit. 73 (1867). 

Oxia. Descrip.—‘ Alis anticis apice minus dilatatis, nitidis, griseo- 
testaceis (gf) seu griseo-lntescentibus (¢?), maculis duabis strigisque 
ordinariis obscurioribus (g obsoletis) ; posticis sordide exalbidis, apice 
griseis (g) seu griseis totis (2? )” [compared with alsines] . 

“ Distinguished at first sight from tarawaci (blanda), plantayints 
(ambigua) and superstes by the smooth, shining not powdered surface 
of the forewing. The gloss is brighter looked at sideways; the hind- 
wings share this; duller in the 9°. 

“The wings widen towards the outer margin much less strongly and 
appear more uniformly wide and somewhat narrower than in alsimes. 

“The ground-colour of thorax and forewings not brownish at first, 
as in alsines, but ochre-yellowish-grey, in the more greyish clay- 
yellow, shiny and without distinctly dark powdering.” Holland. 
Germany. 


(336) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


race levis, Stdgr., Stett. ¢. Zeit. 29 (1888). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ It is of the same size as alsines (81-35mm.) but 
has a far lighter brownish or yellowish-grey (difficult to determine) 
ground colour on the forewings, which well sets off against the dark 
brown-grey of the typical German alsines. The two upper dark filled- 
in stigmata stand out particularly clear in this pale levis; only the 
first (orbicular) stigma is sometimes almost obsolete. Then the dark 
cross line before the reniform stigma stands out most distinctly, some- 
times sharp, almost black. The dark inner margining of the 
not distinctly recognisable outer light (dentate) cross line is opened up. 
The usual three cross lines are wholly wanting or are only rudimentary, 
particularly so is the third, represented by black dots on the veins. 
In the ? they are also darker suffused. Suggested that this pale 
form is a second generation.” W. Turkestan, Armenia, Asia Minor. 


ssp. amurensis, Stdgr. Mém. Rom. VI. 486. (1892.) 

Orie. Duscrip.—‘ A somewhat smaller, and especially on the under- 
side darker form of alsines. ‘The measure 27-31 mm. They have the 
distinctive, brown grey colour of forewing of German alsines and the 
same (strong) markings. ‘The hindwings are also, on the upper side, 
but particularly on the underside somewhat darker, and bear almost 
always in the outer part two more or less perfect, dark transverse lines. 
On the underside the forewings, of which the disk is quite darkened, 
these two outermarginal lines appear generally in the outer portion, 
but the outer one only very rudimentary.” Vladivostok. 


ab. ochrea, Warr-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 208 (1911). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 427. 

Orta. Descrip.— The dark markings tend to become effaced, the 
head, thorax and forewings being pale yellow-ochreous.”’ 


Caradrina, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25) most authors [Athetis, Hb. 
1822) Hamp., Warr.-Stz.] ambigua, Fab. (1787). 
P 


Tutt gives the description in Fab. Hint. Sys. IIL. (8), 48 (1798) as 
the original, but omits to say that Fab. gives a reference to Schiff. 
Verz. 77 (1775), as his species. 

Schiff. U.c. says, ‘‘ Reddish Noctua marked with pale grey,” a des- 
cription hardly that of ambiyua as we know it. 

Fab. had already described his ambigna in the Mant. II. 148 (1787) 
‘“‘ Laevis, cinerea; atomis strigaque pone medium nigris.—Larva 
ferrugineo fuscoque variegata: capite fusco,” which he enlarged in 
the Hnt. Sys., but with no mention of reddish in either place. 

Bork. Natury. IV. 612 (1792) Suggests that ambiyua, Schiff. is 
pulverulenta, on account of the character ‘“‘ reddish” and he points out 
that Fab. gives the larva as feeding on low plants such as Chenopodium, 
Dandelion, ete., whereas the foodplant of pulverulenta is oak. 

There is evidence here of confusion, hence it seems necessary to 
consider Fab. as the authority, but in the Mant. (1787) and not the 
Fint. Sys. 

Reference to Illiger N. Ausg. Verz. (1801) I. 284 does not help. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (337) 


In some specimens when fresh there is a slight, very slight, 
appearance of the red gloss about the termen such as is always present 
in Nonagria phragmitidis, 

Gn., I.-V. 247 (1852), says that plantaginis, Hb. belongs to another 
species and suggests blanda. Newman omits mention of ambigua. 

Warr.-Seitz give the auther as Schiff. and plantayinis, Hb. as a 
synonym and only recognises the more ochreous Syrian subspecific 
form uniformis, Swnh., placing hilaris, Stdgr. as a synonym to it. 
He notes the very slight rufous or ochreous tinge in some examples. 
Genus Athetis. 

Hamp. Lep. Phal. VIL. 321, (1909) treats Schiff. as the authority, 
places ambigua in Athetis, gives only ab. uniforms, Swink. the pale form, 
and considers both plantayinis, Hb. and hilaris, Stdgr. as synonyms. 

Meyrick, Rev. Hand. 77 (1928), gives Fab. as the authority. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 148 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 288, plt. 
221 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 197 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, 1. 288, 
plt. 44 (1906): South, Moths Brit. Is. I. 818 plt. 151 (1907) : Hamp. 
Lep. Phal, VIII. 821 (1909) : Warr.-Seitz Pal. Gr.-Schin. Noct. LI. 209, 
plt. 41h (1911): Culot \. et G@. 1(2). 55, plt. 48 (1909-138). 


Hiibner’s fig. 576 plantaginis is darkly marked, hardly comparable 
with our beautiful softer grey insect. 

Dup.’s fig., plt. 1, LXXVI. 5 Hist. Nat. VI. is unrecognisable as 
ambiyua, with dark hindwings and forewings of a dark chestnut. 
Although the almost suppressed markings agree with those of ambiyua, 
it is pulverulenta (cruda) in all probability and is placed in the genus 
Taeniocampa. Some authors put it down as plantayinis, Hb., for 
which however the depth of colour is too extreme. Tig. 2 on the same 
plate is labelled plantayinis and may represent Hubner’s form although 
well on the dark side. Genus Caradrina. 

I take it that the ambiyua, Schiff. is a form of cruda (to which it 
stands next after in the Verz. as considered by Dup.). 

Splr’s. plt. 44, 14, is unrecognisable as ambiqgua. Far too ochreous, 
markings rough and not defined neatly as in true ambiyua. 

H.-S. Sys. bearb. Il. 211, fig. 881 (1845), is dark, comparable with 
the dark plantaginis of Hb. fig. 576. He does not fig. ambigua, but 
says that his plantayinis is the ambiyua of Schiff. 

Warr.-Seitz figs. plt. 421 are bad in both basal colour and marking 
on all wings, and much too ochreous. 

Culot, N. et G. 1(2). plt. 48, has an excellent figure of our usual 
form, a pale soft texture form. 


Barrett says—‘‘ Hardly variable here. Continental examples are 
usually of a rather more ashy colour.” 

He reports a specimen ‘“‘ very decidedly dark,’ from Devon. 

The forms and names to be discussed are :— 

ambigua, Fb. (1787) Mant. 148. 

r. plantaginis, Hb., Samml., 576 (1808-18). 

r. plantaginis, Dup. (1826) Hist. Nat. VI. 89, plt. 76. 

r. uniformis, Swinh. (1885) Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 850, p. 1, plt. 9. 

r. hilaris, Stdgr. (1901) Cat, I[led. 197. 


(338) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


ab. tripunetata, Strnd. (1915) Arch. Naturg. UXXXI. 154. Abt. A. 
Heft. 11 (1915). 

ab. decinerea, Strnd. (1915) l.c. 

ab. ambigquella, Strnd. (1915) Lc. 

ab. subambigua, Strnd. (1915) l.c. 

Tutt dealt with (1) ambiqua, the pale English form. (2) plantayinis 
the dark form. 


race uniformis, Swinh, Trans. Hint. Soc. 350, p. 1, 9, f. 6. (1885). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. TX., f. 6. 

Orie. Derscrre.—‘‘ Pale fawn-colour ; head whitish ; thorax, 
abdomen, and forewings uniform pale fawn-colour; unmarked ; 
orbicular and reniform spots large, round, very faintly indicated by 
whitish lines around them; hindwings white; the entire surface of 
both wings covered with a silvery sheen.” 8. Afghanistan. Sept. 

Reference to both fig. and description at once dispels this association 
absolutely, by shape, marking, colour, ete. Hamps. Moths of Ind. IL. 
261, treats it as a separate species of Caradrina (1894), but in Lep. 
Phal. VIII. 321, 1909, he puts it as a form of ambigua, and deseribes 
it thus :—‘“‘ Paler; palpi slightly tinged with fuscous at sides ; forewing 
with an ochreous tinge.—Syria, W. Turkestan, Baluchistan.” 


race hilaris, Stdgr. Cat. Lep. pal. 197 (1901). 
Orie. Descrie.—‘ Multo dilutior; al. ant. flavescenti-griseis.’’— 
Issykul. Ferghana. Syria. 


ab. tripunctata, Strand. Arch. Natg. LXXXI. 154. Abt. A. Heft. IT. 
(1915). 
Oric. Desorre.—‘ Fore-wings with white spots on the reniform.” 


ab. decinerea, Strand. Arch, Natury. UXXXI. 154. Abt. A. Heft. 11 
(1915). | 

~ Orie. Descorie.—‘ Forewings more unicolorous red-brown without 
any suggestion of grey colour.” 


ab. ambiguella, Strnd. Arch. Natg. UXXXI. 154, abt. A. Heft, 11 
(1915). 

Orig. Desorie.—‘ In the forewings the median and marginal areas 
red-brown, ante- and post-median areas pale; cuneate black spots on 
the veins 5 and 6 of the marginal area up near to post-median line.” 


ab. subambigua, Strnd. Arch. Naturg. UXXXI. 154 Abt. A. Heft 11 
(1915). 

Ortc. Drscrie.—‘ Forewing more unicolorous grey with strong 
black streaks in'the submedial fold from the base and from the ante- 
medial line to the margin.” 


Caradrina, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) most authors. [Athetis, Hb. 
(1822) Hamps. and Warr.-Stz.] blanda, Schiff. 1775 =taraxaci, Hb. 
(1808-18). 


Tutt did not fully go into the identity of this species and took the 
taraxaci, Hb. as the original description of the species. Subsequent 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (339) 


authors are agreed that it is the blanda, Schiff., the identity of which, 
indefinite as the description is, was substantiated by Illiger, New. Ausg. 
Verz. (1801), who had access to the Vienna collections. 

Schiff. Vere. p. 77 (1775), in defining his ‘‘ Larvae albopunctatae,” 
‘« Noctuae rectolineatae ’ describes blanda as having on the almost 
uniformly coloured reddish-grey forewings the usual two stigmata 
defined by a paler line, and also towards the lower (hind) margin 
a similarly almost straight transverse line. The thorax is rough, the 
antennae of the male slightly pectinated. 

Fab. Mant. II. 147 (1787), describes blanda as “ Laevis, alis deflexis 
cinereo fuseis ; strigis albidioribus,” which may be anything. 

Brahm, Ins. Kal. If. 114 and 300 (1791), bred his specimens from 
larvae which agreed with those of Group L. of the Verz. of Schiff., 
but they were imagines with similarity to ambigua. 

Bork. Naturg. IV. 610 (1792) likens it to stabilis, but says it is the 
blanda of the Verz. and the opaca of Ksper, which latter cannot be as 
Esper wrote ‘‘ Ashy-grey, white-spotted Bombyx. Alis deflexis cinereis: 
striga maculisque duabus albis.” 

Illiger New. Ausg. Verz. (1801) I. 282-3, says this is the blanda, 
Fb., the alsines of Bork., and of Brahm; and doubtfully the opaca of 
Esp. Werneb. Beitr. IL. 83 points out in detail that opaca, Esp. can- 
not be blanda, but in size, shape and marking can only be viminaiis. 
With the first opinion I agree, but only doubtfully with the latter 
determination. 

The laevis of Haw. and of Stephens is usually now ascribed to 
neylecta. Stephens largely copied from Haworth. 

Gnu., Hist. Nat. Noct. V. 246 (1852) says the tarawaci, H.-S., is a 
form of blanda, Schiff., with more blackish forewings with a slight 
reddish tint on the disc ; hindwings slightly more yellowish. 

Warr.-Seitz recognises only ab. centralasiae, Warr.-S., places 
tarawact, Hb. and guttilinea, Wlkr. as synonyms, and omits all reference 
to other synonyms or forms. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 149 (1891): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., V. 290. plt. 
221. 3 (1899): Stder. Cat. IIled. 197 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hu. I. 233. 
plt. 44. 15 (1906) : South, Moths Br. Is. 1.317. plt. 151 (1907) : Hamps. 
Lep. Phal. VIII. 821 (1909): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Gross.-Schm. Pal. Noet 
111. 208. plt. 42 hi (1911): Culot. N. et. G. 1(2). 55. plt. 48. f.4 
(1909-13). 

Hubner’s fig. 575 of taraxaci is, as Gn. says (V. 246) less rosy than 
blanda, slightly reddish on the disc, the hind-wings of a somewhat 
yellowish tone, but too pronounced. 

Dup., Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 75. 6 (1826), has a good figure of taraxaci 
(blanda), the dark reddish brown form with distinct markings. 

H.-S., Sys. Beard. I. 211, f. 380, is a small dark 9°, with too great 
emphasis to the hind-marginal dark area of the hind-wings. 

He says, Htibner’s fig. 575 is recognisable, but has wings too broad, 
the waved line too black on the basal side, and the hindwings too 
yellow, and suggests that the Jaevis of Wood isa 2. 

Newman, Brit. Moths, 314 (1870), says that blanda has a ‘‘ tendency 
to obscure purple and rosy,’ whereas alsines, its nearest ally, has a 
tendency ‘to ochreous,” but the b. and w. figs. are not conclusive as 


(340) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


one does not get the surface tone, and the markings are not distinctive 
enough to be displayed in such figs. 

Splr., l.c. plt. 44, f. 15, has a fig. more like alsines in marking 
whereas the figure of alsines, f. 12 is not sufficiently distinguishably 
marked, 

South, Moths Br. Is. I. plt. 151 (1907) gives a good figure of the 
dark form tarawaci, and calls attention to the silky appearance of the 
hindwing, p. 317. 

Warr.-Stz. has a good figure of the blanda form, l.c. plt. 42h, and 
also a figure of the ssp. centralasiae, plt. £21. 

Culot, N. et G. 1(2). plt. 48 has an excellent figure, showing very 
clearly the difference (typical) between that and alsimes. In his text 
p. 55 he calls attention to the fact that the reniform in alsines is larger 
than in taraxaci=blanda. 


Of the Variation Barrett says, ‘‘ Slightly variable in the depth of 
colour, from paler to darker brown. In Ireland there is a tendency to 
greyer colouring, but with the hindwings unusually white.” 

He reports ‘“‘ one specimen as nearly black.”’ 

The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 

blanda, Schiff. (1775) Verz. 77. 

ab. redacta, Haw. (1806-10), */.ep. Brit. 206-8. 

ab. egens, Haw. (1806-10) J.c. 

ab. sordida, Haw. (1806-10) J.c. 

f. tarawact, Hb. (1808-18) Sammdl. 575. 

ab. ambigua, Steph. (1829). dl. 155-7. 

ab. alsines, Wood. (1884), Indea Int., f. 198. 

ab. laevis, Wood. l.c. f. 200. 

ab. blanda, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat. V. 245. 

r. quttilinea, Walk. (1858), Cat. B.M. XV. 1709. 

ssp. centralasiae, Warr.-Stz. (1911), Pal. Noct. 209, plt. 421. . 

ssp. pseudambigua, Zerny (1927), Hos. Lep. Albarracin, 882 (1917). 

ab. fusca, Lenz. (1927) Sch. Sudby. 11. 2, 307. 

ab. pallidior, Lenz. (1927) lc. 

Of these Tutt dealt with (1) tarawaci, Hb. the reddish-brown form 
with distinct markings: (2) sordida, Haw. the reddish-brown form with 
indistinct markings: (3) the ashy-brown form with distinct markings, 
ambigua, Steph.: (4) the ashy-brown form with indistinct markings, 
redacta, Haw.: (5) the fuscous form, distinctly tinged with purple 
blanda, Gn.: (6) the fuscous form with distinct markings, egens, Haw. : 
(7) alsines, Wood, the fuscous form with indistinct markings, and reni- 
form outlined in white and (8) laevis, Wood, the fuscous form with 
indistinct markings. 


f, guttilinea, Walk, Cat. B.M. XV. 1709 (1858). 

Orta. Descrie.—‘‘ Cervina, subtus cinerea; antennae validae, vix 
crenulatae ; abdomen pallide cinereum ; pedes dense pilosi ; alae anticae 
cinereo-cervinae, lineis interiore et exteriore e punctis nigris, linea 
submarginali albida subundulata, lunulis marginalibus fuscis, fimbria 
latissima, orbiculari et reniformi magnis, albido marginatis; posticae 
albidae, margine subcinereo.”’ 


* teste the late J. H. Durrant in lit. The usual date is 1809.—Hy.J.T. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (341) 
15.x.34. 

‘“Wawn-colour, pale cinereous beneath. Antennae stout, hardly 
erenulate. Abdomen pale cinereous. Legs densely pilose. Fore- 
wings cinereous fawn-colour; basal half-line black; interior and 
exterior lines formed of black points ; submarginal line whitish, slightly 
undulating; marginal lunules brown; fringe very broad; orbicular 
and reniform marks large, a little darker than the ground colour, with 
whitish borders. Hindwings whitish, slightly cinereous about the 
border ; underside with a brown discal dot.” 


ab. centralasiae, Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 209 (1911). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 421. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Very possibly a distinct species; the ground 
colour of the forewing is paler, tinged with pinkish-brown along the 
two folds, and the dark markings stand out more conspicuously ; the 
costal edge is pale; the hindwing, even in the ¢ is whiter, showing 
a distinct cell-spot.”’ Issykul, etc. 


pseudambigua, Zerny. Hos. ‘ Lep. Albarracin,” 382 (1917). 

Orig. Descrie.—‘ Some of the specimens have paler hindwings 
with the outer margin not darkened, like the clearer grey forewings 
as in our Lower Austrian examples; and the underside is distinctly 
paler.” 


ab. pallidior, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. II. (2), 307 (1927). 
Orie. Descrip.—<‘ Pale grey-brown with obsolescent markings.” 


ab. 2 fusca, Lenz. Sch. Sudbay. I1(2). 8307 (1927). 
Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ Dark grey.” 


Caradrina, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) most authors. [Athetis, Hb. 
(1822), Hamps. and Warr.-Stz.] quadripunctata, Fb. (1775) (cubicularis, 
Schiff.) (1775) =clavipalpis, Scop. (1768). 


Until quite recently this species has been known as either cubicu- 
laris, Bork. (1776) or quadripunctata, Fb. (1775). 

Tutt, brit. Noct. J. 152, gave the name quadripunetata, Fb., with 
the alternative cubicularis, Bork. Borkausen was not the authority for 
cubicularis, but refers it to Schiff. in the Verz. (1775) and giving 
references to Fabricius in the Syst. Hnt., the Sp. Ins., and the Mant. as 
quadripunctata. Thus the latter is the prior of the two, as published 
just before the Verz. of Schiff. 

Borkhausen points out that Fab. in the Mant. refers the cubicularis 
of the Verz. to his name quadripunctata. 

Tutt did not give the original description, nor did he use the prior 
name. His deseription and name were those of Fab. Ent. Sys. ILI(2) 
22 (1793) and quadripunctata, although there was a previous reference 
in the description, to Schiff. Verz. 72 (1775) eubieularis (culicularis in 
error), and Fabricius had already described it in the Sys. Ent. 594 
(1775) ; in the Spec. Ins. II. 214 (1781) and in Mant. Ins. Il. 189 
(1787) and Treitschke Schm. Hur. V(2), 251 (1825) had given the 
reference to Scopoli, Hut. Carn. 218 (1763), where it was first 
described, under the name clavipalpis. 


(842) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


clavipalpis, Scop. Ent. Carn. 218 (1763). 

Orie. Descrie.— Alae anticae cervinae ; margine crassiore punctis 
(4) nigris.”” “ Alae anticae subfusco leniter nebulosae, puncto nigro 
versus basim; subtus pallidae; margine inferiore sub-perlato; posticae 
utrinque albidae immaculatae’; margine obscuriore. Dorsum leve, 
valvis substrigonis. Palpiclavaticompressi. Tibiae supra fuscescentes, 
albidig annulis variegatae.” An unmistakable description, and far 
better than some of the subsequent descriptions. 

The description of cubicularis in the Verz. is quite unrecognisable 
but is identified by Illiger (1801) who had access to Schiffermuller’s 
collection. 


Tutt Brit. Noct. 1. 152 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 293, plt. 
221, 4 (1899): Stder. Cat. I[led. 196 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 230, 
plt. 44 (1906): South Moths Br. Is. I. 818, plt. 151 (1907): Hamps. 
Lep. Phal. VIII. 821 (1909): Culot N. et G. 1(2). 47, plt. 46, f. 9-10 
(1909-13): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 211, plt. 45e (1911). 

Hsp., Schm. Abbild., 1V. 492, plt. 150, 4-5 (1786) gives two figures 
intended to represent our clavipalpis, under the name segetnm (nec. L.). 
They are very bad except that the characteristic 4 costal spots are 
present. In his text Esp., refers his segetwm to the cubicularis, quadri- 
punctata of previous authors. Werneb. places them here without 
comment. 

Ernst. and Engr. Pap. d’Eur., VIL. 9, fig. 405 (1790) is a good 
figure, but as Werneburg, Deitr. II. 114 (1864) says, is somewhat too 
large, too plainly marked and too variegated. It cannot be confused 
with any other species. He (Wern.) says it is the clavipalpis, Scop. 
and the cubicularis, Tr. 

The fig. 162 of Hb. (blanda) is probably one of superstes, fig. 382 of 
— Dup., Hist. Nat. VI. 57, plt. 76 (1826), has a small good figure 
somewhat too variegated. The wide submarginal dark red-brown 
band is far from typical. This ‘“ ferruginous band’’ would appear to 
be an unusual feature. I know of no example like it. 

Wood’s fig. 208, Ind. Ent. (1834), is a bad one; both wings wrong 
in colour; only recognisable as probably cubicularis by the very faint 
4 costal spots. 

Culot, NV. et G. I1(2). plt. 46, has 2 excellent figures, a light and a 
dark form. The latter unusually dark, characterized by its dark 
ground which obscures the markings. 


Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ Rather variable in the ground 
colour from pale brown to dull umbreous, and also in the distinctness 
of the few markings ; and more especially liable to local variation. In 
the N. of Ireland having the costal black spots enlarged and very 
distinct, and the dark stripe near the hind margin emphasized. Some 
of those from Aberdeen have the markings very dark, and a row of 
black dashes before the subterminal line; others are very small in size, 
not exceeding that of Miana furuncula. The variability in size is also 
found in other districts.” 

He reports specimens which ‘have both stigmata surrounded by 
white dots.” 

And “ A pale grey specimen devoid of the usual markings except 
the costal spots, smooth and unicolorous.” 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (343) 


And ‘Some Orkney examples are also nearly unicolorous smoky- 
grey, or have the base and hind marginal stripe still darker.” 

Illig., New. Ausy. Verz. 1. 204, says that there occur examples which 
show no trace of the four spots on the costa which are usually such an 
outstanding character. Tutt does not mention this form nor have I 
seen an example of such. 

The Names and Forms under consideration are :— 

clavipalpis, Scop. Hnt. Carn. 213 (1763). 

quadripunctata, Fb. Sys. Ent. 594 (1775). 

cubicularis, Schiff. Verz. 72 (1775). 

grisea, Rott. Naturf. ix. 138 (i776). 

segetum, Lisp, Schm. Abbild, 1V(2)., 1, 492, plt. 150, 4-5 (1786). 

ssp. or r. lewcoptera, Thnbg. Dissert. II. 41 (1791). 

blanda, Haw. Lep. Brit. 208 (1809). 

r. snperstes, Steph. (ll. II. 159 (1829). 

r. Laciniosa, Donz. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 529, plt. 8, 4 (1847). 

?r. grisea, Hvers. Bull. S. I. Mose. 215 (1848). 

2sp. or ssp. albina, Evers. Bull. S. I, Mosc, 215 (1848). 

?sp. or ssp. congesta, Led. Ver. z-b. Wien. V. 3872, plt. 5, 1 (1855). 

r. pulverosa, Walk, Cat. B.M. X. 295 (1856). 

ab. millert, Schultz. Stett. e. Zt. 367, plt. 1, 6 (1862). 

2sp. or ssp. menetriesti, Kret. Berl. e. Zt. 432 (1868). 

?r, sp. einerascens, Tengrs. Cat, Lep. F'n. Fenn. 809 (19) (1869). 

f. petraea, Tengstr. l.c. p. 356 (1869). 

? ssp. mediterraneae, B.-B. Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond. 42, plt. I. 11 
(1894). 

ab. nigrofasciata, Hoffm. Mitt. Nat. Ver. Stierm. Lf. 118 (1915). 

ab. nigromaculata, Closs. Int. Ent. Zt. XIII. 50 (1919). 

Tutt dealt with (1) cubrcularis, pale whitish grey with distinct 
markings : (2) grisea, Ky. ditto with indistinct markings: (8) conyesta, 
ditto, ditto with dark outer margin: (4) quadripunctata, ashy grey or 
greyish fuscous with distinct markings: (5) menetriest?, ditto with 
indistinct markings: (6) superstes, Steph., dark fuscous with indistinet 
markings: (7) albina, ditto with indistinct markings. 

In his Appendix, Brit. Noct. Vol. LV. 112 (1898), Tutt— 

(1) Gives the Orig. Descrip. of grisea, Hv. 

(2) Refers to menetriesti, Kret. as being considered by the Scandin- 
avian entomologists as a distinct species. See Sven Lampa, Hnt. 
Tidsk. 69-70 (1885). 

(3) Refers to albina, Kv. as being now treated by Stgr. (on a series 
from Saisan, Central Asia) as without doubt a distinct species, and 
the dark congesta, Led. as probably the first brood of it. (Stett. ent. 
At. XUIII. 43-44.) 

It is usual to ascribe the blanda, Haw., as a form of this species, 
although the description does not mention the four characteristic spots 
on the costa of thef.w. The fig. 162 blanda, Hb. is given as a synonym. 
This latter fig. is certainly not quadripunctata in shape, markings and 
colour, and is quite unlike the fig. 417 of Hb. depicting cubicularis. 
Haw. also gives as a reference, Fb. Hnt. Sys. II1(2) 48 blanda, the 
description of which is certainly not that of cubicularis but of tarawaci. 

Stephens, Jé/us. Il. p. 109, describes a form, which he names 
superstes, larger but greatly resembling this species. =Tutt’s var. 
superstes, Steph. 


(344) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


Steph., dius. I]. 158, speaks of the submarginal line as ‘usually 
bordered on its inner margin with triangular arrow-shaped red spots.” 
These spots in my series of some 70 specimens are either completely 
absent or so inconspicuous as only to be recognisable when examined by 
a glass in the sunshine, and may be represented by a few isolated 
reddish or brownish scales. An extreme development of these features 
might be the basis of the unusual form figured by Duponchel. 

Eversmann, Bull. Mosc. III. 215 (1848), besides recording ewbiew- 
laris from the Volga area‘of Russia, describes grisea as a little smaller 
and albina a little larger but very near to it, the last as agreeing with 
the variety of cubicularis figured by H.-S. no. 425. 

Gn. Hist. Nat. V. 251 (1852) has a var. A., which is recognised as 
the grisea, Kv. and is the fig. 425 of H.S., a form from Russia, sent to 
H.-S. as a new species, but of which he states he finds no distinctive 
character from cubicularis. 

Tutt has given Guenée’s “Indes Orientales’’ as ‘‘ West Indies,” 
obviously a slip. (ab. grisea, Kv.) 

There is confusion here. Hvers. says his albina is the cubicularis 
var. of H.-S. fia. 425. Gn. in quoting the albina, Kv. omits this 
reference, but says that his own var. A. of cubicularis agrees almost 
completely with the same fig. 425 of H.-S. Tutt and others identify 
var. A. of Gn. as the grisea, Ev. 

Stder., Cat. IIled. 196 (1901), omits grisea, Hv., treats albina, Kv. 
as a separate species, with congesta, Led. as a varietal form of it. (‘‘al. 
ant. dilute cinereis~’’) 

Hamp., Lep. Phal. VIII. 336 (1909), now accepts the name 
clavipalpis, Scop. in place of the quadripunctata, Fb. he had used in 
Moths of Ind. II. (1894), treating lewcoptera only as an aberration, and 
placing quadripunctata, Fb., cubicularis, Schiff., yrisea, Rott., segetum, 
Hsp. laciniosa, Donz., pulverosa, Walk., and willeri, Schultz. as merely 
synonyms, while rejecting huyeli, Fldr., belucha, Swnh., and placida, 
Moore, which he had included previously in 1894, in spite of the action 
of Cotes and Swuh. in 1888, Cat. Moths of Ind. 324, who considered 
them good species. 

Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. II]. 211, plt. 45e, ete., accepts clavipalpis, 
Scop. as the prior name and description, treats quadripunctata, Fb., 
cubicularis, Schiff., grisea, Rott., seyetum, Hsp. (nec. L.), pulverosa, 
Walkr. and milleri, Schultz., as synomyms, recognises as forms only 
the laciniosa, Donz., with subterminal of yellow spots extended to the 
termen, and the leucoptera, Thnbrg., a fuscous suffused form from 
Scandinavia; considers the grisea, Ev. as a true species and cinerascens, 
Tengstr. as a synonym, and menetriesii, Kret, as a good species, while 
the mediterraneae, B.-B. he recognises as the species atriluna, Gn. 


grisea, Rott. Naturf. 1X. 138 (1776). 

Orie. Descrirp.—‘‘ The ground colour of the fore-wings is brownish 
grey. Across this run three fine black unbroken and toothed lines, 
‘and near to the outer margin lies a similar red brown transverse line. 
Between the 2nd and 3rd of these lines stands a small round spot and 
also near it a somewhat larger reniform spot. This latter is black- 
edged, and in the centre brownish and on the lower part black-grey. 
All these markings are indistinct. The lower wings are snow-white, 
also have a white fringe, which is cut by small brown streaks. On 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (845) 
15.xi.34, 


the underside this species is wholly white.’ This appears to bea rough 
description of clavipalpis, as recognised by Werneb. and others. As 
the characteristic 4 costal spots are not mentioned, it may have been 
the form without them referred to by Illiger. As these spots are the 
emphasized terminals of the transverse lines it may be that the absence 
of emphasis caused them to be quite inconspicuous. 


segetum, Esp. Schm. Abbl. LV. 492 (1786) nec. L. 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 150. 4-5. 

This name is redundant. sper himself says in his text that 
segetum is the cubicularis, Kb. 

Illiger, New. Ausg. Verz. Wien. (1801). I. 204, says that the segetwm, 
Esp. is the cubicularis, Fb., Bork., and Brahm. Werneb., Beitr. II. 46, 
gives the determination, clavipalpis, Scop. 


ssp. or race leucoptera, Thnbg. Diss. Hint. II. 41 (1791). 

‘Alig deflexis, anticis cinereis; fasciis tribus punctisque duobus 
nigris posticis niveis.” 

« Alae anticae utrinque cinereae, supra fasciis quatuor nigris, 1 in 
basi interrupta, 2 ante medium undulata, 3 pone medium curva undata, 
4 intra marginem obsoleta. Inter fasciam 3 and 4 punctum anterius 
minutum et macula posterius oblonga. Posticae utrinque totae niveae 
fascia tenuissima intra marginem e punctis nigris. Alae posticae basi 
ciliatae.”’ 

Of this Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph. VIII. 337. (1909) says “ Head, thorax, 
and forewings suffused with fuscous.’’—Scandinavia, Finland, Urals. 


race laciniosa, Donz. Ann. Soc. ent. Hr. 529. (1847). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 8. f. 4. 

Orie. Descrrep.—“ Alis anticis fuligineis ; maculis centralibus nigris ; 
fascia terminali, albida interstisa, posticis albidis. 

‘The fore-wings are of a fuliginosous tint; the costa is marked, 
towards the middle, by two black points, towards the apex three or four 
others very small. The orbicular stigma is absent; the reniform seems 
to be indicated by some small white dots. The dise is occupied by a 
small, black, horizontal mark ; above at its end there is another placed 
diagonally. The transverse lines are not present; the fourth only is 
well developed ; it is preceded, towards its middle by three black arrow- 
like markings. Between it and the fringe is a series of small horizontal 
marks of a yellowish white, forming an interrupted band, which 
terminates at the inner angle as a somewhat large whitish spot. The 
fringe is the same as the ground colour. The lower wings are of a 
slightly smoky white, with a discoidal point. The fringe is the same 
as the ground colour. The lower wings are of a slightly smoky white 
with a discoidal point. The fringe white also is preceded by a very 
fine brownish line. Below the upper wings are smoky, with 
much emphasized nervures, of a reddish white. The terminal 
band is well indicated, as well as the reniform. The lower wings 
are whitish with the anterior margin smoky and a not very 
apparent discoidal. Abdomen of a reddish white. Head and thorax 
brownish.” Marseilles. 


(346) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


race pulverosa, Walk. Cat. B.M. X 295 (1856). 

Orie. Descrie.— Very pale fawn colour. Forewings with zigzag 
transverse brownish lines, with a submarginal transverse zigzag 
whitish line, with blackish costal spots, and with blackish marginal! 
dots; reniform spot and orbicular spot distinct, mostly brown, the former 
narrow, contracted in the middle; latter small, round. Hindwing 
white, opaline.” Caffraria. 


ab. milleri, Schultz. Stett. e. Zeit. 367 (1862). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. fig. 6. 

Oric. Descrire.—‘‘ Alis anterioribus griseis (g) aut cinereis (?), 
basin versus pallidioribus, obsolete signatis, punctis costalibus nigris, 
linea undulata basin versus ferrugineo-terminata ; alis posterioribus 
albis (¢ ) aut fuscis (¢ ).” 

“‘ Very near in size and appearance to cubicularis.’ 

“ Forewing shorter and broader than in cubicularis. Upperside 
glossy yellowish-grey somewhat paler towards the thorax. The 
markings very like cubicularis, only finer with less cloudiness : the first 
band lies more oblique. On the hindwing the veins near the margin 
dull grey (but finer than in cubicularis.)” Misdroy. 


? 


ab. cinerascens, Tengstr. Cat. Lep. Fn. Fenn. no 801. p. 309 (19) 
on the Ostsee (1869). 

Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ Minor. C. kadenii, Frr., alis posticis albis 
exceptis non absimilis, in Kexholm medio mensis Julii saepe a me 
observata. Forma vulgaris jam inde a fine mensis Maii apparet. An 
propia species? Specimen vetustius ad Helsingfors captum, pallide 
griseum (verisimiliter decoloratum). Maklin sub nomine C. grisea, Kv. 
mecum communicavit.”’ 

This form Stdgr. Cat. 197 (1901) places under grisea, Hiv. 


f. petraea, Tengstr. Cat. Lep. Hn. Fenn. p. 3856 (1864). 

Tengstrém in his Appendia describes a very similar insect under 
the name petraca but with dark suffused “ not white” hindwings. This 
Stder., Cat. IIled. 197, places as a syn. of grisea, Kv. and Warr,-Stz., 
Pal. Noct. III. 210, as a syn. of menetriesti, Kret. 

Oric. Desorip.— Minor, tota pallida griseo-cinerea, atomis nigris 
crebrius conspersis, alis anticis latiusculis, strigis simplicibus obsoletis, 
macula orbiculari, punctiformi, parteque inferiori cum margine interno 
maculae reniformis, maculis quatuor costalibus tribusque sagittalibus 
ante lineam undulatam indistinctam, pallidiorem et punctis limbalibus 
inter costas, nigris ; alis posticis cinereis, ad basin albicantibus, ciliis 
albidis, lineaque, subinterrupta, limbali nigra.” 

He emphasizes the comparison with cubicularis by its smaller size, 
by its pale cinereous colour, by its broader forewings, by its cinereous 
hindwings, white at the base. “ C. cubiculari affinis mox dignota.”’ 


ssp. mediterraneae, B.-B. Trans. Hint. S. Lond. 42 (1894). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. I. fla 

Orica. Descrip.—‘ Primaries ashen fawn colour with the least trace 
of a greyish subterminal transverse curved line. Just in front of the 
posterior margin is an indistinct row of very pale ochreous-white spots, 
the middle spots having their inner margin dusted with golden brown. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (847) 


Orbicular stigma obsolete, reniform stigma small, dark brown, encircled 
with pale ochreous. Costa with four indistinct black spots. Fringes 
lustrous greyish.” 

‘This species is perhaps nearest to quadripunctata, but at once 
separable by the almost entire absence of markings and by its much 
paler and cleaner appearance.” 

The figure and description do not agree. e.g. Costal spots very 
distinct and 5 in number. Secondaries are not white nor are they 
shaded near posterior margin. [I fail to distinguish the marginal very 
pale ochreous white spots, nor the golden brown of the middle ones. 
But the description seems to me to quite fall in line with forms of 
quadripunctata as classified by Tutt and others, as a very pale uni- 
colorous form practically devoid of all marking. 


ab. nigrofasciata, Hoffm. and Klos. Sch. Stierm, III. 118 (1915). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ An example in which the marginal area of the 
fore-wing is coloured dark brown. The area from the elbowed line 
up to the light fringe is black brown, the fine border line light brown 
and the marginal dots deep black.” 


ab. nigromaculata, Class. Int. Ent. Zeit. XIL1. 50 (1919). 
Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The reniform stigmata are filled in with deep 
black.” Berlin-Nordend. 


(848) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


APPENDIX—Corrxcrions, AppDITIONS, ETC. 


p- (1) line 5 after “‘ corrected ”’ add ‘to the original spelling.” 

p. (2) line 8 ‘‘ debateable”’ should be ‘“‘ debatable.” 

Footnote: read “ Ochs. and Tr. 1816-1825,” ete. 

p. (4) line 7 froin bottom, for ‘‘ Diphtera” read « Diphthera.” 

p. (6) line 28 for ‘‘ pterographa”’ read “ petrographa”’ (an error in 
Seitz. 

a lines 1 and 13 read the same. 

p. (10) add a description from p. 81 at bottom. 

p. (12) line 18 for ‘‘ albopuncta”’ read ‘‘ albopunctata.” 

after line 21 to List of Forms of 7. batis add ab. phaea and 

ab. diminuta (see pp. 81, 82) 

p. (15) at bottom, add descriptions of the above two forms of 7’. 
batis. 
p. (16) to List of C. ocularis forms add ab. frankii (see p. 82). 
(18) after line 14 add description of above form. 
(20) line 6 for “ robertsi”’ read “ roberti.” 
(20) line 14 to List of C. or forms addr. novegica, p. (27), f. 
clausa, ab. fasciata, ab. juncta, p. (82) and ab. tangens, p. (83). 

p. (28) line 3 add Coun of the first four above forms. 

line 4 delete [I have... known] and add description of ab. 

tanyens, p. (88). 

p. (28) line 10 from bottom to List of A. diluta forms add f. 
hartwiegi, p. (29). 

p. (29) line 88 insert the 2 species CU. duplaris, p. (83) and C. 
fluctuosa, p. (84) accidently omitted. 

p. (80) line 10 from bottom to List of P. flavicornis forms add ab. 
confluens, Klem., ab. confluens, Heinr., and ab. immaculata, Masl. 

p. (81) line 18 add descriptions of the first 2 above forms. 


‘ 
Pp: 
p- 


ab. confluens, Klem., Spraw. Kom. Fiz. XLVI. 18 (1911-12). 
Orie. Drscrip.— Alae anteriores maculis ambabus magnis con- 
fluentibus.” 


ab. confluens, Heinr. Deuts. Ent. Zt. 524 (1916). 

Orie. Desorie.—‘‘ Specimens in which the stigmata have united 
together into a continuous spot very extended in length, may be called 
this name.’ This name falls before the conjluens of Klem. (1911) and 
is superfluous. 


p. (82) line 17 add deseription of the last of above forms. 


ab. unimaculata, Masl. Pols. Pis. VIII. 50 (1929). 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ With only the orbicular stigma on the forewings 
quite normal; the reniform wholly unrecognisible.”’ 


p. (85) line 30 to the List of B. perla forms add the following three 
aioe: corsicola, ssp. abruzzensis, and ssp. benaceeusis. 
p. (87) line 17 add descriptions of the above three species and the 
opinion of Seitz work on perla forms. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (849) 
15.xii.34, 
ssp. corsivola, Schawerd. Zeit. Oestr. Hint. Ver. XIII. 112 (1928). 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A quite well characterized new form, which can. 
readily be distinguished by predominantly pure white ground colour and 
the not grey, but black, almost blue-black marking from all. the 
other grey-white, yellowish, or the quite darkened South Tyrol or 
Pyrenees examples. Both stigmata and that part below the orbicular 
in the central area are quite black. These black parts and the pure 
milk-white at the base between the stigmata and in the outer area are 
in very striking contrast. The hindwings with their emphasized. 
discal mark are brighter and darker margined.’”’ Corsica. 


ssp. abruzzensis, Dnhl. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Gesell. XIX. 107 (1929). 

Oxte. Descrie.—‘‘ Green-grey, without yellowish or reddish tinge, 
central area little or not at all dark. Markings extraordinarily fine, 
thin-lined, but mostly clear and very rarely obsolescent. Fringes 
brightly chequered. Very characteristic is the shape of the hindwing. 
White-grey, around the margin a symmetrically wide band covering at 
most a third of the wing in dull grey, which at the outer margin clears 
from the veins so that a recognisable submarginal whitish-pearl ring 
is formed. This grey marginal band does not extend at all beyond the 
centre of the wing. Thus the discoidal stands out clearly.” Central 
Apennines. 


ssp. benacensts, Dhnl., Hnt. Zeit. XLVI. 247 (19838). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Ground colour almost pure white, here and. 
there with very slight trace of rosy yellow. Markings extraordinarily 
delicate, the spots before the apex, in the reniform and the lower half 
of the orbicular small, well outlined, the transverse lines pictured 
sharp and thin. Hindwings pale grey, on the outer margin only 
slightly suffused with black, but sufficiently so, that usually before the 
marginal line there lies quite visible a row of fine greyish white dots. 
The cell spot well marked. The fringes broadly white, not chequered. 
T'his very distinct race, which is strikingly constant, is the lightest 
form of this species described.” Monte Baldo, Italy 1000-1900m. 


p. 84, Metachrostis perla, Schitt. : 

Draudt, in Supp. Seitz. Pal. Noct. 19, is of the opinion that perloides, 
Gn. and perlina, Stder. are identical, and he considers pyrenaica, Obthr. 
to be a genuine species. 

Draudt, l.c., renames the ab. grisea, Dufrane as ab. dufranet, over- 
looking the fact that I had already renamed it subgrisea. The name 
dufranei falls before subgrisea. 


p. (87) To the List of Forms of M. muralis add after the last line, 
ab. amasina and ab. viridior. 

p- (40) After line 14 add the Original Descriptions of the above 
two forms. 


ssp. amasina, Drdt, Seitz Supp. Pal. N. p. 19 (1981). 
Orie. Descrip.‘ Small and pale, of the same colour as perla with 
grey-brown basal, discal and marginal areas.” 


(850) THK ENLOMOLUGISI’S RECORD. 


ab. viridior, Schawerda Zt. Oestr. Fnt. Ver. XVII. 30 (1982). 
Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Stands out strongly by the deeper green general 
suffusion.” 


p. (41) To the List of Forms of M. alpium add ab. fasciata. 
p- (48) Add after line 20 the Orig. Descrip. of the above form given 
on B (85) below. 

(44) To the List of Forms of D. caeruleocephala after line 5 add 
ab. bani ab. confluens and race capnodes, and after line 6 ab. nigro- 
fasciata. 

p. (44) Add after line 36 the Orig. Descriptions of the ab. coalita, 
ab. confluens and race capnodes, on p. (85) below. 
p. (44) Add after line 40 the Orig. Deserip. of the ab. niyrofasciata. 


ab. nigrofasciata, Hackray. Lambill. XX XIII. 54 (1988). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ The elbowed line is developed into a very black, 
swollen band, running so far as to unite with the reniform stigma. 
The general tone of the same forewings is of a clearer grey than 
normal.” Verviers, Belgium. 


p. (45) Add to the List of Forms of D. coryli, after line 27 ab. 
melanotica, after line 32 ab. grisescens, ab. ussuriensis, and ab. betulae. 
p. (46) Add after line 26 the Original Descrip. of ab. melanotica. 


ab. melanotica, Haverkampf. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 158 (1906). 

Orie, Descriep.—‘‘ Upper side of forewings of a uniform smoky 
black, with the markings more or less obscure.” Germany. [Also 
found in the Chilterns.—H.A.C. | 

This form was subsequently named weymert in error by Hold. 


p. (47) Add after line 32 the Original Descriptions of the POM AIMing 
three forms above. 


ab. grisescens, Kard. Hnt. Mitt. Berlin, XVII. 418 (1928). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 8, f. 21. 

Orica. Dresorip.—‘* On the forewings, the inner and outer line dis- 
tinct, but thin. In the pale central part from the cell to the inner 
margin slightly shaded. The marginal area moderately pale with 
traces of a shading. Orbicular without a centre. Reniform wholly 
pale, with a black streak at its base on the margin. Thorax, abdomen 
and hindwings distinctly paler than normally.” Ussuri. 


ssp. ussurtensis, Kard. Hint. Mitt. Berlin XVII. 418 (1928). 

Fic.—l.c. plt. 8, f. 20. 

Orc. Descrr.— Differs distinctly from the European form. 
The inner line on the fore-wing is placed further from the base. The 
central band is narrow, black-grey, without brown-grey tone. This 
cross shading reaches up to the reniform. Marginal area grey, paler 
than in the typical form. Orbicular with a black centre, reniform 
pale. Hindwings and fringes of both forewings uniformly grey- 
brown.” Ussuri. 


ab. betulae, Lenz. Mitt. Munch. Ent. Gess. XIX. 104 (1929). 
‘Ts an aberration of the larva not of the imago. They were found 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (851) 


in Upper Pomerania on birch and it is to be presumed that this form 
will be occasionally found elsewhere; the larva is of a violet-black 
colour having warts with white hairs, and a white lateral row of spots ; 
the lateral hair tufts on the 1st and on the 11th segments are black, 
the bristles on the 4th and 5th segments are rusty red.” Dr. M. 
Draudt in Seitz Pal. Noct. Supp. p. 6. 


p. (52) Add to the List of Forms of A. aceris after line 24, ssp. 
calceata. 


p. (62) Add after line 35 the above form. 


ssp. calceata, Dnhl. Mitt. Munch. Ent. Gess. XIX. 104 (1929). 

Orie. Descriep.—‘ Ground-colour white with a slight yellow-grey 
suffusion. Blue-grey tone not apparent. The sprinkling of dark 
atoms quite feeble, very fine, the markings more delicate than in the 
typical form, but standing outsharply. Hindwing white, very slightly 
powdered. The whole appearance is less robust, than the Central 
European form, the wing shape narrower.” Race of the Southern 
Abruzzi. 


p. (53) Add to the List of Forms of A. leporina after line 44 ab. 
alba, 

p. (56) Add after line 40 the Original Description of the above 
form on p. (85). 

p- (58) Add to the List of Forms of A. megacephala after line 5 the 
ssp. slumberyert, on p. (85), and the ssp. ankarensis, 

p. (59) Add after line 25 the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. slumbergeri on 
p. (85). 

p. (60) Add after line 18 the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. ankarensis. 


ssp. ankarensis, Hering, Int. Hnt. Zt. XX VI. 412 (1983). 

Orie. Descrip.—< It is characterized by the pure white area placed 
distal from the transverse line, besides from this there goes a double, 
white transverse cross line to the inner margin.”’ Ankara. 


p. (62) Add to the List of Forms of A. alni, after line 6 the ab. 
nigromarginata. 

p. (62) Add next above the bottom line the Original Descrip. of 
the above form on p. (86). 

p. (68) Add to the List of Forms of A. tridens after the last line 
form ssp. radoti. 

p. (64) Add after the last line the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. »adoti on 
p- (86). 

p. as Add to the List of Forms of A. psi after line 26 the forms 
ssp. batnana and ssp. tliensis. 

p. (66) Add after line 3 the Orig. Descriptions of the above two 
forms. 


ssp. batnana, Drdt. Seitz. Supp. Pal. Noct. 12 (1931). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. le. 

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The general impression is darker; especially the 
hind-wings ; the outer transverse band is uniformly thick throughout 
its course, whilst in psi it becomes faint between lower and upper 


(352) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


median nervures; basal and anal dark-shaped marks are twice as 
thick as in the name-form, the anterior striga is distinctly double.”’ 
Algeria, Batna. 


ssp. tliensis, Drdt. Seitz. Supp. Pal. Noct. 10 (1981). 

Fie.—t.c. plt. le. 

Oric. Drscriep.— Very large, both transverse lines are very 
distinctly double, especially the posterior one is distinctly more 
dentated and strikingly brown instead of being black, further it is not 
so sharply marked but more diffuse.’’ Ili, Central Asia. 


p. (66) Add to the List of Forms of A. auricoma after line 5 from 
the bottom the form ab. basistriata. 
p. (68) Add after the last line the Orig. Descrip. of ab. basistriuta. 


ab. basistriata, Warn. Verh. nat. Heimat Hamburg. 184 (1981). 

Orie. Desorie.— Ground colour as in the typical form, but with 
a deep black, long and wide basal streak, which reaches up to the 
dagger-like mark at the margin.” Near Hamburg. 


_  p. (71) Add to the List of Forms of A. euphorbiae after line 10 from 
the bottom the forms ab. debilis and ab. virgata, ab. wanthomista, ab. 
ottomana, ab. apennina, and ab. korlana. 

p. (74) Add after line 3 from the bottom the Orig. Deserip. of ab. 
debilis from page (87) and the Orig. Descriptions of the above five 
forms. 


ab. virgata, Dunhl. Mitt. Minch. XIX. 104 (1929). 

Orniginat Duscrip.—‘‘ Specimens with the outer marginal area 
darkened and quite strikingly distinguishable from the ground-colour, 
suggesting the tridens-virga, Tutt.” Scanno; in both generations. 


ab. xanthomista, Draudt. Pal. Noct. Sup. ILI. 13 (1931). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ A single specimen of unknown origin in the 
Dresden Museum showing yellow-red scales on the transverse lines in 
the grey-blue ground colour; its orbicular stigma is only a dot.” 


ab. ottomana, Drdt. l.c. 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. 

Oxia. Descrie.— Extraordinarily pale grey, finely marked speci- 
mens from Constantinople in the Pungeler Collection. Very close to 
these also are very pale specimens, more inclined to grey-blue which 
form a constant local form in the Abruzzi mountains.” 


ab. appenina, Drdt. l.c. 
Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Delicately and yet distinctly marked.” 


ab. korlana, Drdt. l.c. 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘ Possibly a genuine species ; it is small, slender, 
margin oblique, ground colour coarsely sprinkled with black; from. 
Korla.” 


The Lowland Races of Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley. 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 


T had, for a long time, been wanting to make out the lowland 
races of the butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, but, notwithstanding 
the number of collectors which visit that region, I had, curiously 
enough, never been able to procure the proper amount of materials 
and information. I was thus very glad to be able to reside there, 
during some months, in 1932 and in 1933, and to do the necessary 
collecting and field work myself. (I intend to carry it on in 1934.) 

My abode was the very comfortable and beautifully situated Grand 
Hotel des Salines et du Golf, at Bex-les-Bains, where I stayed from 
27th June to Zlst August, 1932, and from 1st June to 20th August, 
1933. Thence, on every favourable day, I went, either up or down the 
valley, by rail, or, more often, by motor, to the well known collecting 
grounds, lying here and there, from the Pfynwald of Sierre to the 
cliffs of Follaterre, Martigny, Vernayaz, Lavey, to the swampy 
meadows, the river banks and the lower side-gorges of the Vaud, as 
far as the Lake of Geneva. 

The favourable days were, unfortunately, very much reduced in 
number, as compared with most years, by the particularly cold and 
rainy seasons I happened to hit on, and this fact is not to be neglected 
in connection with the aspect of the specimens I have collected, as it 
may have contributed to produce it in some species. Nevertheless, 
with constancy and by risking many a trip under threatening storms, 
or by looking out for sheltered nooks, on days of strong wind, I have 
been able to put together a considerable amount of material from 
localities of all sorts, showing the local variations, within the region, 
in a satisfactory way. 

The reason which made it particularly interesting to find out 
exactly the aspect of the various species in the Upper Rhone valley 
was that it lies just on the limit between the two great zones of 
Central and of Southern Europe, in which the butterflies are, nearly 
always, distinctly different from each other. In a general way, the 
Alpine mass separates, sharply, the lowland races to the north and to 
the south of it and its waterparting can be taken as the boundary line 
between these two zones, but I had observed that in some species there 
did exist evidence of the northern strain, or exerge, having passed over 
into some Italian valleys and spread down, right to the plain, and I 
had always wondered whether the same thing had happened to the 
southern strain or exerge, in the opposite direction. 

The Rhone Valley was the very place where it would have been 
most likely to have happened and its climate seemed very favourable 


(2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


to it, considering the well-known existence, in it, of a few colonies of 
decidedly southern species, such as Spilothyrus marrubit, Rbr. = boeticus, 
Rbr., Pieris manni (Mayer) Trti., and Melitaea dejone, H.-G., not to 
speak of others, such as Hesperia malvoides, Klw. and Edw., H. 
onopordt, Rbr., Lycaeides sephyrus, Friv., ete. 

Some species, at least, might have been expected to exhibit 
characters recalling, to a certain degree, the features of their southern 
races, such as they do, for instance, in the neighbouring Jura and 
especially in the region of Geneva, whenee Fruhstorfer has described 
quite a number of markedly distinct ones in this sense, with clear, 
bright, colours and dark suffusions and patterns reduced in extent. 

Nothing of the sort, however, is there to be found. When I 
worked out my series of specimens by comparing them with those 
from many regions of Central Hurope, with the aforesaid Jura ones and 
with the various races of the different valleys on the southern watershed 
of the Alps, in Piedmont and Lombardy, not to speak of the Tessin, I 
was surprised to witness that, except for some local peculiarities, to be 
found in a few species, they all agreed perfectly well with the race, or 
one of the races, of Central Kurope, to a degree I should never have 
expected. 

The waterparting is thus, also in this part of the Alps, a sharp 
boundary between two perfectly distinct zones, in connection with the 
aspect of the butterflies. The materials I have collected during several 
years just across it, to the §.-K. of the Valais, with only Mount Rosa 
between it and my collecting grounds in the Anzasca valley, are 
remarkably striking in that respect, by their totally different facies 
from those of the Upper Rhone valley, and what surprises one is, that 
every single species should follow this rule: they are all larger and 
many are real giants, as compared with those of the northern 
watershed, they are more thickly scaled, richer in pigment, brighter in 
colour and they are also more boldly marked and variegated, in some 
cases. ‘To this it can be added that a certain number of species are 
found in far greater numbers, although some are, on the contrary, 
scarcer, and several, existing in the Valais, are not found at all in the 
Anzasca Valley. What accounts for the general aspect of the 
butterflies in these regions is that the latter is warmer, but particularly 
damp; the Geneva district is, instead, much drier. 

As the Upper Rhone Valley is one of the regions most frequented 
by lepidopterists, the following notes, on its races compared with those 
of the neighbouring regions, and on the names that should, as far as 
I can make out, apply to them, may, I trust, be of some use to those 
who wish to work out their specimens accurately, according to the 
modern method of distinguishing the races of the various regions. 
From this point of view it will make it clear they are not to expect 
anything very different from what is to be found in Central HKurope, 
generally, as far as the widespread species are concerned. These 
usually vary very little in that large zone, as compared with the amount 
of variation they undergo from Geneva and the Alpine waterparting 
southward. 

These remarks do not, of course, apply to the Alpine races of high 
altitudes, which are not intended to be included fully in the following 
list, although I have, in most cases, mentioned them and compared 
them with the lowland ones. Owing to their striking features, they 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (8) 


have been noticed and described ever since the early days of entomology 
and those of the region we are dealing with are so well known that it 
would be a useless repetition to include them here. Except for the 
races of the Hrebia and a comparatively small number of other species, 
which have been studied more accurately by Fruhstorfer and others, 
since the beginning of this century, nearly all that is known 1s to be 
found already collected in the Haune des Macrolépidopteres du Valais of 
the Chanoine EH. Favre (1899), in his Supplement of 1902, in the 
admirable summary of the Rev. G. Wheeler’s Butterflies of Switzerland 
(1908) and in K. Vorbrodt’s Schmetterlinge der Schweiz (1911). 
These works are as good now as they were at the time they were 
published and my object in the following List is only to add what 1S 
necessary to complete them, according to more recent methods of 
studying variation and views in connection with the use of names. 
The free and vague way in which these were applied till the early years 
of this century, when Friihstorfer, Oberthiir and ‘lutt began to show 
how necessary it was to go back to original descriptions and make use 
of them, according to their exact meaning, has led to dreadfully 
misleading statements also about the Upper Rhone Valley. Vorbrodt 
had got as far as eliminating J. feisthamelii, Dup. from it, and as 
casting a doubt, by an interrogation, on the existence of lv. semele race 
aristaeus, B., in the Valais; but precision has been carried considerably 
further since that time: for instance, the following, as well as others, 
must be removed too, having been erected for specimens now well 
known to belong to extremely distinct and highly characterised races, 
or even exerges, proper to other regions and mostly to the Tbero-African 
zone, so that even in the other southern zones, such as the Italian one, 
they do not exist at all, and it would be quite a mistake to speak 
of transitions to them in the cases of individuals which may resemble 
them, at first sight, by parallel variation, in certain respects, but which 
entirely lack their fundamental features and constitutions. Such are: 
lyllus, Hsp., of C. pamphilus; hispulla, Esp., of E. gurtina ; procida, 
Hbst., of M. galathea; adrasta, Hb., of S. maera; lyssa, Freyer, of 
S. megera; nominotypical aegeria, Li. (still believed by Vorbrodt to 
exist in the lower Valais) ; allionia, F., of N. statilinus ; meridionalts, 
Stdegr., graeca, Stder., and occidentalis, Stdgr., of M. didyma, occitanica, 
Stdgr., and aetherea, Ev. of phoebe. In the region we are dealing with 
there never occur even superficial resemblances, really similar to those 
insects, and those names have simply been introduced by entomologists, 
who had only read descriptions in current text-books ; this has been a 
very common cause of mistakes and one finds the same name applied 
to individual variations of every region, because the authors of local 
lists were only acquainted with their own fauna and the original form 
or race was known to very few. 

I must also mention the definitive exclusion of N. fagi, Scop.= 
hermione, Li., from the region here dealt with, on the strength of the 
anatomical differences in the Jullien organs, by which it has been 
specifically separated from alcyone, Schiff. and no more confusion or 
talk of transitional forms to the former can exist any more, as they 
still did in Wheeler’s time. It will be seen I have been able to do 
away also with the unsatisfactory doubt, even Vorbrodt remained 1n, 
concerning the legend of the capture of Melanargia lachesis, Hb., at 
Bex. I thus hope this List will be a useful contribution and a step 


(4) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


further towards a more exact and complete knowledge of the subject 
we are concerned in. I owe a word of gratitude to Prof. Matthey of 
the Lausanne University for the information and the specimens, with 
which he has kindly furnished me, to Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher 
of Stroud (Glos.) for his generous contributions of specimens and 
accurate data, and to Mr. B. C. S. Warren for some information. 


Nisoniades tages, lu. race subclarus, Vrty.—The few specimens, 
which I found, still on the wing, in the damp meadows at Bex, till the 
first days of July, are of a remarkably blackish colour and nearly 
uniformly so, only three minute subapical white dots and a few faint 
marginal ones being visible. This, thus, is a perfectly characterised 
unicolor, Frr., perhaps due to the hot, damp, time of emergence, but, 
no doubt, this form is not racial even in those particular localities, as 
it is known to be in Greece and in Asia Minor and as a series from 
Gédre, in the Hautes Pyrénées, in my collection, shows it to be also 
there; moreover it must be noted that the uniformly blackish form is 
only the extreme variation even in these series, whilst the peculiar 
blackish tone is the constant character, and is, in most specimens, 
broken by grayish bands and black spots. 

The few individuals of the II. gen. I met with in the driest localities 
of the Pfynwald and on the burning rocky slopes of Follaterre on 29th 
July and on 7th August, did not belong to clarus, Car., as they do, in 
similar surroundings, in peninsular Italy, but were similar to the swb- 
clarus, Vrty. of the Isarco valley, in the Upper Adige. This is not 
surprising, since even the extremely hot and dry spots in the 8.-H. of 
‘France, such as the rifle-range of Nimes, fail to produce clarus. 

Hrynnis alceae, Esp. race alceae, Kisp.—The race of the Alpine region, 
in general, belongs to the nominotypicalone. The specimens of the II. 
gen. I found at Bex, on 12th Aug., and at Martigny, on the 10th, 
in 1933 and, more commonly, in 1932, from 24th July to 31st at Bex 
and Follaterre, do not exhibit as markedly as my summer ones from 
Vienna the features Hormuzaki describes in his aestiva: they are not 
very large, the white spaces are not very pronounced, nor quadrate, and 
the underside is not as dark and uniform, so that his name can scarcely 
be applied to them, unless further features, such as the different shape 
of the scales found in other species, are discovered to distinguish the 
second generation from the first in a constant way. 

Spilothyrus altheae, Hub. race altheae, Hib.—This species did not 
appear suddenly, nor during a few days only, like the preceding and 
like altheae does, too, at Oulx, 1100m., in the Cottian Alps, on the 
southern watershed of the Alps. The males of the I. generation began 
to appear, at Bex, on 10th June in 1933. On 29th June, 1982, I had 
found a female at Bex, which was evidently the end of the I. gen. ; then, 
on 9th July, 1932, and on 10th July in 1933, males again began to 
emerge and a few were found, now and then, till 12th August, but I 
met with no females. The females of this II. generation, no doubt, 
emerge later, as they are apt to do in Peninsular Italy. It only differs 
very slightly from the first, nominotypical one, as figured by Hubner, 
by the smaller size of most, but not even of all, the individuals. At 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (5) 

15.iii.34. 

Oulx the difference is, instead, quite conspicuous, owing, no doubt, to 
the greater aridity and heat of the Susa valley in June and July, when 
the second generation is developing ; in 1925 it emerged there, in a 
mass, from 6th to 11th August, females included. These specimens 
of both sexes give the impression of being not more than two thirds of 
the size of the average nominotypical altheae: the actual length of the 
forewing, from the root of the costa to the apex, is 18 to 14 mm., 
instead of 15 to 16; the wings are narrower and more pointed,: the 
colouring lighter on both surfaces, as a rule, but the white spaces, 
especially on hindwing, are less pronounced. I think the name of 
postaltheae should be erected for this summer form. 

Contrary to what I thought till now, I realise that the first, or, as 
the case may be, according to altitude and localities, the single genera- 
tion of some localities of the Western Alps and that of the Pyrenees differs 
quite distinctly from the nominotypical altheae of Central Europe, as 
well figured by Hiibner, and must be designated by the name of siccior, 
which can be applied to the race, as a whole. Its features are a lighter 
(more gray and less black) and a more variegated upperside, the black 
and the white spots standing out more sharply, but more especially the 
very different tone of the underside, which is usually more broadly grey 
and paler on the forewing and, on the hindwing of a light grey, witha 
pretty bluish sheen, which recalls that of the first generation of S. 
marrubii = boeticus, although the white spaces are quite different from 
- those of this species. Individuals similar to nominotypical altheae by 
their dusky colouring on both surfaces occur amongst the siecior, but 
they are exceptional, so that the latter form is quite racial. I take as 
typical my series of the single generation of the Baths of Valdieri, 
1400m., in the Maritime Alps. A series from Porté, in the Pyrénées 
Orientales, is exactly similar to it. On the contrary a few specimens I 
have from the French watershed of those Alps (Levens) are quite 
nominotypical altheae, although a single specimen from Guillaume 
seems to be an indication that siccior does exist, in some localities, also 
on that side. 

The first generation of Peninsular Italy, from Tuscany to Calabria, 
must now, on the strength of the preceding remark, be more exactly 
determined, as being similar to floccifera, Zeller, of Sicily, but with a 
mixture of siccior, so that it can be considered a transitional grade of 
the same variation, standing between the latter and the former, most 
extreme one. 

VS. marrubit, Rbr. (=boeticus, Rbr.) race octodurensis, Obth.—I 
possess a few specimens, I purchased many years ago from the widow 
of Wullschlegel, who used to breed this species at Martigny, but I have 
looked out in vain for it in the likely spots of that neighbourhood and 
of the rest of the valley. I have asked Mr. Warren, who has collected 
for years in this region and who is particularly interested in the 
Grypocera, what he thought of my negative experience: his answer 
has been that he has never succeeded in finding marrubii either, 
although he has searched for it most diligently all around Martigny 
and all the way, down to the Lake, and he believes it could not have 
escaped him, if it existed there; he has also explored the valley 
thoroughly from Sierre to Visp, with the same result, so that he says 
he is convinced it is restricted to the region stretching from Saxon to 
Sion. Vorbrodt furnishes the information that Wullschlegel had 


(6) THH ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


found it at Saillon (opp. Saxon) and at Chiéboz, 1841m., above 
Branson, and quotes the old records of Christ, from Vex, and of Knecht, 
from Loéche. This seems to be all that is known about it and, possibly, 
it does not occur at all at low altitudes. 

Carcharodus lavatherae, Esp. race lavatherae, Hsp.—I have met with 
single individuals in perfectly fresh conditions from 5th June to the 
end of July, at intervals of a few days from each other, along the cliffs, 
from Martigny to Vernayaz and also at the Follaterres, 31st July, and on 
the Sépey road (27th), and they were all males. This agrees with the 
general belief that this species has only one long-drawn generation. 
Kitschelt, in his Siidtirol Grossschmett, p. 60, sustains there is a second 
one in the Upper Adige, at the end of July and in August, the first 
being on the wing, there, in May and June. Dannehl has actually 
described that second generation from Terlano, near Bolzano, and 
named it chlorotos. In Peninsular Italy, as far as | have made out, 
there is only one emergence.* is 

Syrichtus (Hesperia) carthamt, Hib. race valesiaca, Mab. (=valesina, 
Mab.).—Watrren has very rightly confirmed the race of the Valais to be 
perfectly distinct from nominotypical carthami and sustained that 
Mabille’s nameshould beapplied toit as awhole. Havingonly founda few 
fresh individuals in June, 1988, at Martigny, and old ones on 25th and 
81st July, 1932, I cannot say whether that race is exactly the same as 
speciosa, Vrty. = major, Rebel (homonym) of the Upper Adige, as Warren 
maintains it. According to Frey, Lepid. der Schweiz, p. 50, the I gen. 
is “smaller and overshadowed with brown,” and he states it flies in 
June in the Upper Valais. Vorbrodt and Wheeler state, too, there is 
a second generation in July and August, but this is evidently produced 
only in favourable years and it certainly was not in.these two last ones. 

S. (H.) malvae, L. race elegantior, n. nov.—Reverdin had stated in 
his original paper on the specific distinction of malvae and malvoides, in 
the Bull. Soc. Ent. Geneve, I, p. 62 and 68 (1911) that in the Valais 
and particularly at Martigny he had only found malvoides, and since 
then, it has heen discovered that malvoides only extends down the Rhone 
valley as far as Vernayaz and that it is entirely replaced, further, by 
true malvae (Lavey, Bex, St. Triphon, Sépey), as clearly made out by 
Warren. 

Some specimens, collected by Wullschlegel, presumably in one of these 
localities, were sent by me to Reverdin, who did not hesitate to recognise 
malvae genitalically. Compared with a large series of specimens from 
Sweden (Dalby, in Scania) they have a very different look indeed and, 
if the two were not connected by transitional forms from all sorts of 
localities in Central Europe, one might think them different species : 
the Rhone race looks fully one third larger, actual measurements of 
the length of the forewing being 11 to 12 mw., against 9 to 10, in the 


* The preceding pages were in the press when the survey of the of generic 
names of the British butterflies was published by the Royal Entomological Society 
of London (The Generic Names of British Insects, Part 2: The generic names of the 
British Rhopalocera, with a check list of British species, 34 pp. 23 February, 1934). 
In connection with this genus it is stated that Syrichtus, Boisd. is the correct name 
to use for it, because comma, L. has been fixed as the genotype of Hesperia, Fab. 
ever since 1816. I will henceforth use, in this list, the names which have been 
given in that work, trusting it will, as far as if goes, put an end to the 
unceasing changes, which have hitherto been going on, owing to the lack of a 
settled rule of action. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (7) 


male sex; the fringes are distinctly shorter as compared with the wing 
surface; the tone of black is not as deep and is slightly warmer; the 
white spaces are very much less, all being smaller in extent and those 
of the submarginal row particularly so; the suffusion of white hair at 
the base of fore and hindwing is very much less conspicuous; the 
underside of the hindwing is clearer and warmer in tone, the blackish 
suffusion being very slight and the colour more buff than olive-green, 
whilst the neuration stands out less and is decidedly yellow, instead of 
white. All these features are obviously similar to those of malvoides 
Igen. pseudomalvae, Vrty., with which those specimens would certainly 
have been confused, if slide N. 2045 of Reverdin’s files had not revealed 
their true nature. I name this southern race and individual form 
elegantior. My specimens unfortunately bear no date, but I did not 
meet with this species, so that they are probably of the spring, and 
Warren’s statement that true malvae certainly has only one generation 
in Switzerland is confirmed. 

As I am dealing with these races, I must point out that the 
localities, whence I possess the nominotypical one, are England, 
Holland, Germany, from Berlin to Franconia, and Budapest, whilst 
my series from several localities in both Upper and Lower Austria 
are a near approach to edeyantior and contain individuals quite like it ; 
the Geneva specimens are transitional, but nearer the latter, and a few 
from Sutshanski-Rudnik, near Vladivostok, in Ussuria and from the 
Shiotsu River, in N.-E. Corea, quite belong to it. 

On the contrary, a series from the Yulduz valley, at 2500m., in 
- the eastern Tian Shan, has a decidedly different aspect from any 
European one and it is well worthy of being distinguished by the 
name of asiaeclara: sizeof eleyantior, but with all the white spaces 
very large, that in the cell and the row beyond it, in particular, being 
broad and quadrate, to an extent never, or quite exceptionally, seen in 
Europe; the submarginal row is as distinct as in nominotypical malvae 
on both wings; the white hairs at base are variable and about inter- 
mediate between those of the latter and of eleyantior; the underside 
affords, however, the most striking feature in the pale greenish yellow 
colour of the hindwings, clouded with blackish scales in some cases, 
but usually of a pure tone, and unusually uniform, in looks, because 
the neuration is scarcely lighter in colour than the internervural spaces. 
Another large series from Chulugaisha, Mondy, 3100m. in the Sajan 
Mts. of the Trans-Baikal province, is much more variable and can be 
described as transitional between asiaeclara and elegantior. 

Eixerge malvoides, Klw. and Edw. race malvoides, Klw. and Kdw.— 
Warren lays stress on the somewhat surprising fact that this should 
never be found mixed with the preceding one, even in regions, like the 
Upper Rhone Valley, which are on the boundary between their areas 
and where only a few miles separate them. ‘To my mind the explan- 
ation of it is that this happens because they are not two distinct species, 
but only exerges, so that, although they could interbreed, they do not, 
following Himer’s rule that there usually exists strong repulsion and 
antagonism between very distinct varieties of the same species, which 
fight and exclude each other. On the other hand, their areas certainly 
are very different from those of the exerges of most of the wide- 
spread species of butterflies and, together with those of melotis and 
pontica, resemble more those of some closely allied, but specifically 
distinct, Mpinephilidi and Lycaenidi. 


(8) {THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


I found the males of the II. generation just emerging on 7th Aug., 
along the stream at the foot of the cliffs of the Follaterres. They belong 
to the nominotypical malroides of the Iberic peninsular and the south 
of France and not to the smaller and paler race modestior, Vrty., of 
Italy. The I. generation can only be psewdomalvae, Vrty., which is the 
same in all these regions and which is markedly different from the II. 

one, notwithstanding Warren’s unaccountable statement to the 
contrary. 

S. (H.) onopordi, Rbr. race conyzae, Guen.—A inale at Bex on 19th 
June; males emerging in company with the malvoides, just mentioned, 
at the Follaterres in 1982 and on 31st July, 1933, and a few very fresh 
ones also in the Pfyn Wald, near Sierre, on 29th July. ‘The features of 
the II. generation are not as striking in these specimens and especially 
in the former as they are in those of Oulx, in the Cottian Alps, which 
I have named postgenita in the Mnt. Rec. of 1926, p. 104, as the reddish 
tone of the underside, characterising the latter, is only perceptible in 
some individuals and not to astriking degree in any ; notwithstanding, 
the name can, I think, be applied to this generation, as a whole, also 
in the Valais, because a difference does exist between it and the very 
cold tone of olive green of the I. gen. What I cannot understand is 
how Warren can fail to see the peculiar facies of this conyzae race of 
the Alpine region, as compared with the others of the species. I have 
never sustained that.it is a-race proper to high altitudes, and not found 
in the lower valleys of that region, as he seems to think I did when I dealt 
with it in the Hunt. Rec., 1925, p. 75, but I am always more convinced 
it does differ, at all altitudes in the Alps, from the subconyzae, Vrty. of 
the plains of other regions, such as the calcareous ones of Central France, 
whence Oberthur figures it in his Ht. Lép. Comp., IV, figs. 521-2, and 
such as Peninsular Italy, whence are my “ types,” from Florence. 
Oberthiir figures true conyzae from Zermatt and | see no reason to cast 
a doubt on the origin of that specimen, as Warren does, considering 
Bainbrigge Fletcher has collected it on the Simplon pass road, between 
the Ganter Bridge and the 10th Kilometre stone, at 1850 m., on 2nd 
September. The example of the I. generation, which I| collected at 
Bex, near the gardener’s house, in the park of the Hotel des Salines, 
on 19th June, is perfectly identical with Oberthur’s Zermatt one and 
my series of Oulx, in the Cottian Alps, includes similar ones together with 
others exactly corresponding with his figures 580-1 of a ‘“‘ type” from La 
Charnée (Savoy), out of the Guenée collection. The pale and soft grey 
tone of the underside of the hindwing is the chief feature of conyzae and 
its II. gen. postyenita, Vrty., differs from it quite constantly, notwith- 
standing Warren’s negation of seasonal characters in Kurope, by its 
distinctly warmer tinge: my Follaterres specimens of 29th July, 19838, 
and of 7th August, 1932, are no exception although they are not as 
decidedly reddish as my Oulx ones. In the Upper Rhone valley 
the emergence of the I. generation is shifted to an enormous 
extent by the state of the weather: in 1933 1t was quite wintery till 
June and that is evidently why conyzae was still emerging on the 19th 
of that month, whereas, in favourable years, it emerges, according to 
Warren, from early April to late May. 

S. (H.) serratulae, Rbr. race planorwn, Vrty. :—I have not met with 
this species in the lowlands, but it is known to fly at Sierre and Sion in 
May and June and Vorbrodt says it was abundant in the Pfynwald in 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (9) 
15.iv.34, 

June, 1910. This author makes a clear distinction between the 
‘form of the plains” and the ‘‘form of the mountains,” following 
that which Reverdin had made in the Bull. Soc. Lép. Genéve, II. plt 4, 
and quoting his figures 13 and 6, respectively, and he states that his 
Pfynwald examples belong most exactly to the first, like others he had 
from Higg, near Zurich. My materials from many regions fully 
confirm that those two races are perfectly distinguishable, although in 
some localities they do intergrade, and Warren’s negation of this fact 
simply shows, together with other criticisms of his, of the same sort, 
that he is rather too hasty in denying categorically what he has, 
personally, not seen or failed to grasp. Iam quite of Reverdin’s and 
Vorbrodt’s opinion and I have named planorwm the form of the plains, 
in the Hnt. Record, 1925, p. 56. The few specimens | have collected 
at the Pont de Nant, 1870m. above Bex, on 4th and 18th July, belong 
to the extreme opposite, mountain, form by their very small size, their 
minute and less numerous white spaces on both surfaces and their 
more decidedly cold underside tone: they thus correspond with my 
examples from the eastern Alps and to [reyer’s description and figures 
of caecus from ‘“ the Alps of Tyrol,” which should be applied to all the 
Alpine mountain races of this sort, as they differ very much from the 
nominotypical serratulae of the Spanish mountains. 

[S. carlinae, Rbr. race atrata, Vrty.:—Although this is not a 
lowland species at all, 1 must mention it to record the fact that the 
race I found emerging at the Pont de Nant, 1870m., above Bex, both 
in 1932 and in 1933, on 11th August and again on the 13th, when 
the females were making their appearance, is exactly the atrata one, 
I had discovered in the Formazza valley, between the Rhone and the 
Tessin, and I have described and named in the Ent. Rec., 1925, p. 57; 
the only difference is that some Pont de Nant males have the white 
spaces of the upperside less minute and not as often nearly obliterated 
as the Formazza ones, but the very small size and the dirty look of 
the underside, owing to black scales covering the pale green or the pale 
yellow colour in patches, between the hehter coloured nervures, are 
perfectly characteristic. It thus seems to be a widespread race in the 
northern portion of the limited range of this species and it may be the 
only one there, as the male from Bérisal figured by Reverdin in the 
Bull. Soc. Lep. Genéve, Il., pl. 4, fig. 4, falls within the range 
of its individual variations, although it is not characteristic of atrata, 
but transitional to the more boldly spotted, on upperside, and more 
evenly and brightly coloured, on underside, nominotypical carlinae of 
the French and Piedmontese Alps.| 

/ 8S. alveus, Hub. race scandinavicus, Strand=alticola, Rebel= 
ryfelensis, Obth.:— The few individuals of this species, I have met with 
at Bouillet, near Bex, on 24th July, at Lavey, on 9th August, at 
Martigny, on the 10th, and at Pont de Nant on the 11th were all 
rather worn, except the females of the latter locality. What is worth 
noticing is that they all belong most distinctly and thus, evidently, 
quite racially to the form which is the darkest on both surfaces and 
which has very small white spaces on the upperside. Warren is thus 
quite right in saying that this race is neither peculiar to Norway, as 
believed by Strand, nor to high altitudes, as believed by Rebel, so that 
the names they have given it are unfortunate. 1 have pointed out in 
the Bull, Soc, Hnt. de France, 1928, p. 140, that the specimen from 


(10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


the Ryffelalp, in the Valais (8-15 July) figured by Oberthiir in the IV. 
vol. of his Htudes Lép. Comp., fig. 470-1, and to which he explicitly 
give: the name ryffelensis, is nothing but the race we are here dealing 
with, so that it was quite a mistake of his and then of Warren to use 
it for the peculiar little race of some very elevated localities, which 
Oberthiir has figured from Larche (Basses Alpes) in his Vol. VII. and 
which Warren has studied minutely ; | have consequently named the 
latter warrenensis and this author has agreed I was right in doing so. 
In my List of the Butterflies of the Cottian Alps (Ent. Record, 1926, 
p- 104) I have stated that in those Alps sceandinavicus=alticola is 
found alone at the very high altitudes of Clavieres 1700m., and 
Sestriéres 2100m., whilst lower down, at Oulx, 1100m., it becomes an 
individual form, mixed with grandis, Vrty. and with what I then 
thought was quite the nominotypical alveus. It will be interesting to 
ascertain whether in the low plains of the Upper Rhone valley it is the 
only form, as my specimens seem to indicate. Anyhow, I presume, 
from what I have seen, that it must, at least, be very prevalent and 
that the name of scandinavicus must apply to the race, as a whole, 
strange as it may seem that such different surroundings as the 
Ryffelalp, the hot cliffs of Martigny and the Follaterres and the damp 
meadows of the plain should produce the same one. 

This makes it all the more interesting to note that on the Simplon 
there is, instead, another race. The so-called nominotypical alveus of 
the French and the Piedmontese Alps, apart from the giant yrandis 
form peculiar to them, and from the scandinavicus one, which does not 
vary in the least from there to Austria and Germany, and both of which 
are often found mixed with it in those Alps, is not, in reality, the form 
figured by Hubner, but is a first step of variation in the direction of 
jurassica, Warren, leading, in its turn, to the still more extreme and 
genitalically different mecaccreta, Vrty. and accreta, Vrty., of the 
Pyrenees and of Spain. For some time I have been noticing that 
specimens of the Carnic and of the Julian Alps, of the Schneeberg and 
of Vienna have a deeper colouring and a deeper tone of black, which is 
particularly striking on the underside of the forewing, than those 
mentioned above ; in the latter that surface is always grey and often 
partly whitish, whilst the hindwings are of a greenish grey and often 
distinctly warm and bright, but never of the cold, saturated and some- 
times very dark olive green of the Austrian examples ; it must be added 
the hindwings have, on the upperside, white spaces which are often 
very pronounced, whereas in Austria they are always entirely absent 
or scarcely discernible. One can say that although variations are 
considerable and partly overlap, the lightest individuals of the Kastern 
Alps are similar to the darkest ones of the Western ones. If, now, we 
examine the typical figure 463 of the underside of alveus in Htibner’s 
great work, we find that, although it is a female and this sex is always 
of a warmer tone of colour than the male in all the races, the anterior 
wings are nearly entirely of a deep black one and the posterior wings 
exhibit bands of a cold and rather deep olive green. My copy of that 
book is the one Staudinger had selected for his own use and endowed 
with a manuscript index and both Friedlander and Junk have stated it 
is one of the few they have seen in which the colouring is absolutely 
perfect, so that we can take it to convey what the original specimen 
actually was. As it was German in origin, according to the habitat 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (11) 


given by Hiibner, its aspect is exactly what might have been expected. 
It is thus clear that the form and race of the Western Alps described 
above is decidedly different from Hiibner’s. On the other hand it 
would not be at all correct to lump it with that of the Jura, as it very 
rarely exhibits the peculiar quadrate shape of the wings, the prominent 
yellow neuration of the underside and the other minor features described 
by Warren in jurassica. I conclude it is quite necessary to have a 
name by which to designate it and I suggest that of claralveus n. nov., 
taking as cotypes my series from Cesana, 1300 m, in the Cottian Alps, 
which consists entirely of this form, instead of its being mixed with 
grandis and curiously enough, with scandinavicus, as it is lower dcwn 
the valley, at Oulx. 

The Simplon race, mentioned above, seems to belong precisely to 
claralveus, judging from a few females of Bérisal which are in my 
possession and which differ markedly from all the specimens | have 
spoken of before from the lower Valais and the adjacent part of the 
Vaud. ‘Two males, I found at Bérisal on 20th July, and some of a 
series sent to me by Bainbrigge-Iletcher, which includes several 
claralveus, are not as distinct as those females, but transitional 
examples of the kind exist also in my typical Cesana series. A few 
from the Simplon Pass are all scandinavicus. As to warrenensis, Vrty., 
it may actually exist on the Ryffelalp, together with scandinavicus, 
but the confusion which has been made between these forms and their 
names leaves us, for the present, without exact information about it. 
-y S. armoricanus, Obth. race armoricanus, Obth.:—Warren has 
found that this species exists, in the region we are dealing with, at the 
Follaterres, Branson and St. Triphon and that there is a specimen from 
Brig in the British Museum collection. As I have not hit upon it, I can 
only presume the race must be the nominotypical one and not the 
southern fulvoinspersa, Vrty., on the strength of onopordi and of the 
races of the butterflies of the Upper Rhone valley in general, which 
are not their southern ones. 

V Powellia sertorius, Hoffmans. (=sao, Hub.) race sertortus, Hoffm. :— 
The first generation emerged in most localities all through June and 
exactly resembles Hiibner’s typical figures of sertorius by its large size, 
deep black tone and rather restricted white space, whereas most of my 
German specimens are smaller, lighter and have these spaces more 
pronounced. ‘The II. generation emerged at Martigny and at Bouillet, 
near Bex, during the last days of July and worn individuals were still 
on the wing after the middle of August. All those I collected belong 
to the parvila, Vrty. form, I have described from the Upper Adige, 
with the white spaces of small size and the outer row quite obliterated 
or nearly so, none to the alioides, Vrty. form, I have described from 
Oulx, in the Cottian Alps, with the white space in the middle of the 
hindwing very large on both surfaces and prolonged on the underside 
into one or two long points and with the outer margin broadly whitish 
on the underside of the hindwings, so that it 1s evidently a transition 
to the African ali and it presumably only occurs in dry localities, such 
as only exist on the southern watershed of the Alps; also in Spain it 
ig not unfrequent at Albarracin, but it is never produced in the damper 
Catalonia. 

VV Carterocephalus (Pamphila) palaemon, Pall. race palaemon, Pall. :— 
Emerging in the first days of June at Martigny, Lavey and in other 


(12) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


localities of the plain and at Pont de Nant, 1370m., on 4th July. It varies 
so extraordinarily little, all over its Huropean range, that there is 
nothing to be said about its local aspect. 

Adopoea lineola, O. race lineola, O.:—Swarmed in certain meadows, 
at Bex, from the end of June to the middle of July and, in a worn 
condition, till the end. I think the race can decidedly be called 
nominotypical, but with a tendency to produce a certain percentage of 
strikingly darker individuals, referable to Judoviciae, Mab. by the very 
sombre aspect of both surfaces; the latter had already been reported 
from the Simplon by Tutt and from the Haut Valais by Agassiz. The 
size is constantly that of the small, nominotypical, race, whereas on 
the opposite side of Mt. Rosa, in the Anzasca Valley, it is intermediate 
between it and major, Tutt, and that race has been named intermedia, 
Tutt, from Macugnaga examples. 

Adopoea flava, Brinn. (=thaumas, Hifn.) race macta, Vrty. (major, 
Tutt, homonym) : Quite common in the neighbourhood of Bex and 
elsewhere, all through July, the females having appeared about the 
10th. In this species the race is larger than the nominotypical 
northern one and corresponds to the description of Tutt’s major, also 
by its more accentuated black markings. ‘The Anzasca valley race is 
exactly like it. 

Thymelicus acteon, Rott., race acteon, Rott. :—I only came across it 
by the La Batiaz tower of Martigny, on July 10th, 1933, when just 
emerging, and, as a matter of fact, it is well known to be scarce and 
restricted to small areas, in Switzerland; Wheeler records: Sierre and 
several places in the Pfynwald, Brig, above Plan Cérisier, between Aigle 
and Sépey, Arpilles, Zermatt. The race is the nominotypical one, as 
it might have been expected, considering even in Peninsular Italy it 
predominates broadly and it only varies by producing a small percentage 
of individuals of the rayusai, Vrty. form, with the hindwings entirely 
fulvous, whereas the latter only becomes racial in Sicily. 

Hesperia (Urbicola) comma, L. race superalpina, Vrty. :—This species 
emerges so late in the season that I was not able to secure any females 
from the plains and I only got males emerging at Bouillet, near Bex, on 
18th and 21st August of both 1932 and 1933. Although the races of 
comma in the Alpine region, such as | have made them out in detail in the 
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1928, p. 124, are chiefly determined by the 
aspect of the female sex, I think it can be affirmed that those males 
belong to race superalpina, as distinguished from alpina, Bath, in the 
restricted and exact sense I have given the latter. In the Anzasca 
Valley this alpina extends from Vanzone, at 700m., to Macugnaga, at 
1300. Instead, the aforesaid males of the Rhone Valley, although they 
are only from an altitude of about 500m., are distinctly more melanie, 
by the extent of the black pattern on the upperside and by black 
suffusions of scales on the underside, so that they agree most exactly 
with my ‘‘co-types ” of superalpina from Bormio, at 1800m., on the 
Stelvio road. I must mention that at Pont de Nant, 1870m., both 
sexes were common on 18th August and that they exhibit the next, 
and most extreme degree of melanism known, corresponding to my race 
atralpina, described from 1800 to 2800m. on the Ortler and on that 
road. Instead, at Evolene, at Arolla, and at 2000m. on the Simplon 
road the race is superalpina. 

Auytades sylvanus, Esp. race sylvanus, Esp. :—Quite common, more 


LOWLAND RAGES ‘OF UPPER! RHONH ‘VALLEY. (13), 

15.v.34, 
or less, everywhere in the region; during July, ‘aud ‘belonging to the: 
usual, widespread, race, as geographical. variation is ng buen 
nearly nil in Hurope, except for septentrionalis, Vrty.. 

Since the name of sylvanus, Eisp., is.a homonym and invalid, as 
the Committee on Generic Nomenclature has just pointed out, it must 
be added that a substitute is necessary for the race figured by Esper 
and that it should be esperi, n. nov., whilst, according to that Com-' 
mittee, the Asiatic venata, Bremer and Grey, is the nominotypical one 
of the species, and Uchlodes is the correct generic name: | 

/ Heodes virgaureae, Li. race zermattensis, Kallou.—A few males, at 
the beginning of July, along the foot of the cliffs, from Martigny to 
Vernayaz. ‘The.single female found, evidently just: emerged at Martigny 
on 25th July, is so ‘extremely. dark that.it can only be ascribed to this: 
race of the lower Valais, usually inhabiting high altitudes and readily: 
distinguishable from montana, M.-Diir, of the Simplon, and’ Brigue, as 
stated by Graves and Hemming in their excellent little monograph on 
this species in The Hntomologist, 1928, p. 58,“‘ by the blackish suffusion: 
at the base of the forewings : on. the "upperside, wines is Pee 
slightly developed in montana.’ 

V Palaeochrysophanus* hippothoé, Ly race minus, Vity. to) fomiulee 
from the golf-links of Bex, one of which:] foundion 18th June, 1933, 
with its wings still soft, and the other on 9th July, 1982, in-a slightly 
worn condition, are certainly, perfectly distinct from ¢éurybia, O., as 
the underside of the forewing is nearly entirely of a clear fulvous and: 
the hindwing has a broad orange premarginal band, and.also from ‘the 
nominotypical hippothoé of Sweden and the north, such as ate ‘my 
Belgian examples, by the lighter tone of the fulvous and of the grey 
on that surface, agreeing well with my typical mirus of the Pyrenees 
and with others from Austria, etc. lt will be imteresting to see 
whether the males have the bright and broad violet sheen of méris, but, 
queerly enough, | never saw a single one, keenly as I looked out for 
them all through June and July. 

/ Lycaena (Rumicia) phlaeas, L. race nigrioreleus, Vrty.—Wheeler is 
right in stating this species is usually met with singly i this region. 
I have, actually, only found one fresh male'at the foot of the cliffs of 
Follaterres on ‘81st July, 1933, and one female, which had just emerged 
on 19th August, 1932, at Martigny. The former is an eeus, F., as 
restricted by Tutt and by me, but with a very slight trace of: dark 
suffusion on the forewings; the: female has nearly none and would 
correspond to! the degree of it, Tutt has called initia; but, on the 
other hand, it is exactly similar to most of the females of the Anzasea 


* The dreadful changes in the generic names of the Lycaenidae, which, have 
been going on for years, have been brought to the climax by Hemming’s revision 
in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 10, vol. I1I.,.p: 117 (March, 
1929), where he concludes that the genotype of the name Lycaena is phlaeas, L., 
that the names of Chrysophanus and of Polyommatus can, in no way, be used. for 
the generic groups of ‘‘ coppers,’’ to which they have been applied, and that the 
name of Loweia, Tutt was not available, because it was already in use for a Rhynchota 
genus. As there is not much doubt that names will be necessary for these groups, 
it seems to me that the most practical way of erecting them, so that the new ones. 
recall the old ones, in future; when texts of different periods are compared, would 
be to simply add a prefix to the latter and I suggest it should be ‘ palaeo” 
(=ancient), as most of those names are Greek in origin. The following seem to 
be required ;—ParakocHRYsoPHANUS, with the genotype hippothoe, L.; Pawaro- 
LOWEIA, with the genotype tityrus, Poda. =dortlas, Htifn. : aap 


(14) THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 


and other Alpine valleys, where the males belong to two (eleus, F.) 
and to three (nigrioreleus, Vrty.), degrees further in the amount of that 
suffusion, and Wheeler informs us that the form “in which the copper 
is entirely suffused and the hindwing distinctly tailed’ is very frequent 
in the Valais; this cannot be aestivus, Z., the extreme melanic form 
of the most southern parts of Europe and the Mediterranean islands, 
and it can thus only be nigrioreleus, when eleus is taken in its true 
restricted meaning of the form in which the copper is left entirely, or 
nearly entirely, quite clear on the disc. The first generation can only 
belong to the nominotypical phlaeas, as it does all over Europe, and 
the third, presumably, to initia, Tutt, as in central Europe, generally. 

Palaeoloweia alciphron, Rott., race ultragordius, Vrty.—In 19338 both 
sexes appeared on 28th June and went on emerging till about 10th 
July, along the foot of the cliffs, from Martigny to Vernayaz; in 1932 
I founda couple, still in tolerably fresh condition, as late as 31st July by 
the La Batiaz tower. Next to race wltragordius, which I have described 
in the Ent. Rec., 1926, p. 105, from Oulx, in the hot and dry Susa 
valley of the Cottian Alps, that of the locality here concerned is the — 
most highly characterized in the same direction of gordius variation : 
in the male the fulvous ground-colour is of a very light, yellowish 
tone, which is left quite clear by the total absence of dark suffusion, 
and there is no, or nearly no, violet sheen; the black spots are very 
small indeed in that sex and smaller than in other races, except wltra- 
gordius, also in the female; the underside is of a light grey and the 
premarginal orange band is narrow and pale. ‘This race thus stands 
nearer to wltrayordius than to any other and must be included under 
the same name, although it just falls short of reaching the most 
extreme facies of the latter. Compared with race yaudeolus, Frhst. of 
the mountains of the Valais, it differs from it distinctly by its larger 
size (length of forewing, from base to tip, where fringes begin, 18 to 
20mm. in both sexes, against 17 or less), by its more constantly clear 
ground-colour on upperside and very pale grey underside and by the 
decidedly smaller size of the black spots on both surfaces, especially in 
the male sex. 

The way Fruhstorier has erected his gaudeolus is rather queer: he 
states, in the original description, that there exists a light coloured 
female, with small black spots, from Zermatt and the northern side of 
the Simplon, and that there is a heavily spotted and dark reddish yellow 
female from Lana (8. Tyrol) and he gives ‘‘ the name of gaudeolus to 
that of those two races which is not Sulzer’s gordius.”” In September 
1920 I wrote to him and asked him what was to be made of this; his 
answer, of 8rd Oct. was as follows: ‘‘ I have now discovered that the 
type of C. alciphron gaudeolus is, anyhow, not of the Tyrol, but of the 
Valais.” Vorbrodt, followed by Gaede, in the Supplement to Seitz, 
have, thus, rightly applied that name and, as Sulzer figures an 
enormous female, with very large black spots, one can consider it 
definitively settled. Some of the giant females of the very fine race 
isokrates, Frhst., described from the southern side of the Simplon 
(Iselle) and which I have collected in the Anzasca Valley, are those 
which come nearest to Sulzer’s, in my collection, but none quite reach 
its size and large spots. I have recalled the fact (Hnt. Rec., 1926, p. 
105) that ‘‘ Bundten ” is the locality given by Sulzer; as it is very, 
unlikely such a race should be found on the northern watershed of the 


LOWLAND RAGES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (15) 


Alps, in the actual Grisons, the most likely one is Chiavenna, which 
was included with these in that ancient denomination. I possess a 
female ab. midas, Lowe, from the Simplon (Bérisal or Pass). 

V Palaeoloweia tityrus, Poda race dorilas,* Hutn., with I. gen. vernalis, 
Rebel.—My experience confirms Wheeler's remark that this insect is 
“by no means generally common.” I have only met with it in three 
places: at St. Triphon, on the banks of the Gryonne, below Bouillet 
and on the golf-links of Bex. In this last locality it was, however, 
very abundant. As to its time of emergence, it seems to be variable : 
in 1932 old individuals were still on the wing at the beginning of July 
and the second generation emerged in August, the first female only 
appearing on the 20th ; in 1988 both sexes disappeared entirely about 
10th June, but the second generation was on the wing on 28rd July, 
a female on the next day and both sexes abundant in the following 
ones. I do not doubt the third generation, mentioned by Wheeler, is 
produced in most years, as 1938 was anything but a particularly 
favourable one and, yet, there was plenty of time for another life-cycle. 

There has been some discussion concerning the aspect of the spring 
generation and of the summer ones: Meyer-Dir, in his Schmett. der 
Schweiz, p. 60, sustained the former was larger and the males had 
“more prominent and sharper marginal lunules on the upperside.” 
Courvoisier denied this statement and Vorbrodt equally denies, quite 
rightly, the opposite one of Rebel, in Berge’s Schmetterlingsbuch, p. 63 
(1910), that they lack those lunules. The name of vernalis, Rebel, 
however, must not be sunk, because its author adds, in the description, 
that ‘the underside is much less yellowish than in the summer 
generation ” and this is quite true, especially in the female sex, where 
the hindwing is decidedly white, or of a cold tone of pearl grey, which 
ig never seen in summer examples, and the whole of that surface has 
a softer look.. 

In the Rhone valley the second generation does correspond perfectly 
to Meyer-Diir’s description of it: ‘‘ generally smaller, ground-colour 
of male darker, with the marginal lunules partly or, more usually, 
entirely obliterated,” whereas my June examples are larger and lighter 
in colouring in both sexes; the lunules of the male are not, however, 
much more pronounced. The former is the smallest and darkest local 
race, ascribable to dorilas, Htifn., | have seen; all the females have a 
dark clouding all over the fulvous of the forewing. None belong to 
the very common, and often locally prevalent, form of Central Kurope, 
with the forewing more or less entirely of a clear and bright fulvous, 
for which the name of phocas, Rott., can very well be used, as its 
author’s description of the forewings is that they are like those of 
phlaeas, but of “a reddish orange, with no gloss,’ and as Esper, soon 
after, gives an excellent figure of that form. Taken in this sense, the 
name of phocas can be applied to the race of many localities in Northern 
France, Belgium, Germany and Austria (such are most of my examples 
from Vienna), whereas the name of dorilas, Hufn., becomes restricted 
to the darker ones, like that of the Rhone Valley and other localities in 
the same area, including Berlin, whence were Hufnagel’s types. 


* The most unfortunate misspelling of this name, which Staudinger started 
in his Catalogue of 1861 and did not subsequently correct, has spread to the whole of 
literature since then, but in Hiifnagel and in all the authors before that date 
the spelling is with an a in the last syllable and not with an 7. 


(16). _.. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.» | 


' It must, of course, be remembered’ that, since Courvoisier has 
revived the name of tityrus for the species, the nominotypical race. is 
the one peculiar to Styria and Carniola, whose females are of as deep 
and uniform a black colouring as the male and only differ from the 
latter by the large fulvous lunules, which stand out sharply and boldly, 
as described by Poda; the forewing, thus, becomes similar to the hind- 
wing; in the male the lunules are either . entirely | lacking: or only 
faintly visible. 

. On the southern Watershed of the Alps the aspect of the females 
again is different, owing to their larger size and to their beautiful, rich 
and bright, orange colour on both surfaces; also a certain percentage 
of the males are more warmly and brightly coloured on the underside 
where their forewing exhibits a patch of pale fulvous, which never 
exists in dorilas ; this race has been (called, locarnensis by. Tutt; :it is 
abundant in the Anzasca Valley and contrasts very much. with the 
dorilas of the opposite side of. the mountains, in the Rhone Valley. = It 
has a wide range: a large series of specimens of the Vendée, on the. 
west coast of France, owing, no doubt, to the, mild .elimate of: that 
region, decidedly belongs to it and only differs, from my examples. of 
Northern Italy by its slightly duller tone of fulvous:;,,in the opposite. 
direction it actually reaches Asia Minor and my series, both: from high 
and low altitudes in Anatolia, are very much like it and do nol oes 
at all to orientalis, Stdgr. 

On the contrary, in Peninsular Italy, from Emilia aaatbenaed: race, 
italorum, Vrty. (1919) =reverdini, Stauder (1921), with its first gener- 
ation ialanenie Vrty., differs markedly from locarnensis by the ‘much 
greater development of the premarginal fulvous lunules on both 
surfaces of the male and by their brighter and reddey colour, usually. 
accompanied by a richer fulvous suffusion over the, disc of the fore- 
wing on the underside; the females, on the contrary, are rather less 
bright, but differ chiefly by the decidedly smaller black markings and 
by the lesser frequency and extent of the black suffusion over the fore- 
wing on the upperside, culminating in form fulvior, Stef. 

I must take this occasion to note that the race of southern Phone 
exhibits.no signs of connection with the Italian ones, as is, on the 
contrary, usually the case in the §.-H.; it varies in quite the opposite 
direction and it can be. considered a first degree of variation from race 
dorilas of more northern localities, towards the highly characteristic. 
race bleusei, Obth., of the [beric Peninsula ; what betrays this is chiefly 
the dull yeliowish white colour which replaces the fulvous, or orange, 
in both sexes and on both surfaces; the males of dry localities, such as 
are mine, of 15th August, from Mont Ventoux, in the Vaucluse, also 
show a strong tendency of the dark ground-colour to turn grey and 
especially whitish on the forewing, where bleusei actually has a distinct. 
yellowish-white patch; the premarginal black dots contained in the: 
lunules of the female are usually larger than in dorilas and this, too, is 
an Iberic character. I name this race pallidepicta, taking as typical 
my Ventoux specimens. Others, from Barcelona, seem similar to 
them. The Gironde females are like them, but the males are of a 
deeper tone of black. The race of Pajares, 1300m., in the Asturias, as 
represented by my August examples, are intermediate between the 
preceding and true bleusei of central Spain: they are smaller than the 
latter, they have no tails, but the forewing of the male is broadly of a 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONH VALLKY. (17) 

15.vi.34. 
pale yellowish ochre all over its central portion and the female’s 
eround colour has an ochre tinge, richer than that of pallidepicta, I 
think the name of praebleusei will be useful to designate this grade. 

It is instructive to note how bleuser seems to be the primitive form 
of the species, which has survived, as in many other species, on the 
Iberic Atlantic coast, after having reached it during the, still subtropical, 
early Miocene days; the male still retains the aspect of the female. 
In other regions frigoripetal transformation of constitution has pre- 
sumably conferred the dark aspect first to the male and then, through 
forms similar to nominotypical tityrus, to the female, and on to the 
culminating, very distinct, subalpina, Spr., of very cold mountain 
localities, in which both sexes have lost all traces of fulvous on both 
surfaces ; this is perhaps an exerge, rather than a race, although the 
existence in Switzerland of race brunnea, Wheeler, described from 
Murren and which seems transitional to it, makes it more difficult to 
believe in a sharply distinct hereditary constitution. I have found 
subalpina emerging at Pont de Nant, 1370m. on 4th July, but no 
females were yet on the wing. 

Vv Lycaenopsis argiolus, li. race argiolus, L., with II. gen. parvipuncta, 
Fuchs.=latisquama, Ball_—aA few newly emerged individuals I found 
at Bex and various localities during the first days of June, and which 
disappeared very soon after, and others of the II. generation, which 
were on the wing in August, all belong to the widespread race of 
central Kurope. The latter have the usual summer features, which 
Fuchs described quite well and named parvipuncta. I cannot follow 
Tutt’s and Lempke’s (Lambillionea, 1931, p. 183) criticisms of his des- 
cription and their conclusion that his name is not to be used for that 
generation. Some of the minute characters he mentions may be 
individual, but others are perfectly true and, if the validity of names 
was to depend on the perfection of the original description, there 
would not be many left. Ball has the full credit of having discovered 
the best distinctive character, but, if names were allowed to be altered 
on this principal, the results would be disastrous for nomenclature. 

Scolitantes orion, Pall., race metioche, Fruibst.:—It has long been 
known that the usual Valaisian form is that in which the blue has 
almost, or often quite, disappeared, and the female is much larger than 
the male, as stated by Wheeler, who applies Gerhard’s name of niyra 
to the race as a whole. Frwthstorfer has, later, erected the name of 
metioche, from the Valais and 8. Tyrol, on the strength of the fact that 
the males and some females are not of the entirely black form named 
nigra. In the Anzasca valley this race exists too and it is extremely 
abundant in the middle of July, whilst a scarcer II. generation emerges 
in the first days of September. In the Rhone valley I only found a few 
individuals at Martigny and at Vernayaz during the first days of June. 

Vv Turanana baton, Bergstr. race baton, Bergstr.:—The usual race, 
which spreads all the way to Sicily, without affording any geographical 
variation. Vernayaz, Martigny and Sierre seem to be the only localities 
from which it is recorded, in April and May and in July. 

/ Tolana tolas, O. race eurysthenes, Krhst.:—My series of specimens 
agree with the features described by Fruhstorfer from the Follaterres 
and §. Tyrol, bui those from the latter region are more pronounced. 

\¢Maculinea arion, Li. race obscura, Frey.:—A few fresh individuals, 
which made their appearance, in a meadow, at Bex, on 18th June, 19338, 


(18) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


and on 11th July, 1982, quite belong to the dark races, described by 
Frey “ from Zermatt to the Stelvio,” and which | possess from many 
high mountain localities in this region and further east. They do not 
exhibit the features of tainaron, Frhst. from (type) Tschieboz, 13800m. 
above Fully (N.E. of Martigny), from the Val d’Kntremonts and from 
the south side of the Simplon: very glossy blue, large black spots on 
both surfaces, and broad greenish suffusion at the base of the hindwings 
on the underside, as in lavanda. Courvoisier and Wheeler have already 
reported obscura as racial in the lowlands (Sierre and Martigny), whilst 
in other localities of the Upper Rhone the species is large and light; 
the latter is more likely to belong to nominotypical arion, whose 
“type ’’ is Roesel’s figures 8-4 of pl. 45, from ‘‘ Germany,” than to 
arcina, Frhst. of very dry localites further west (Geneva, Jura, 
Lausanne, Digne, Allevard), judging from the races of most butterflies 
of these regions compared with each other. 

Maeulinea alcon, I. race alcon, F.:—Although this species exists 
in the localities I have collected in, I evidently have not hit off its very 
restricted areas, not having seen any. ‘There can, however, be little to 
say about its local features, because alcon varies very much indeed, 
individually, everywhere, but no races have been detected, except its 
extreme southern ones of Italy: race turatiana, Vrty. (=ittalica, 
Turati, primary homonym) and peninsulae, Vrty ; even monticola, Stdgr., 
which has been separated racially, is, apparently, unsustainable, as 
Wheeler remarks very rightly. 

Glancopsyche cyllarus, Rott. race andereggi, Ruhl. (=alpina, Trti. 
and Vrty. =maritimalpium, Vrty.):—Some worn males and some 
perfectly fresh females were still on the wing on the 3rd of June in the 
park of the Hétel des Salines, at Bex, which is comparatively not far from 
Lavey, where Wheeler reports it as more plentiful than elsewhere in 
the Rhone valley. These specimens have revealed to me the unfortunate 
fact that the race of the Maritime Alps, on the Italian watershed, and 
of the rest of Piedmont (I have it from Mt. Musiné, near Turin, and 
from Lake Maggiore), which Turati and I had named alpina and which 
I had renamed, because of homonymy, should have been referred to 
andereggi. The cause of this not having been found out sooner is that 
all text-books present the latter name as applying to the female form 
of any locality with no blue scaling on the upperside, and Ruhl has 
been the first to do so in his Pal. Gross-Schmett. His long original 
description in Soc. Entom., VI., p. 51 (1891), although it only deals 
with the female, presents it quite differently, as a peculiar local form 
of the Valais, and includes, amongst its features, the very dark under- 
side and the very large spots, twice as large as usual and standing out 
prominently, besides the particularly deep black upperside. Vorbrodt, 
very rightly, lays stress on the fact that also the male of this form is 
different from the nominotypical one by its larger size, its broader 
forewing, its very marked black marginal band and the very large 
ocelli of the forewing on the underside. All these characters are 
precisely those we had described in our alpina and the specimens of 
Bex exactly resemble our “types” of the Baths of Valdieri. Size, 
however, is not a constant feature anywhere and, both here and in all 
my series from Piedinont, the remarkably large individuals, character- 
istic of andereyyi, occur with very much smaller ones, in both sexes ; 
one of my Bex females 1s, furthermore, quite nominotypical by its 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (19) 


light, pearl-grey, underside and its usual sized spotting; one or two 
exhibit a dash of blue scaling at the base of the wings on the upperside. 
This is one of the few cases in which the race of the Rhone valley is 
the same as that of the southern watershed; possibly the very early 
time of the year, in which it is on the wing, has something to do with 
this exception, as it shifts very much, according to localities and yearly 
weather, and a great deal of variation in the surrounding conditions is 
thus avoided, Nevertheless, the race of the Jura, Neuchatel and 
Geneva, is quite different and it is this one which resembles that of 
Central Europe, instead of its being the Rhone valley race, as in most 
species. 

¥ Cyaniris semiargus, Rott. race semtargus-montana, Rott.-Meyer Dur, 
with II. gen. microconia, Ball:—It has been remarked by many that 
the races of this species are far from definite and sharply distinct and 
the way names have been erected for the various forms makes it still 
more difficult to describe them and to apply the latter. Tutt seems to 
have attained what best could be done in this respect by restricting the 
nominotypical form and race to that of average size, of a moderately 
bright and clear blue and with a well marked marginal black border in 
the male sex; for that with a thin border he uses the name of cmon, 
Lewin; the very large, clear, bright, blue one, with a thin margin, he 
calls acis, Schiff. ; the small, or very small, dark blue or violet one, 
with a broad black border, above, and a dark grey underside is montana, 
Meyer-Duir. Stauder has lately (Hntom. Anzeiger, 1925, p. 74) pointed 
out that in the Alps, a much more widespread form than the extreme 
montana one is what he calls a transition between it and nominotypical 
semiargus. This is perfectly true, but the particular form he describes 
in this sense and he names transiens (renamed semimontana by Bollow, 
on account of an homonymy) is, instead, transitional between montana 
and the Austrian race acis, Schiff., with which he compares it in his 
collection, taking the latter to be nominotypical semiaryus; he says, 
in fact, transiens has the same dark and saturated blue as montana, 
but ‘‘a very narrow black marginal band, which stands out sharply, 
and never any discocellular streak,” so that this marked reduction of 
the black pattern makes 1 the mountain variation corresponding to 
the large acis of the lowlands. Described in this restricted way sem/- 
montana is not at all predominant either in the eastern (Stauder’s 
materials were from the Tyrol) or in the western Alps, but occurs in 
both, mixea with montana and with true transitions to nominotypical 
semiargus: I have some from several Piedmontese localities and some 
of the Baths of Valdieri are so extreme that they even approach acis, 
although other specimens are quite montana. 

Following this distinction of the various forms of the species, it can 
be said, in a general way, that in the Upper Rhone valley semiargus 
varies comparatively very little, both locally and individually and that 
its race, there, is, on the whole, one of its smallest and darkest ones. 
I have found the same one at all altitudes, from that of 1400m. of 
Bérisal, Champéry and the Pont de Nant, where it emerges during the 
first half of July, to every locality of the plain, where the first genera- 
tion was on the wing till the middle of June and the second appeared 
in the last days of July and went on emerging till I left, on 22nd 
August. 

It is a known fact that well characterised montana are never found 


(20) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


alone below 1800m. The race just mentioned consists, everywhere, in 
a mixture of montana and of nominotypical semiargus or, more exactly, 
of its darkest individual form, pointing to montana, for I have not met 
with a single individual of the opposite one, pointing to cimon or to acis 
by a lighter and brighter blue upperside and grey underside together 
with a much thinner black border, such as occurs frequently and even 
predominantly in the lowlands of central Europe. In the Rhone valley 
the utmost variation in that direction can only be ascribed to the grade 
of semimontana, in which, as we have seen, the tone of blue and of grey 
are the same, or nearly the same, as in montana. The only way to 
denominate a race of this sort correctly is to associate the names of the 
two forms which are mixed together, with a large percentage of perfectly 
characterised individuals of each and some intermediate ones. It must, 
thus, be: semiargus-montana, Rott.-Meyer-Dir. 

A rather remarkable fact is that the individuals of the second 
generation from the dry and hot cliffs of Martigny. such as those I have 
collected on 31st July, and of the Follaterres, on 7th August, are not only 
small, but very dark, so that, to the naked eye, they look like well 
characterised montana and it is only on the strength of the micro- 
scopical features of the scales described by Ball in that generation that 
his name of microconia must be applied to them. As to the second 
generation of other, more usual, surroundings, | detect no difference 
between it and the first, except the one of the scales, and Vorbrodt’s 
statement that ‘‘the males are larger, with a lighter underside and 
paler ocelli,” is not carried out in this region, according to the materials 
I have put together. 

Y Aricia ayestis, Schiff. race allous, Hub.-Geyer. :—In all the localities 
of the plain the first generation emerged from the first days of June 
till the first days of July and then the species disappeared entirely in 
the Vaud till 21st August, when several males, which had evidently 
just emerged, were seen again on the golf-links of Bex and at Bouillet. 
During the interval I found a few individuals in the Valais, at Martigny 
(10th August) and at Sierre (29th July, fresh males). I need scarcely 
mention that the specific name must be agestis, Schiff. and that the 
one of medon, Hufn., which Tutt had revived, must be again dropped, 
because it is a primary homonym, very rightly discarded by early authors, 
owing to the previous use made of it by Clerck in 1759 in the same, 
inclusive, genus Papilio of those days. The nominotypical race thus 
becoming again that of Vienna, with quite a fair development of 
marginal fulvous lunules in both sexes and with quite a distinct 
seasonal dimorphism (the II gen. is aestivws, Stdgr. and well charac- 
terised), the race which is widespread further north and chiefly in 
Germany and in the region of the Alps and which was precisely 
Hufnagel’s medon, from Berlin, must now be designated by the name 
of allous. Geyer, in his continuation of Hibner’s great work, very 
judiciously figured under this same name a male with no trace of 
fulvous lunules on the upperside, another with these lunules, although 
they are smaller than in the average nominotypical ayestis, and a female 
with the lunules a little more pronounced. ‘I'hese figures thus exactly 
represent the aspect of that race, with the two forms of the male, one 
always finds associated, and with its sexual dimorphism. As far as 
individual forms are concerned, Harrison, in 1906, has restricted the 
name of allows to that with no lunules by erecting the name of semt- 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (21) 

{5.vii.34. 
allous for the form which is, to use his own words, “as in P. astrarche, 
except that the row of red spots above is becoming obsolete.” Jakontov 
is not justifiable in having erected, in the Revue Russe d’ EH ntomologie, 
of Nov. 1909, the name of inhonora for specimens from central Russia 
of the same size as nominotypical ayestis, but with no lunules in the 
male and with very small ones in the female; these are exactly allous, 
in its most restricted individual meaning. What led him to do this was 
Staudinger having identified his own alpina with allous, in the last edition 
of his Catalogue, and having described them, both together, as smaller 
than agestis=astrarche. Geyer’s allous is, on the contrary, the same size 
as the latter and the name of alpina can, very usefully, be kept separate 
ahd used to designate the very small race found in some localities of 
the Alps and more especially at high altitudes, where the males are, 
furthermore, much more frequently entirely lacking in fulvous lunules. 
Staudinger in his original description of alpina, in the Horae Soc. Ent. 
Rossicae, VII. p. 52 (1871) lays particular stress on the smallness of 
this alpine form and on the males being entirely black, whilst those of 
this sort, from other localities, are distinctly larger. 

The race of Bex corresponds exactly with Geyer’s figures in aspect 
and in average size. That of Sierre (Pfynwald) is smaller and thus 
similar to the individuals of alpina with the lunules most accentuated. 
I do not detect any difference between the two generations I have 
collected and I can only say that some females of Martigny point to 
aestiva, Stdgr. by a slightly warmer tone in the ground-colour of the 
underside, but are far from being as fulvous as are many summer 
examples of Vienna, not to speak of more southern regions. Wheeler’s 
use of the name calida, Bell. for individuals from that locality of the 
Valais is, needless to say, the result of the inaccurate way names 
were applied in those days; it is the most extreme southern form 
and nothing like it is found anywhere ni Central Europe. 

Vv Aricia* chiron, Rott. (=eumedon, Esp.) race chiron, Rott.—There 
is nothing particular to be said about the local aspect of this species, 
which scarcely varies at all, geographically, in Kurope, except for the 
dwarf glaciata, Vrty. of some very high Alpine localites. Kirby, 
Courvoisier and others have rightly established that chiron has 
precedence over ewmedon. The former has a primary homonym in 
Papilio chiron, Fabr. (an American Megalura), published in the same 
year 1775, but Rottemburg’s paper is dated 24th of March and the 
month of Fabricius’s is not known, so that, according to the Rules of 
Nomenclature, it is to be considered published on 31st December and 
it is the latter name which must be substituted by marius, Cramer. 
Reported from Sierre in mid-June. 

Lycaeides argyroynomon, Berg. race nivea, Courv., race valesiaca, Obth. 
[and race calliopides, Vrty., in the mountains].—Courvoisier has 
described and figured, from the Pfynwald, under the name of nivea, a 
large race, with a very white underside (J7ris, 1911, p. 103) and 
Chapman states, in Oberthtir’s Etudes Lép. Comp., Vol. X1V., p. 50, - 
that he had it also from Bex. It certainly is a striking race, but 


* The exact generic position of this species has not yet been definitely made 
out: Tutt placed it, by rule of thumb, amongst the Aricia, but Bethune-Baker has 
found that the alliance to icarus is evident in the pattern and also in the genitalia 
generally, though the aedaegus is between Plebeius and Polyommatus, so that he 
concludes it is best placed in Polyommatus, together with psylorita, Freyer. 


(22) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Reverdin is, no doubt, right in rejecting, at p. 27 of Oberthtir’s volume, 
the suggestion Courvoisier makes there, at p. 34, on the strength of 
the difference he has found in the androconial scales, that it is a 
distinct species from argyrognomon. Reverdin states, at p. 25, that the 
genitalia are the same as those of the latter. As to the blue female 
form, with prominent premarginal orange lunules, described from the 
Pfynwald by Courvoisier and named astragaliphaga by Vorbrodt, it can 
only be the individual one of race nivea corresponding to the smaller, 
but similar valesiaca, whose frequency is quite a feature of this region. 

I failed to find this species in the Pfynwald and I have met with 
no colony of pure nivea anywhere else, but some of the individuals of 
the Follaterres and of St. Triphon and Bouillet, near Bex, are a ne&r 
approach to it, both in size and in their underside aspect. Here they 
are, however, accompanied by the extreme opposite form valesiaca, 
Obth. and by complete series of intergrades and the race, as a 
whole, stands nearer the latter than the former by the small size and 
the thin underside markings of most individuals and by the majority 
of females being broadly suffused with blue on the upperside. The 
I. generation was emerging during the first days of June and I found 
it particularly, in fair numbers, along the banks of the canals and in the 
old stone quarry of St. Triphon. The second generation was on the 
wing at the foot of the cliffs of the Follaterres, by the Branson bridge, 
on 81st July and the females on 7th August, but, in the Bex district, 
it only made its appearance, at Bouillet, on 21st August. I do not 
detect the slightest difference of aspect between the two generations, 
just as I never have in the southern, Italian, races either. 

Above Colombey, opposite Aigle, I found a locality, in an old quarry, 
where, on 6th August, both sexes were just emerging of a pure valesiaca 
race, constantly small in size and with all the females of the extreme 
form, entirely covered, more or less thickly, with blue, on which the 
orange lunules stand out, in a lovely way. This is evidently the form 
Wheeler reports from ‘“‘ Branson, Sierre, Pfyn”’ under the name of 
argulus, rey, but such a use of the name will not do at all, for it was 
given to the pale race of very high and cold localities, where the females 
are of an entirely different, pale, silvery, blue and the underside is much 
duller; those he reports from ‘the road to Alpien above the 
Simplon Pass” may really belong to it, for even at Simplon Dorf and 
at the Pass many individuals ave transitional to it in colour, although 
they are much larger, judging from specimens sent to me by Bainbrigge- 
Fletcher; another little series collected by him at Arolla, 2200m., is a 
further approach to argulus both in colour and in size. At Bérisal the 
extent of variation is remarkable: on the whole that race can only be 
referred to alpina, Berce, but there are numerous transitions to valesiaca 
in both sexes, including blue females, and some individuals, of very 
large size, are similar to the maynalpina, Vrty., form, which is racial 
in some localities of the Susa valley, whence I have described it. 

In connection with the mountain races, I must add that the one I 
found at the Pont de Nant, 1400m., above Bex, is neither the true 
aryulus, Frey, such as it exists, for instance, on the Ortler, nor alpina, 
Berce, of some localities of the Western Alps; it is perfectly similar to 
race calliopides, Vrty., defined in the Annales Soc. Hint. France of 1926, 
from other localities of these same Alps. I noted, there, that it can 
be regarded as the high alpine race of the peculiar calliopis, B., of the 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (23) 


lowlands in that region (described from Grenoble) and Oberthur, in his 
description of valesiaca from Martigny, notes that it can be considered 
a calliopis with a richer blue colour in the female and a lighter and 
brighter underside colouring. It thus stands to reason that the race 
of high altitudes, in the mountains around, should be the one corres- 
ponding to calliopis too : calliopides is not as pale on either surface or 
in either sex as aryudus, the underside lunules being pale orange, but 
not yellow, and the grey ground-colour is darker and not as much broken 
by white spaces, on the disc, as in the latter. 

Note: It would be rather remarkable that there should notexist in the 
Upper Rhone Valley the local, but widespread, species, which has lately 
been distinguished from aryyroynomon under the names of ligurica, 
Courv., aeyus, Chapm., or insularis, Leech, and which will have to bear 
that of ismenias, Meigen, if this group of species is separated generically 
from arqus, L., as Hemming sustains it should be: in this case ‘smentas, 
Hoffmansegg, which is a synonym of argus and was described as a 
Papilio, would not render invalid, anymore, ismenias, Meigen, which 
was described as a Polyommatus. For the present there is no record 
of it, I know of, notwithstanding the fact that Reverdin and Chapman 
examined a large quantity of Lycaeides from this region. 

¥ Plebejus* argus, Li. race cretaceus, Tutt.—The way this species is 
confined to certain spots and scarce in numbers is quite remarkable, as 
compared with the frequency of the preceding and to the way this one 
swarms on the opposite side of the mountains, in Piedmont, not to 
speak of a great many other regions. The only localities of the plain, 
where I have come across it, are the foot of the cliffs from the La 
Batiaz tower of Martigny to Vernayaz, where it appeared, singly, 
between 8rd and 25th July, in the few spots of that hitherto entomo- 
logically famous track, which the heaps of rock, hurled down by the 
construction of the new road above, have not buried for ever, and a 
plot on the left bank of the Rhéne, near Bouveret, where both sexes, 
already some days old, were on the wing on 2nd July, 1983. In 
neither of these localities did | meet with the particularly large 
individuals mentioned from the second by Wheeler, but it is not 
surprising they should be produced there, because the race 1s cretaceus, 
Tutt, which is, even prevalently, of large size in many regions; 
Oberthur figures a couple from Rennes in his Ht, Lép. Comp., 1V., figs. 
283-4, showing well the clear blue, the extremely reduced marginal 
suffusion of black and the light erey underside of the male; such are 
all my Rhone specimens, except for their smaller size; on the other 
hand, none reach the minute one of cretaephilonome, Vrty., which I 
have described in the /ris, 1981, p. 66, from Soulac, in the Gironde. 

I must record the somewhat unexpected discovery that at the Pont 
de Nant, notwithstanding the altitude of 1400m. there exists this very 
race, absolutely indistinguishable from my specimens of the west 
coast of France and affording a strong contrast with the usual Alpine 
aegidion, Meisner (=alpina, Wheeler =valmasinii, Perlini) and with 


* The objections, lately raised by Hemming, to the use of this name in a 
generic way have subsequently been removed by his recent discovery (The 
Entomologist, 1933, p. 224) that Plebejus (spelt with a 7) had actually been erected 
generically, in 1802, by Kluk, with argus, l. as genotype. Hemming is of opinion 
that the differences between the genitalia of this species and of argyrognomon 
are of a generic degree. 


(24) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


altaeyidion, Vrty. (=alpina, Courvoisier, homonym) by its exact 
resemblance, on both surfaces, to cretacevs. As a matter of fact, its 
upperside colour and the lack of the black border give it such a different 
look from the usual Alpine argus that an untrained eye might easily 
overlook it and mistake it for the argyroqgnomon which fly with it. I 
have, originally (J.c., p. 59) described altaeygidion from ‘the highest 
altitudes along the Simplon road,” remarking the couple, figured by 
Oberthir (figs. 257-8) from Bérisal, are a near approach to it, but not 
the extreme form found racially at Zermatt, according to Vorbrodt, 
above 1700m. and up to 2400; the latter has precisely the opposite 
aspect to cretaephilonome by its deep, violet-blue colour, by its 
enormously broad black marginal band and by the well marked 
discocellular streaks on all the wings. The specimens I collected at 
the ‘“‘ Second Refuge,” below Bérisal, on 20th July, are not this form, 
but all decidedly aeyidion, Meisner and afford very little variation. 
Wheeler’s name of alpina can thus only be a synonym of the latter 
name, because he explicitly states it was extremely abundant at 
Bérisal, when he collected there, and he mentions no other locality in 
particular, so that his specimens from that one were evidently those 
he applied the name of alpina to, typically; although it is but a 
synonym, it has a nomenclatorial status, since the generic separation 
of argus from argyrognomon makes it possible to use it in both species, 
as Wheeler’s alpina was not, originally, a primary homonym of 
Berce’s, in argyrognomon, the first having used the generic name of 
Rusticus and the second of /.ycaena. What cannot stand is Courvoisier’s 
alpina, given to the extreme form and race of the highest altitudes, 
which I have mentioned above, for it is invalidated by the previous 
existence of Wheeler’s, and my name of altaegidion must replace it, as 
I based it explicitly on Courvoisier’s description; when I erected it 
I thought Wheeler’s alpina was this same form and race, but, now I 
have personal experience of the Bérisal one, I see it belongs to aegidion, 
Meisner, as stated above. 

This species is supposed to have two generations in the plains of 
Switzerland, in May and June and again from July to September, but 
I certainly should not say this can have taken place in the Rhone 
valley during the years I was there. 

Plebejus sephyrus, Friv. race lycidas, Trapp.—Although it has not 
been recorded from the actual plain, this species can be included here 
on the strength of its having been found by Wullschlegel at the Folla- 
terres on the 22nd of July, 1899, as well as on the little mountain 
above Visp, to the right of the Zermatt railway, ¢.e., at low altitudes. 
A List of the Butterflies of this region would, besides, seem incomplete 
without a mention of this peculiarity of it. 

I had pointed out in the Ann. Soc. Ent. France of 1927, p. 15, 
that a change of name seemed inevitable, according to the Rules of 
homonymy in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 
because Meigen had used that of lycidas, before Trapp, for a race of 
argyrognomon, which was then considered co-generic with sephyrus. 
Hemming, who has made a special study of the genitalia of this group 
of butterflies, has, since that time, come to the conclusion that they 
must be separated into two genera, as I have just mentioned in con- 
nection with argus. He now kindly furnishes the information, I asked 
him for, about sephyrus and tells me he has examined its genitalia and. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (25) 

15.ix.34, 
found them to belong to the genus Plebejus, like argus. The very 
satisfactory result is that lycidas, Trapp, is no more a homonym of 
Meigen’s, for they belong to two distinct genera, and they are not 
primary homonyms either, for Trapp described his as a Lycaena and 
Meigen his as a Polyommatus. Therefore, if the division into two 
genera be accepted, the familiar name becomes perfectly valid for the 
Valaisian insect and trappi, Vrty. a useless synonym. 

Vv Polyommatus icarus, Rott. race icarus, Rott. with II. gen. ovali- 
squamosa, Ball.—In all the localities, where I have collected, the race is 
remarkably northern in aspect, most individuals exhibiting a darker 
underside tone of grey than many of the nominotypical ones from 
central Germany, in both sexes, and the II. gen. scarcely differing 
from the I. to the naked eye, except in that most males are of a slightly 
lighter grey on that surface, the females show a very slight touch of 
fulvous in the grey and both sexes have less metallic suffusion at the 
base. At Geneva and in the Jura, although the same race exists there, 
it is distinctly larger, brighter and lighter on the underside and the 
seasonal dimorphism is more conspicuous, as it often is in central 
Germany. At Martigny I noticed the species: became much more 
abundant, on the 19th of August, than it had hitherto been and the 
same thing happened at Bouillet, near Bex, on the 21st; here both 
sexes had been common till the end of June, but the males had got 
searce and all very worn by that time. 

vv Polyommatus (Meleageria, Sag., if generic peculiarities are discovered) 
meleager, Wisp. race alpium, Vrty.—I have pointed out in the Ent. 
Record of 1926, p. 120, that the name of steeveni, Treitschke, in use for 
the black, alpine, form of the female, can, in no way, be extended to 
any race of the Alps, as a whole, because it was originally given to 
some females from Russia and Fruhstorfer has shown in the nt. Ent. 
Zeit. Guben, 1910, p. 56, how different the race from there is, also in 
the male sex, from those of the Alps. I have thus erected the names 
of alptwnelara for the race of 8. Tyrol and of alpiwmn for that of 
the Western Alps, taking as typical some specimens collected by 
Wullschlegel at Martigny. I found the males emerging there on 25th 
July and in the Pfynwald on the 29th, those from the latter locality 
being smaller and of a paler blue. 

VY Agrodiaetus (= Hirsutina, synonym) damon, Schiff. race damon, 
Schiff.—At Bouillet and Bex the males began to emerge on 24th July 
and the females on the 27th. The race compares nearly exactly with 
the nominotypical one of Vienna, save that the size is slightly smaller 
and the tone of blue slightly darker and pointing a little more to the 
lavender tint, which characterises the very small race fer7eti, Favre, of 
the Val Ferret, which I possess also from Bonneval-sur-Arc, at 1800 
to 2000m., in Savoy. - 

» Lysandra* thersites, Cant.—Chapm. race chapmani, Ball, with I. 
gen. hibernata, Vrty.—In 1914 (Ann. Soc. Hint. Belyique, p. 179) Ball 
named the II. gen., on the strength of Chapman’s description, and 
the I. gen. thereby became the nominotypical one, because Cantener’s 
figure and his very few words of description covered both generations, 


* After having replaced the name of dgriades, as wrongly used here by Tutt, 
because Scudder had fixed orbitulus as genotype, by that of Uranops, in 1929, 
Hemming has been obliged to again replace the latter by Lysandra (Entomologist, 
1933, p. 277) because it already had been used for a genus. 


(26) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


and Ball was at liberty to restrict the name to the form he liked. 
Not knowing of this act, in 1919 (Hntom. Record, p. 44) I suggested 
the inverse restriction and named the I. gen. hibernata, on the strength 
of the fact that Chapman had discovered the specific features in the 
II. gen. and originally described the latter, in which alone theandroconial 
ones exist, because those of the first are exactly as in L. eschert. 
There is no doubt that Ball’s view is perfectly correct and that, in a 
general way, hibernata would be a synonym of thersites. As, however, 
there are, in the first generation, two very distinct extreme forms, both 
individually and locally, the name of hibernata can be made use of by 
restricting it to that which usually has the darkest grey underside in 
both sexes, the black dots smaller and partly obliterated and which is 
especially characterised by the orange lunules being dull and pale and, 
in the male, sometimes yellowish ; 1t predoininates in the mountains 
and the earliest spring individuals often belong to it, also elsewhere. 
As I based my name of hibernata on Chapman’s description in the 
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, of 8th October, 1914, p. 209, and as this was 
drawn from specimens of the monogeneutic race of high altitudes of 
Le Lautaret (2300m:) and from spring ones of the high latitude of 
Belgium and there can be little doubt that they belonged to the forms 
and race described above, like my specimens of Sestrieres and the I 
gen. of Oulx, the use of that name, I propose making, is quite justified. 
The specimens known to Cantener, were, according to his statement, 
from ‘‘ the south of France,” and the usual form of the I gen. is, there, 
the brighter one, more lightly coloured on the underside, with the black 
dots well pronounced, as in Cantener’s original figure, and especially 
with vivid and warm orange lunules ; hence, this falls in well as the 
nominotypical form. My May specimens from as far north as the 
Vendée (Auzay) and the Deux Sévres (Mollet) belong, distinctly, to it, 
too, and so does the more southern I gen. of Italy, including the 
peninsular portion and the Carso, above Trieste, and that of Ak-Chehir, 
in Anatolia (Asia Minor). A series collected for me in May, by the 
late Carl Hofer, at Klosterneuburg, near Vienna, is, instead, a well 
characterised hibernata. If, now, we compare the I gen. of the Upper 
Rhone valley with the preceding races, we find it decidedly belongs to 
hibernata too, as its facies corresponds to that we have noted, there, in 
icarus, in being of a northern and mountainous kind; most of the 
females are suffused with blue scales to a considerable extent on the 
upperside, whereas those of the II gen. are not. 

As to the II generation, it affords the same variations of the under- 
side as the I, with the difference that they are broader, owing to the 
fact that they include the considerably warmer, fulvous, colouring of the 
southern race meridiana, Vrty., in which the seasonal dimorphism is 
very marked. The next degree of that variation is similar to the 
nominotypical thersites, as I have defined it above, except for the 
difference in the androconial scales described by Chapman and for a 
slightly warmer tinge on the underside, especially in the female sex. 
The still further degree of variation is, instead, more similar to hiber- 
nata, save for the usual androconial difference, and it can reach quite 
the same extreme amount of darkness and dullness as the latter. 

This last form seems to be the one which should bear more exactly the. 
name of chapmant, Ball, for both Chapman and Ball declare they have 
detected no difference, visible to the naked eye, between the generations 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (27) 


and we have just seen the first generation, they had before them at 
the time, and they compared the second too, in making this statement, 
was precisely Atbernata; furthermore, Chapman’s principal series of 
the II generation were from the French Alps and from the Valais, so 
that it is very likely they belonged to the darkest form, Anyhow I 
deem it advisable to restrict the name of chapmani, Ball to the latter, 
darker, form by erecting that of postthersites, n. nov. for the 
preceding, lighter one, which resembles nominotypical thersites and only 
differs from it, apart from the scales, by an average reduction of the 
basal suffusion of greenish-blue scales on the underside and by a lighter 
and usually a distinctly warmer tone of ground colour in both sexes. 
I select, as typical, specimens of the 20th of August from Auzay, in 
the Vendée, and I have others from Montignae, in the Charente, from 
the Plateau St. Claude in the Oise, from Paris and from the Mont 
Ventoux, in the Vaucluse. Some August females from Klosterneu- 
burg and Bisamberg, near Vienna, can be referred to the same form ; 
although they are slightly darker on the underside than my French 
ones, they contrast more with their I gen. because the latter at Vienna 
is hibernata, as we have already seen. 

Instead, in the Upper Rhone Valley the II. gen. I collected at 
Bouillet, near Bex, on 25th July (both sexes just emerged), at 
Martigny from 81st July to 10th Aug., and at the Follaterres on 31st 
July and on 7th August, are all rather dark on the underside and 
belong to chapmani, except a few individuals of a lighter tone transi- 
tional to postthersites. It will be remembered we have made the same 
remark in connection with the II. gen. of icarus. Also in the thersttes, 
as in the latter, a large August series | have from Dombresson, in the 
Jura, consists of a larger and lighter form than the Rhone one, 
although, not having any fulvous either, and having a considerable 
amount of basal, greenish-blue, scaling, it must, notwithstanding that 
difference, be included in the chapman. 

These considerations on the variations and on the nomenclature of 
thersites establish the following races:—(1) race hibernata, Vrty., 
which is monogeneutic, from high altitudes ; (2) race chapmani, Ball, 
with IL. g. hibernata, Vrty. and II. g. chapmani, Ball: (8) race thersites, 
Cant.-Chap., with I. g. thersites and I. 2. postthersites, Vrty.; (4) race 
meridiana, Vrty., with I. g. thersites, Cant.-Chap. and I]. g. meridiana, 
Vrty. Besides which there is the transitional Austrian race, between 
(2) and (8), with I. g. hibernata and II. postthersites, and there are 
some races peculiar to certain regions, such as the giant centro, Chapm., 
from the 'l'arentaise, josephina, Sag., from Aragon, and ferdinandi, 
Sag., from Catalonia. 

VY Lysandra eschert, Hub. race escherit, Hub.:—All the specimens I 
have collected in the Pfynwald, at Sierre, on 29th July, and one couple 
of the 22nd, 1932, and of the 26th, 1983 from the golf grounds at 
Bex, are, like thersites and icarus of this region, particularly dark on 
the underside of both sexes; the females are thus quite similar to the 
one figured by Hubner and resemble it, furthermore, by the unusually 
large size of the black spotting. According to Duponchel, in a note 
in Godart, Lép. France, Suppl. 1 (Diurnes), 71, Htibner’s specimens 
were from the Sainte Baume (Var) and I have remarked in the bull. Soe. 
Knt. France, 1929, p. 157, that the race from this locality is, on the 
whole, balestrei. Frhst., but that the dark, nominotypical form, does 


(28) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


occur there individually. On the contrary, it is quite racial in the 
localities which are not particularly cold of the Alps, but the Valaisian 
race of the lowlands is certainly darker than any other | have seen, 
and so are the specimens I have collected at Bérisal on 20th July. 
Oberthur has noted that some males of the Ryffelalp, above Zermatt, 
are quite indistinguishable from his rondowi of high altitudes in the 
Pyrenees, so that I presume the race, there, is microsticta, Vrty., which 
I have described from Cesana, in the Cottian Alps, as similar, in 
some ways, to rondow, but different on the whole and especially in the 
female, which I possess also from Annot, in the Basses Alpes, and 
which replaces nominotypical eschert in the colder localities of the 
Alps. At Sierre I found a fine aberrating female, with the discal 
row of spots on the underside of the forewing obliterated and those 
of the hindwing extended into long streaks. 

Lysandra amandus, Schm. race hispelis, Frhst.:—The Valaisian race 
of this species, which has been chiefly reported from localities around 
Martigny, is described as follows by Frihstorfer from “the Simplon 
region and Martigny’’: ‘very distinct from Vienna males by the 
deeper blue upperside and the very much broader marginal band of 
the forewing ; underside whitish and chiefly characterised by the nearly 
total obliteration of the pale yellowish-red sub-anal spots.” I can 
confirm that this is quite a distinct race from any other I have seen, 
characterised by its small size and dull colouring, on the strength of 
Specimens in the collection of the Lausanne University, which are 
males, in good condition, dated 26th June, but I have been unable to 
discover it in nature, although I looked for it in the marshes, whence 
it was reported by Lowe and by Wheeler thirty years ago, between 
Vernayaz and Martigny. Prof. Matthey of that University tells me he 
has done the same for years, at the end of June, quite unsuccessfully 
too, whereas Warren informs me he has found it near the Sion 
station, at the end of May, and in the meadows just to the north of 
the St. Triphon hill, along the foot-path to Aigle, at the beginning of 
June. 

Lysandra argester, Bergstr. (=dorylas, Schiff.=hylas, Esp., both 
primary homonyms) race argester, Bergstr., with II. gen. postargester, 
nov., and race parvaplumbea, nov., with I. gen. anteparvaplumbea, 
nov.:—The name of this species must be aryester, because dorylas, 
Schiff. is a primary homonym of dorilas, Hiifn. we have dealt with at 
p. 15, the difference of a y instead of an 7 being explicitely considered 
null by the Rules of Nomenclature, and because that of hylas, given 
it by Esper, is a primary homonym of Schiffermiiller’s, equivalent 
to vicrama, Moore, but already no more available, as it had been 
used by Linnaeus in 1758. 

Both the Central Kuropean forms and races (the large one has 
become the nominotypical one, since I have distinguished the smaller 
and paler one by the name of enervis) and Bergstrassev’s typical figure of a 
specimen from Hanau have the ground of the underside of a 
pronounced grey tinge, whereas the corresponding races of the Italian 
and French Alps are distinctly whiter and occasionally also slightly 
warmer in tone and often have larger and more vivid orange lunules 
(macromargarita, Vrty. and micromargarita, Vrty.), so that both of 
these two names, based on series of specimens from the Maritime Alps 
and, thus, particularly extreme and southern, can stand usefully. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (29) 
15.x.34, 

Now, the race of the Upper Rhone valley is constituted precisely 
by the darkest form of the species, as it is the case in the allied 
Species, we have dealt with above. There is, as in most regions, 
a larger form and race and a lesser one, whose forewing measures 
respectively 16 to 18 and 14 to 16 mm. from its base to the apex, 
where the fringes begin to appear. The first is nominotypical argester 
taking, as typical, the first generation I have collected in the damp 
meadows of Bex, of the Gryonne and of St. Triphon, where both sexes 
were on the wing till about 10th June and the second generation 
began to appear on 15th July and went on until I left, on 22nd August. 
Specimens of 12th July, I have from Celakowitz, in Bohemia, are just 
like them, but rather larger. 

The other, small, race I found on the dry and hot cliffs of Mar- 
tigny, where the first generation actually only emerged at the beginning 
of July, in 1933, because all the butterflies were extremely late there, 
in that year, on account of the strong cold winds, which swept that 
side of the mountains every day during June. Anyhow, the second 
“generation was not to be seen, in that locality, till the 10th of August 
and the females till the 19th even in 1982. The latter I select as 
typical of parvaplumbea. The underside is, on the whole, not quite 
as dark as in the preceding, but, on the other hand, it cannot be con- 
fused either with the frailer and paler (on both surfaces) enervis of 
Vienna, or with the decidedly whiter and brighter micromargarita of 
the southern watershed of the Alps, although the darkest individuals 
of the latter do overlap the brighter ones of the former. I thus think 
the Martigny race should be named parvaplumbea. Spiiler’s fig. 23, 
on pl. 16 of his Schmett. Hur., gives a fair idea of its size and underside 
facies. I have August specimens of it from the Grand Saléve, near 
Geneva, and now, with this new distinction, my Dombresson (Jura) 
one, which I once referred to enervis, belongs here. The race I col- 
lected at Opeina, on the Carso, above Trieste, on 25th Aug., is a well 
characterized one of it; too. The I gen. of the two races just described 
can be designated by the names of argester and anteparva- 
plumbea, their chief distinctive character being their broader 
androconial scales, corresponding to the seasonal difference discovered, 
in this respect, by Ball in bellargus but less pronunced. In the same 
way, it will be necessary to use the name of postargester for the 
II gen. of the nominotypical race, on the strength of its narrower and 
longer androconical scales, (holotype from Vienna), and that of 
postenervis for the one of the small race of that region. 

Vv Lysandra bellargus, Rott. race fuscescens, Tutt, with I. gen. bellargus, 
Rott. :—The Rule of primary homonymy does away with the change 
of the specific name from bellargus to thetis, which Tutt had considered 
it necessary to affect, according to the Rule of priority : thetis, however, 
is twice a homonym in the genus Papilio of the earliest writers and 

‘that is why it had been disearded from the beginning and it cannot be 
revived here, now, for the species or for a subspecies. No one seems 
to have noticed, nevertheless, that Rottemburg, in his original descrip- 
tions, explicitly states bellargus to be on the wing “ at the beginning of 
June” and thetis ‘in the month of August,” in his neighbourhood, 
which was that of Halle, to the N.-W. of Leipzig, where the Natur- 
forscher was published, and not at all Landsberg-on-the-Warte, as 
stated by Tutt in Brit. Butt. Il1., p. 827. These exact dates, in 


(30) . THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


connection with Rottemburg’s “types,” fix his -names definitely for 
the two generations of the nominotypical race, for the Rule of primary 
homonymy does not apply to variations inferior in rank to ‘‘ subspecies ” 
and thetis can and must be used for the seasonal one; fortunately no 
name has been erected to designate those generations, although Ball, 
in the Ann. Soc. Hint. Belgique, 1914, p. 179 and 180, says bellargus 
exhibits the same seasonal differences in the androconia as those he 
describes in icarus and I have just described in argesta and although 
there are other differences, visible to the naked eye, not in all, but in 
some localities and in a variable percentage of individuals; thus, in 
the second generation : warmer tone of the underside of the hindwings 
in both sexes ; lesser extent of the basal greenish-blue scaling ; females 
less suffused with blue on the upperside; premarginal orange lunules 
more accentuated. 

The race I have found from Bex to St. Triphon till about the 25th 
of June, and which appeared again at Bouillet on 21st August (both 
sexes emerging) and on the road to Sépey on the 17th, are not quite 
similar to my specimens of Central Germany and chiefly Dusseldorf, 
but rather to those of Vienna and of Northern France (Pont-de-]’Arche, 
in the Kure), in that the II generation is, in most individuals, distinctly 
fulvous on the underside of the hindwings of both sexes and the 
markings, both black and orange, are larger and more accentuated, so 
that they point to the southern etrusca, Vrty.; the latter spreads north- 
ward to the warmer valleys of the southern water-shed of the Alps, 
where, for instance, at Vanzone, 700m., in the Anzasca valley to the 
south of the Valais, I found, on 11th Aug. a little colony consisting of 
a mixture of perfectly characterized etrusca and of equally characteristic 
thetis, so that the race could be designated as thetis-etrusca, Rott.-Vrty. 
True etrusca does not seem ever to be produced, even individually, on 
the northern watershed of the Alps. The aforesaid intermediate form, 
pointing to it by its fulvous underside, is evidently Tutt’s fuscescens 
(Brit. Butt., 111, p. 386) and this is the right name for the races men- 
tioned above, in which it predominates. It can be taken that Tutt, 
by erecting this name, together with those of pallescens and atrescens 
for the lightest and darkest fulvous individuals, has unconsciously 
restricted the name of thetis to the form in which the hindwing is of 
the same cold tone of grey as the forewing, or, in other words, to the 
particular summer form, which only differs from the spring one by the 
androconial features. A large Aug. and Sept. series of specimens I 
have from Dombresson, in the Jura, all belong to this form and do not 
exhibit the slightest trace of fulvous in the male sex and in some females 
and extremely slight ones in others of the latter sex, so that the true 
thetis facies can evidently be quite racial in some localities. As a 
matter of fact, it is so also in race britannorum, Vrty. of Cuxton, in 
Kent: I have selected my holotype of the latter in a series of paratypes 
of 26th August, but they do not differ, to the naked eye, from a series 
of 16th June and of the same locality, which it will, notwithstanding, 
be more exact to call antebritannorum, owing to the androconial 
differences. In the same way, the lovely race caelestis, Obth., of the 
west coast of France, having been described from August specimens, 
the I gen. should be designated as antecaelestis: my May and June 
series from Auzay, in Vendée, differs from the August one, in this case, 
also in that the underside is constantly grey, whereas many specimens 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (81) 


of the latter are very fulvous and quite belong to pallescens and 
fuscescens. , 

In connection with the Valais I must recall the very small alpine 
race, with a very dark underside and small black and orange markings, 
surrounded by broad white rings, which I have named inalpina, in the 
Entom. Record of 1919, from specimens collected by Wullschlegel in 
the mountains near Martigny and which I possess also from Bergun, 
in the Grisons, and perhaps from Madonna di Campiglio, judging from 
a single specimen. Some, kindly sent to me by Bainbrigge Fletcher, 
of Les Avants, 1300m., Les Pléiades, 1500m., in the Vaud, and of the 
Grimmialp, 1800m., correspond to inalpina, but a series of the last 
days of August from Bérisal, although this is at 1700m. of altitude, 
are exactly like the second generation of the plains and there can be 
no doubt two generations are produced there. 

In 1934 I found, at Bex, on the outskirts of the woods, about two 
hundred yards south of the second tee of the golf-links, a tuft of 
leguminous plants, upon which I collected each day, from the 21st to 
the 28rd of June, a very fresh specimen of a male form of bellargus, 
referable, broadly, to the one named polonus by Zeller and calydonius 
by Lowe, in Wheeler’s Butterflies of Switz., p. 31, and usually considered 
a result of hybridisation with coridon. All these three examples, like 
the two I have from the Apuane Alps in Tuscany and | have discussed 
in the Hnt. Record of 1920, p. 141, and like another I have collected, 
since, at Sappada, in the Carnie Alps, actually only point to coridon 
by the meleager-tone of blue of the upperside ; otherwise, the shape of 
the wings, the fringe and the underside are quite those of hellaryus and 
the marginal pattern of the forewing, above, only differs from the one 
of this species in that it exhibits a series of premarginal blackish dots, 
either quite detached from the marginal streak or partly blent with it. 
Herrich Schiaffer’s figure of polonus, which is said to be from a co-type 
of Zeller, suggests coridon much more by having a broad, diffused, 
black marginal band on these wings and it thus sustains the hybrid 
theory, in, apparently, being a grade further in the direction of the 
latter species, in this respect. My Bex specimens differ from Wheeler’s 
description of the underside of calydonius, from Montana and the 
Follaterres, to the effect it is very dark and quite devoid of fulvous (as 
in my Sappada specimen), in having, on the contrary, a rather light 
grey one, with a distinct touch of fulvous on the hindwing, like the I] 
gen. of bellargus. As they, instead, emerged with the last females and 
with one laggard male of the I gen., which is much darker and has no 
fulvous, possibly, also that unusual underside colour is due toa coridon 
strain. Another remark:ible fact, in this connection, is that a few 
yards away from the polonus plants I found, on the 28rd, a perfectly 
normal-looking male eoridon, which had just emerged, whereas no 
other individual was seen there, or elsewhere, till a month later. It 
makes one wonder whether it might be a heterozygote of the same 
family as the polonus, the proportion of 1:8 being singularly in 
accordance with the Mendelian law and the coridon aspect being, if so, 
recessive to the bellaryus one! All the females I found with the 
polonus seem to be quite bellargus. 

V Lysandra coridon, Poda race jurae, Vrty. and race fulvescens, Tutt :— 
In the neighbourhood of Bex the emergence of the males began on 
20th July and that of the females on the 27th. There, and at Martigny 


(32) {THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


the race can be said to belong to jiw'ae, I have described from Dom- 
bresson, in the Jura, with the difference that the tone of blue is very 
slightly richer, the black marginal area, on an average, a little broader 
and the underside more frequently and a little more warmly tinged 
with fulvous, forms fulvescens and fuscescens, Tutt, being more frequent ; 
this is still more particularly the case in the Pfynwald, whence the 
race can well be designated as fulvescens, Tutt. As compared with 
nominotypical jurae, the upperside facies of the Rhone Valley one 
points slightly more to that of the races of Central Europe, whereas 
the underside one points more to that of *wfosplendens of the particularly 
warm and dry localities of the southern watershed of the Alps, such as 
Oulx (Susa Valley), whence I have deseribed the latter. By this last 
character it thus differs from the Jura race in a parallel way to the 
second generation of bellargus from those same localities. 

The race of the Simplon road, at Bérisal, I have collected on 20th 
July, is, instead, in every way, perfectly identical with my typical series 
of jurae. It must also be noted that at Champéry, 1400m., at Pont de 
Nant, 1400m., and at Javerna, 1700m., above Bex, there is still 
another race, which can be referred to altica, Neustatter, with which 
it agrees by its small size; the upperside black band is not quite as 
reduced and pale as in the well characterized series of altica, of Salzburg 
and of Sulden, on the Ortler, but it is distinctly more so than in jurae 
and the same may be said of the whiteness of the underside ground- 
colour and of the smallness of the black markings. I must take this 
occasion to remark that bieneri, Stauder, is an absolute synonym of 
altica and entirely different from my alpiumpallida of the lowest and 
warmest valleys of the Upper Adige, which Bollow, in Seitz’s Supple- 
ment, wrongly makes out to be a synonym of bieneri. 
vy Cupido minimus, Fuesslin (Courvoisier has pointed out this is the 
right spelling of this name and not Fuessly) race minimus, Fuesslin, 
race alsoides [Anderegg and Boisd. nom.nuda], Gerhard, and race 
montana, Favre.:—The race I collected in considerable numbers, 
during the first days of June and then, again, during the whole of 
July and August, at Bex and at Bouillet cannot be called anything else 
but nominotypical minimus, of average size and with a fair amount of 
greenish-blue scaling on the upperside of the male, as one finds it to 
be the case in most localities. More has been said about the local 
variations of this species in the Valais than it deserves: a variety has 
been designated by Boisduval, from there, as alsoides, but not described 
by him, so that Gerhard furnishes its first description and figures and 
the information it was discovered by Anderege at Gamsen, which is 
between Visp and Brig; as a rule, however, it is stated to exist at 
high altitudes. Tutt, in Brit. Butt., III., p. 110, has made a blunder 
in connection with the author of alsoides, which he states is Meyer- 
Dur, whereas the latter actually quotes Gerhard’s figures; it has 
evidently come from Tutt being under the impression that Gerhard’s 
Monographie had been published in 1853, whereas the first part was 
issued in 1850, before Meyer-Duir’s Schmett. der Schweiz, which was 
published in 1852 (not 1851), as Tutt, himself, discovered later (vol. 
IV., p. 51). The character of alsoides, to be taken into account, is 
thus only that mentioned by Gerhard, who simply says “it chiefly 
consists in large size”’; his figures, in fact, represent the largest form 
Iam acquainted with (length of forewing 13mm., corresponding to 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (33) 
15.x1,34, 

25mm. of expanse), and such as I only possess from the hills around 
Modena, in Emilia, where it is racial and where the blue suffusion on 
the upperside of the male is broader than anywhere else. This 
character was added by Meyer-Diir to that of alsoides and was taken 
up by subsequent authors, but the patches of blue, roughly shown on 
one of Gerhard’s figures, do not justify this restriction, as their extent 
is not greater than in the average form of the male, found in most 
regions. Tutt’s names of wiridescens, violascens and caerulescens are 
much more to the point, when one wants to designate that form 
individually, and Favre, in his Lép. du Valais, p. 283 (1899) has erected 
the name of montana for the association of the “strongly grey-green ”’ 
feature with the large size of alsoides, such as is stated to be charac- 
teristic of the race of considerable heights by Frey and others and 
which Favre describes from the Simplon. According to Wheeler 
montana is a very usual form also in some lowland localities, such as 
the slopes above Lavey, in May and June, and I have, in fact, found 
it at the Follaterres on 31st July. No one seems to have detected any 
difference, anywhere, between the two generations of minimus. 

(Cupido (Tiora) sebrus, Hiib. race sebrus, Hiib. :—The determination 
of the period 1824-1826 for Hubner’s pl. 172, as made out by Hemming 
in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1931, p. 499, has at last definitely 
established the priority of sebrus, Hib. over osiris, Meigen (1829). 
Staudinger, in the IIled. of his Catalog, has discarded Hubner, as the 
author of sebrus, and credited Boisduval for it; this act is, of course, 
quite inadmissable: Hubner’s figure 854 is unmistakably the species 
known as sebrus and validates this name for it, perfectly, although his 
three other figures on the same plate are certainly semiargus. As stated 
by Hemming, one can infer it was drawn from a specimen of St. 
Maximin, in Provence, It represents the average female form, both as 
regards the tone of grey of the underside and the size of the black dots ; 
the race I posses from Allos, in the Basses Alpes, and those I have 
collected in the Rhone Valley belong, more or less, to this form, with 

‘transitions to majuspunctata, as described below. In the latter region 
it has been reported from all sorts of localities, from the Simplon and 
Zermatt to the Lake. Ihave found the first generation still in perfectly 
fresh conditions in the earliest days of June from Bex to St. Triphon 
and the second generation, at the end of July, there and at the Folla- 
terres, near the Branson bridge. At the Pont de Nant, 1400m, it was 
emerging on 13th July. 

I must take this occasion to note that the race of central Italy, 
from Modena to Macerata, one specimen I have from St. Etienne de 
Tinée, in the Alpes Maritimes, and some from Klosterneubureer, 
near Vienna, have a distinctly lighter gray tone and have more minute 
black spots, some being even occasionally quite obliterated. Meigen’s 
figure, rough as it is, seems to represent this form and | suggest using 
his name of ostris for it ; he says he did not know its place of origin, 
so that we can fix, here, the race of Vienna, which is the most extreme 
in the sense described above, and of a light tone of blue on the upper- 
side, like Meigen’s figure, as typical of it. Specimens I have from 
Fogarasch, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, and a large May 
series from Ak-Chehir, in Anatolia, are, instead, always quite as dark, and 
often distinctly darker than the nominotypical sebr1s and they are, further- 
more, characterized by the larger size of the black dots on the underside ; 


(34) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


I think the name of majuspunctata, n.nov. will be useful to designate 
this form and race, taking the Anatolian one as typical of it. 

Everes alcetas, Hoffm. (Illiger’s Mag., 1804, p. 205) =coretas, Ochs. 
(1808) race alcetas, Hoffm., with I gen. antealcetas,nov. :—The males 
of the first generation were emerging on 5th June, 1933, at the La 
Batiaz tower of Martigny ; fresh individuals of both sexes were again 
on the wing there, at the end of July; also in 1982 I had found them 

‘from 25th July to 19th August, as well as at the foot of the Follaterres 
cliffs on 7th August. 

Hiibner’s figures 319-21, which Hoffmansege named alcetas, are 
stated to be of Austrian specimens. Mine, from the Valais, exactly 
agree with those I have from Vienna in the tone of blue and 
in the pronounced black marginal streak and dots of the male, as well 
as in the tone of grey and in the pronounced markings of the under- 
side of both sexes, but more especially of the female, which agrees 
perfectly also with that of the female figured by Hubner. I thus take 
the Valaisian race to be quite nominotypical. The first generation is 
very small and, in fact, not much more than half the size of the second 
and of Hubner’s figures, so that I deem it advisable to designate it by 
the name of antealcetas. 

The race of the Carso and of Istria, where I have collected it at 
Portorose, is transitional between the preceding and that of all the 
rest of Italy, from Piedmont and the Upper Adige, in the north, to 
the Mainarde Mountains, near Naples, where the species seems to end 
southwardly. The latter is characterized by a less saturated tone of 
blue, by thinner black marginal streaks and dots in the male and by a 
lighter grey and thinner black markings on the underside of both 
sexes. I propose distinguishing its second generation by the name of 
dilutior, selecting as typical specimens from Florence, whence I had 
named diminuta the first generation, which is considerably smaller and 
slightly darker on the underside. 

Note: Wheeler’s remark, in Butt. of Switz., p. 44, that the only 
form he has ever found in the Rhone Valley is coretas, O., males it 
clear that alcetas, as far as is known, exists alone, there; the nearest 
localities of argiades, Pall., are Geneva and the Jura. His use of the 
name of polysperchon, Brestr., for very small individuals of the II gen. 
would be a mistake even in argiades and is still more so here. 

Syntarucus telicanus, Lang, race telicanus, Lang:—Wheeler has 
collected a few records of the existence of this species from the Lake of 
Geneva as far up the Rhone Valley as Martigny, but, as usual, its 
chief time of emergence is the autumn and I did not see it, so that I 
can only presume its race is the widespread nominotypical one 
described from southern France. 

Cosmolyce* boeticus, Li. race boeticus, L.:—What has been said of the 
preceding can be repeated here, save that this species has been met 
with more frequently than the other, beginning in August and 
extending up the Rhone as far as Sierre. 

Callophrys rubi, L. race rubi, L. :—During the earliest June days I 
came across this species in most localities, but already in worn con- 
ditions. The race is distinctly small in size and dark in colour, of a 


* This name, erected by Toxopeus in 1927, is the correct one to use in the 
place of Lampides, which has been applied quite wrongly to this species, as its 
genotype is zethus, Hib. (Hemming, The Entomologist, 1933, p. 224). 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (35) 


deep, blackish brown above and of a dark, bluish green below, so that 
it exactly corresponds to the Scandinavian one and to the Linnean 
specimen I have examined. Some individuals have, like the latter, 
only one white space on the underside, others have a complete row of 
well marked ones on all the wings. One, I have, collected by 
Wullschlegel, belongs to the discoloured form piymentocarens, Vrty., 
which exhibits a cold tone of dark slate grey. 

v Strymon (Chattendenia) w-album, Knoch. race w-album, Knoch. :—A 
few specimens, in fresh conditions, I collected on 17th August on the 
road to Sépey, belong to the invariable nominotypical race found 
everywhere in Europe, from the most northern to the most southern 
limits of the species. It is reported from Sion and Sierre, but it is 
very local. 
 Strymon (Nordmannia) ilicis, Esp. race inalpina, Vrty.:—Well 
characterized at Martigny, where both sexes emerged at the end of 
June. At Bex this species only emerged during the second week of 
July ; along the road from Aigle to Sépey both sexes still existed on 
the 17th of August, but they were very old. The fulvous patch on the 
forewing of the males was not as large and clear, in these two last 
localities, as in my typical series obtained many years ago from 
Wullschlegel and, no doubt, of Martigny, and also the females are 
transitional to the nominotypical ilicis of Germany, as figured by 
Hisper, by their smaller size and lesser fulvous space. 

Vv Strymon (Nordmannia) acaciae, F. race nostras, Coury. :—Reported 
from Charpigny and Sierre. I presume it belongs to this widespread 
race, otherwise the only alternative would be frigidior, Vrty., 
which I think is not at all likely. 

Strymon pruni, lu.—Reported from Aigle, St. Triphon, Martigny 
and Sierre. 

v Strymon (Tuttiola) spini, Schiff. race spint, Schiff. :—Courvoisier’s 
argument in the Intern. Entom. Zeit. Guben, 1913, p. 231, that spine 
is, in Sckiffermuller, a nomen nudum, could only be taker into con- 
sideration, as in other similar cases, if most of the names erected by 
that author and which are in the same position, were discarded. One 
might well ask, for instance, here, whether the biological indication of 
the food-plant of the larva, which has so well answered the purpose of 
identifying the species that no one has ever doubted which the name 
applied to, is not quite as valid, and even more useful, than the few 
inadequate words on morphological features one so often recognises as 
perfectly sufficient to validate a name. 

The race, which exists in large numbers at Martigny, where I 
collected some fresh individuals of both sexes on 25th July and on 
10th August, at Lavey on 9th August and on the road to Sépey on the 
17th, is quite similar to the Vienna one: individual size is very 
variable, but the very large one of race major, Obth., from the Maritime 
Alps, is never reached and the smallest individuals, which are like the 
tiny minuta, Vrty., of Peninsular Italy, differ from it by the presence 
of the fulvous spots on the upperside of the hindwings, which the latter 
lacks. 

Thecla (= Zephyrus= Ruralis) quercus, L, race interjecta, Vrty. :— 
Several very fresh females of 25th July, I found at La Batiaz, curiously 
enough, with no males, and several fresh males of Sth August, I found 
at Lavey, all belong distinctly to the race I have described from Florence, 


(36) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


which is that of Peninsular Italy in general and which I possess also 
from Ax-les Thermes, in the Pyrenees; they do not exhibit the slightest 
tendency to vary in the direction of the nominotypical race of England 
and of Central Europe, all differing from it by the pale and clear tone 
of grey of the undersides, the reduced black markings and the small 
and very yellowish orange one and thus pointing to iberica, Stder. 

Thecla betulae, Li. race betulae, L.:—Probably widespread in the 

Upper Rhone Valley and recorded particularly from Charpigny, but I 
did not meet with it until 18th August, at Bouillet, just before my 
collecting came to an end, no doubt, owing to the fact betulae is on the 
wing very late in the season in all its habitat. 
(  Nemeobius lucina, Li. race fulvior, Rocei:—This is one of the few 
species which does not belong, in the Upper Rhone Valley, to the 
darkest race of central Hurope. It is rather interesting that in this 
exception to the general rule, as in the one of G. cyllarus, we have 
mentioned, the time of emergence should be at the earliest onset of the 
season, so that the explanation, we have suggested for the latter, would 
apply to both. 

The fact is that the race I have found (males all worn, females 
partly still fresh) in the Vaud, from Bex to St. Triphon, on 2nd, 8rd 
and 4th June, and in the Valais, at the La Batiaz tower of Martigny, 
on the 5th, is the same as the one of Geneva. It is large, the black 
markings are thin, especialiy in the female sex, in which, they are 
often partly obliterated, in a conspicuous way, and the broad fulvous 
Spaces are of a bright tone. I have noted, in my short revision of 
the forms of lucina, in the Hint. Rec., 1928, p. (14), that this form has 
been described by Rocci, under the name of fulvior, from the Genoese 
Apennines and that the Geneva race belongs to it. On the contrary a 
series of specimens I have from Dombresson, in the Jura of Neuchatel, 
contrasts sharply with it and belongs to the nominotypical form by 
its small size, thick black markings and pale, dull, tinge of fulvous. 

Gonepteryx rhamni, Li. race rhamni, L. :—Racially quite invariable 
from Northern Europe to the whole region of the Alps and to the 
lowlands on the northern side of the Po Basin; on the southern side 
of the latter, as, for instance, in Emilia, whence I have specimens of 
Modena, the southern transiens, Vrty., makes its appearance. At Bex 
the period of emergence of the male sex began on 20th July and that 
of the female one on 27th July; from that time onward the species 
became common almost everywhere in the Vaud and in the Valais. 
This late time of emergence makes it quite clear that no second gener- 
ation exists and that the authors, who have spoken of it, have mistaken 
the two periods of flight (one after emergence and one in the spring, 
after hybernation and during reproduction) for two generations. Race 
transiens does have a partial second one, but the full, first one, emerges 
in June and begins even very early in that month, so that the second 
one 1s on the wing in August, together with the individuals of the first 
which had not reproduced in June and July, but had retired to 
aestivate for a few weeks, before flying for the second time, at the end 
of the summer, when they seek their hibernating quarters; the fol- 
lowing spring flight of the latter is thus their third one, whilst the 
second generation only has two flight-periods. 

Colias hyale, Li. race calida, Vrty., with I gen. vernalis, Vrty. :— 
During the first few days of June, 1933, both sexes were common in 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (87) 

15.xii.34, 
the Vaud, wherever I collected, from Bex to St. Triphon, but all were 
quite worn and so were the few single ones, which turned up during 
the rest of the month, till early in July. In 19821 found a few fresh 
males at the end of June, on my arrival. In 1933 I visited Martigny 
several times in June, beginning by the 5th, but I never saw anything 
of the first generation and, as a matter of fact, very few individuals of 
the second one either. The first of the Vaud has, like the second, 
decidedly no resemblance to the nominotypical northern hyale; it 1s 
quite similar to the southern one, I have described from Italy as vernalis, 
or rather, as far as size goes, it is even larger than most of the latter 
are in Tuscany. Two females, of early July, are distinctly yellow and, 
although this colour is much paler than in the male, they can he 
referred to flava, Husz.; a male of the same time of year is a fine 
sieversoides, Vrty., with the black markings of the forewings reduced 
to a few marginal dots and to a small sub-apical crescent. At Pont de 
Nant, 1400m., yale was not on the wing on 4th July, but I collected 
some small and pale vernalis on the 13th, flying with C. phicomone race 
alpiumnitida, Vrty. 

The II gen. appeared in the Vaud at the end of July, but only 
became plentiful towards the 20th of August; it is distinctly calida 
by its brighter yellow colour than in any other hyale | have seen from 
the northern side of the Alps; even the race of the Anzasca Valley and 
of many localities on their southern watershed are not as bright and 
belong to the nominotypical northern one. At Bex I hit on a fine 
uhli, Kovats, specimen, with no trace of yellow spaces in the marginal 
black band of the forewings. I saw a few Ayale in all the localities, 
from Sépey to Sierre, I went to. 

‘ Colias croceus, Fourcr.=edusa, Fabr.:—In 1932 I only saw two or 
three individuals in the whole of the region, from the end of June to 
the 20th of August; on the 21st, just before leaving, I found several 
males at Bouillet, but they were all quite worn, so that I presume they 
were immigrants, which were then spreading up the Rhone valley. 
These belong to the usual nominotypical form. One of the June 
individuals, which is the only one I was able to capture, is very much 
larger and suggests that the June emergence is a partial II generation, 
like it is in Italy, and belongs to ampla, Vrty, for that male corresponds 
to the fullest size of the latter ; the forewing measures 28mm. in length 
and the expanse between the apexes is 51 in that Bex specimen; the 
expanse I gave, in my original description of ampla in the Entom. 
Record, 1919, p. 87 (it stands in the paragraph on daplidice, by a 
mistake of the printer, but the correction was made at page 121), is 
only 49mm., but I have obtained larger specimens, since then, from 
Tuscany and from Sicily. In 1938 croceus was still scarcer and I only 
saw two or three individuals on the wing in August. In 19384, after a 
long spell of fine, warm, weather in May and June, it was, on the 
contrary, quite frequent in the Vaud at the end of the latter month, 
mostly in perfectly fresh condition and emerging on the spot in some 
places, such as the meadows north of the St. Triphon hill. At Bex I 
observed females ovipositing at that time. Many of these, but not the 
majority, were decidedly of the large ampla form and some also exhibi- 
ted the yellower hindwing, owing to a lighter greenish-black suffusion, 
which in Italy is predominant in and characteristic of the II generation 
and hardly ever seen in the others. A very large female, I purchased 


(38) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


from Wullschlegel and which must be of Martigny, is the specimen 
most similar to Oberthiir’s ‘‘ type”’ of helictna I have ever seen: it is 
like an helice, but with the white replaced by very pale sulphur or lemon 
yellow. 

Leptidea sinapis, L. race bivittata, Vrty. trans. ad sinapis, L. with I 
gen. lathyri, Hib. :—On the 2nd of June, when I began to collect in 
1983, most individuals of both sexes were already worn, but a few 
went on emerging all through the month and some were still on the 
wing in the first days of July, more or less, everywhere at low altitudes. 
At Martigny, however, the emergence occurred later and mostly in the 
second half of June, so that on the 28th many females were quite fresh. 
At Champéry, 1400m., the earliest males were appearing on 8th July. 
The first generation consisted nearly entirely of perfectly typical 
lathyri, as figured by Hiibner, but I met with a few examples, which 
had a very light grey apical patch and which were therefore similar to 
cana, Vrty., described from Tuscany; I have seen no tendency to 
variation in the opposite, niyrescens, Vrty., direction. 

The mass of the second generation emerged from the 10th to the 
20th of July, but a few fresh males were to be met with even in August 
and females as late as the 20th, both at Bex and at Martigny. The 
race is, quite constantly, of the usual size of nominotypieal sinapis and 
I did not find a single individual attaining that of magna, Vrty., which 
prevails broadly in the second generation of the southern, Italian, 
watershed of the Alps, beginning as near to the Valais as the Anzasca 
Valley, the mountains around Lake Maggiore and the plains of 
Lombardy. Individual variation is very broad and in a large series of 
specimens I collected at Bex these can, according to the aspect of the 
underside, be divided into three principal groups: One with a very 
extensive grey suffusion all along the sub-costal portion of the fore- 
wing, nearly to the apical part, with two broad grey bands across the 
hindwing and with suffusions of grey partly connecting them and 
covering the base and the inner margin; this is the nominotypical 
form of sinapis, such ag is prevalent in the north; on the upperside 
the black apical patch is very large, shaded in outline and accompanied 
by two or three little grey streaks, below it, on the outer margin. At 
Bex 80% of the males belonged to this form. Another form has much 
less grey on the forewing and the hindwing is crossed by two bands, 
or occasionally by one and a more or less incomplete second one 
medially, which stand out more or less sharply on a clear ground 
colour, whilst on the upperside the black, apical, patch is rounded and 
sharp in outline; this is bivittata, Vrty., quite similar to my typical 
specimens from damp localities in the Tuscan hills. At Bex 60% were 
of this form. The third form is diniensis, Boisd., with the underside 
of the hindwings uniformly white and no grey markings; this covered 
the remaining 10%. On the strength of these proportions it seems to 
me the correct way of designating the race is the one mentioned above ; 
it distinguishes it both from race bivittata of Tuscany, in which the 
nominotypical sinapis form does not occur, and from the nominotypical 
sinapis race of the north, in which bivittata, on the contrary, does not 
occur, or does so in a minority of individuals, and in which variation 
extends, rather, in the opposite, darker, direction, producing the next 
degree transiens, Vrty., transitional to the spring form lathyri. The 
few specimens I obtained in a single day’s collecting in the Pfynwald, 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (39) 


near Sierre, on 29th July, seem to suggest a larger proportion of small 
diniensis, on those dry grounds, than on the damp meadows of Bex, 
but nominotypical stnapis existed there, quite commonly, all the same. 
In this connection it is noteworthy that there are quite distinct differ- 
ences from one year to another in the same locality: for instance, at 
Vanzone, in the Anzasca Valley, the mayna I collected in 1924, when 
the early summer was rainy there, mostly have the bivittata underside, 
whereas those of 1928, which was very dry, have no black markings at 
all on the underside (diniensis) or a single thin streak (form monovittata, 
Vrty., which is racial on the Tuscan coast in some localities) ; this 
confirms the fact that the series of various degrees in the development 
of the pattern from diniensis to lathyri, is entirely due to the influence 
of the surroundings. 

Anthocharis cardamines, Li. race cardamines-montivaya, Li.-Trti. and 
Vrty. and race ? turritis, O.:—I was rather surprised at witnessing 
the emergence of a few individuals of this species all through July, 
the last fresh male being caught on the 31st, in 1932, at Bex, where it 
seemed localised to the outskirts of the wood on the southern side of 
the golf-grounds, and the last, perfectly fresh, female at the Branson 
bridge, under the Follaterres on the same day in 1938. I did not see 
a single individual anywhere else in the Vaud or Valais localities I 
visited, except between Vernayaz and Martigny. Some of my speci- 
mens, from Bex, are quite similar to the nominotypical Scandinavian 
ones, which are the usual form all over Central EKurope, but more 
than half are transitions to, or entirely characteristic of, montivaga, 
Trti. and Vrty., described from Valdieri, in the Maritime Alps: they 
are of unusually large size, with more elongated wings; the orange 
patch stretches nearly to the middle of the cell and shades into a 
yellow zone, which, in some examples, reaches the root of the wing; 
on the underside this happens in most cases ; the green pattern of the 
hindwing has, in montivaya, a peculiar look, because it consists chiefly 
of rough bands on the neuration, radiating from the cell outwardly 
and the minute transverse streaks between them are greatly reduced. 
In the Bex specimens of all sorts the green has a very dark, blackish 
tinge. A few specimens I have, collected at Martigny, in May, by 
Reverdin, are quite different: they are of the smaller, usual, average 
size; the wings are shorter and broader; the orange patch barely 
surpasses the discocellular black lunule and there is no yellow beyond 
it medianly; it thus is a perfectly characterized turritis, O., like the 
topotypical ones I have from the Veneto, and not to be confused with 
the corresponding southern form, which is, in other ways, transitional to 
the more extreme phoenissa of the east and racial in some localities of 
Peninsular Italy, the Balkans and Asia Minor (turritiferens, Vrty.). 

Euchloé ausonia, Hb. exerge simplonia, Freyer, race flavidior, 
Wheeler :—Although I was on the look out for this species, on the 
2nd of June and in the following days, in its haunts, from Bex to St. 
Triphon, where Wheeler says it is common in some years, at Lavey, 
and from Vernayaz to Martigny, I did not meet with a single specimen, 
so that it had evidently emerged in May, notwithstanding the excep- 
tionally cold weather of 1933, which had delayed most of the other 
early butterflies. In 1981 Ashby found it emerging along the “ grand 
canal’’ of St. Triphon from 21st to 24th of May. Through the 
generosity of Prof. Matthey I was, however, able to secure a nice series 


(40) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


of specimens, collected by him on Mt. Autan of Martigny on 5th May, 
1915. 

These plainly show that flavidior is nothing else but stmplonia, 
Freyer=marchandae, Hiib., which spreads down to the plain in this 
region and gets slightly modified in aspect in some individuals and 
more considerably so in others by the change of surroundings. That 
this should happen is not at all surprising, considering the number of 
mountain species, which descend, in the same way, to unusually low 
altitudes in the Rhone valley, beginning by the quite extraordinary 
cases of callidice and of aello. It is particularly interesting and 
instructive to note that the features of /lavidior are transitional to those 
of the south-eastern races (graeca, romana, krueyeri) and more parti- 
cularly to the race of the Veneto, very similar, if not identical to graeca, 
with which simplonia is most directly in contact also geographically. 
I have pointed out, in the F'nt. Rec., 1928, p. 169, that Iam convinced 
Hiibner’s figures 582-3 of ausonia represent a female of the Veneto race, 
which Marzola of Vienna would very naturally have obtained, because 
the Veneto was then part of Austria. I do not believe it can represent 
a mountain specimen, as believed by Rothschild, who sinks simplonia 
and marchandae as synonyms of ausonia ; Geyer, himself, was the first 
to notice and illustrate the differences between them by figuring and 
naming marchandae soon after ausonia. According to Hemmuing’s 
latest researches on the dates of issue of Htbner’s plates, marchandae 
is, however, to be considered published in 1832, so that sinplonia, 
Freyer, of 1829, has precedence over it. 

Apart from questions of nomenclature, the transitional forms of 
flavidior, even resembling, to a remarkable degree, the second emer- 
gence of the §.-E., such as romanoides, Vrty. and trinacriae, Trti., by 
the thinness of the green pattern and by the prominent bright yellow 
nervural streaks of the underside, seem to demonstrate very clearly 
that simplonia cannot be considered.a distinct species in and by itself, 
as some -have maintained it is, but must be grouped with the south 
eastern races, from which it differs, at most, in being their glacial 
exerge: The question as to whether this group, as a whole, is specifi- 
callytlistinct from the south western one cramert, Btl., hitherto called 
belia, must be discussed from other standpoints, which I have worked 
out at lefioth in the Annales Soc. Hntom. France, 1929, pp. 851-5, con- 

cluding they are not species, but exerges. 
/ Pontia daplidice, Li. race daplidice, L.:—I saw a few individuals on 
the wing, here and there, in the Vaud and several in the Pfynwald, 
near Sierre, on 29th July, but I was unable to secure any specimens. 
Anyhow, it is well known that the I gen. is constituted by bellidice, O. 
(certainly not found in other generations, as Wheeler states it is, 
evidently making a confusion with small individuals of other sorts). 
In the Anzasca valley, at Vanzoue, 700m., as well at at Macugnaga, 
1300m., where it was worn and it must have flown up, I have found 
the II generation, of the middle of July, consists of a large form, refer- 
able to eapansa, Vrty., in colour and pattern, although not reaching the 
giant size of some southern localities, so that it seems extremely 
probable the Rhone valley race should have the same aspect. At 
Vanzone the III generation makes its appearance on the last days of 
August and the first days of September, so that the same thing can be 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send us communtcations IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InLusTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Listy el Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J, Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata. —Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates. —Albimacula*, sparganii*, 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,’’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Huropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about. 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae : please send list of species obtainable. —A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 

CHANGE OF ADDRESS. —Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanfoid-le-Hope, Essex : 
L. D. Wakeley, to 15, Berkeley Place, Wimbledon, S.W.19: B. C. 8S. Warren, F.R.E.S., 
to 3, Augusta Mansions, Folkestone, Kent. W. Parkinson- Curtis, to 17, Princess Road, 
Bournemouth. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIKS. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. January 10th, 24th (Annual Meeting). 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
January 16th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, 
Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hombiower:s 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/38. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


WM CRAWFORD? BA eEAR E'S, 5.2.9.5) Mons Secy: 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. 


Communications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Hdwards, H. 
Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, 
Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Capt. 
C. Q. Parsons, J. C. Hawker, Rev. H. B. Ashby, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, 
‘“‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BAGK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—NLifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidue— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. 


GONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Menanism anp MurranocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VaniaTIon (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thaecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- 
clature and the Acronyctidaec—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora 
derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. 


= 


JnP 


Date Due 


3 2044 114 198 385 


= 


ener 
ESN ie yet ay a gn ae